the intrinsic value of natureholmes rolston iii and marx an identical views

1、<p>　　The Intrinsic Value of Nature：Holmes Rolston III and Marx An Identical Views</p><p>　　Abstract. Nature not only has instrumental value， but also has the intrinsic value， therefore， it is very nece

2、ssary to maintain the tension between the "natural" and "culture". In this regard， Rolston and Marx's natural values have too many of the same or similarities. In the past， the academic understand

3、ing of the relative views of Rolston and Marx is not comprehensive， at least not dialectics. Like all the past materialism， Marx acknowledged that the natural alienation is pre-existence， system</p><p>　　Key

4、 words： Intrinsic value of nature； Rolston； Marx； Consistency </p><p>　　INTRODUCTION </p><p>　　Since the modern industrial revolution， Ecological deterioration， the environmental crisis， the cru

5、el fact has educated people that if we ignore the objective and absolute nature， which is seen as available for human wantonly squeeze， arbitrary waste "resources"， the result would be terrible to some extent.

6、When we found that my favorite forest is to be eliminated largely， people make the mountains become barren hills for mining，with the topsoil erosion and erosion， wildlife has reduced abruptly</p><p>　　Nature

7、 has not only the tool value， but also has the inherent or congenital value which is independent of man's own will， namely the intrinsic value.It originates from the natural ecological logic or wilderness： nature is

8、a system or an organic whole， nature is prior to human existence， self generation， self development， self organization， self confirmation； etc.The intrinsic value theory， is the core of thought of Holmes Rolston who is t

9、he famous representative philosopher of ecological central</p><p>　　1.1 Nature： Before the Existence of Man </p><p>　　Rolston thinks， value is not only just for humans， who is a natural product，

10、 but also the result of the nature of long-term self-evolution， this already became the consensus of the theory of evolution and geologists.In the evolution of the nature， man is late. Historically speaking， therefore， h

11、uman existence is not ahead of nature， but nature is ahead of human existence. Natural beauty rocky mountains tell people：on the natural beauty of the cognition， a fundamental requirement is to make peopl</p><

12、p>　　Furthermore， nature has brought us everything now， at the same time the nature enriches itself. From this point of view， the person is the new species after nature， the emergence of human consciousness is the need

13、 for natural aesthetic cognition. The residents living in the rocky mountain know the challenges of the nature to aesthetic cognition. Although only humans have a valuable thinking ability， the land where we live is wort

14、h of us with valuable thinking to think. May be our own experience </p><p>　　1.2 Nature： Human "Habitat" </p><p>　　With cultural dominant nature rather than on the contrary， it causes

15、the need of sustainable human development.There is no doubt that human beings， as the existence of material， always cannot do without a certain amount of time and space. Rolston called human living space "habitat&qu

16、ot;， thinking that there is no distinct geographic boundaries between the human habitat and non human natural habitat for life，but sometimes complex mix-and-match， you have me， I have you， in the earth ecological communi

17、t</p><p>　　1.3 Nature： The Carrier of Intrinsic Value </p><p>　　As same as plants， all living things in the universe have the ability of value judgment and choice， these organisms from high to l

18、ow is divided into seven level by Rolston， namely the human - animal - biological - species - ecosystem - earth - nature. Rolston in the Rocky Mountains ecosystem self design and self maintenance proves this point， where

19、 the trees are lush trees， and interdependent， construct the great forest. The mountains here are grand and magnificent； It seems prudent “bottom-up” </p><p>　　In "environmental ethics"， Rolston lo

20、gically concludes that organisms self-organizing determines “its ability to show （push） a complete and magnificent history”， “planned”progress toward their own higher value. Organisms have the ability to do this， because

21、 it is a self control system， and can be under their control of the central role， feel or perceive the surrounding environment， adjust their behavior accordingly， so as to realize their own purposes. The “purpose”is the

22、organism's own interest</p><p>　　Since the nature and man are the main part of the value evaluation，and value creation is a self-organization， evolution， therefore， traditional values of an important par

23、t of the culture must keep pace with the Times of improvement： acknowledge and respect the value of natural including economic value （nature has the economic value of etymology sense）， recreation value， scientific value

24、（the complexity of the natural environment and attractive to scientists engaged in scientific research）， aesth</p><p>　　With natural dominant culture and not on the contrary， origin to respect the natural sy

25、stematiration. </p><p>　　Nature is a ecological community， which is composed of human， animals， plants， and so on， systemartic or organic is one of the essence of nature， the existence of the food chain is a

26、 vivid reflection of ecological community. Systematiration of organic natural， not only determines the nature of species， things are interrelated， interacted， but also determines that the human and the nature are a two-w

27、ay interaction and interdependent. Principle of dialectical relationship between system and elemen</p><p>　　In view of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates as saying “attaches great importance to the cultu

28、re， belittle natural”， （“country and trees can't teach me anything， while the city's people can teach me a lot”）. Philosopher Rolston argues that relative to the city in terms of what you taught us， forests and n

29、atural landscapes can teach us more new things. He takes cyclotron and Geiger counter（ the tools are used to inspect and record the nuclear radiation， cosmic rays and artificial subatomic p</p><p>　　2. Marx：

30、 Natural Objective Value </p><p>　　Natural value is not only a tool value， but also inherent or innate value， namely the intrinsic value；It arises from natural or wilderness ecological logic： nature is a sys

31、tem or an organic whole， natural is prior to the existence of human existence， nature from generation and self development， self organization， since it’s confirmed. </p><p>　　2.1 Natural Precedence </p>

32、;<p>　　Marx and Engels believe that a person from the self evolution of nature， is a natural first before someone's existence. </p><p>　　In Dialectics of Nature， Engels， based on Darwin's theo

33、ry of Evolution， in “Canada false protozoan” for instance， that person is “differentiation” as a result of the nature， it is not only from the aspects of the individual ——from a single egg cell differentiation as the mos

34、t complex organisms of nature ， and from the aspects of history， of which the same is true." Human ancestor Australopithecus is the advanced form of development of these animals." It is the evolution of nature，

35、 created the se</p><p>　　Take the nature as a system or an organic whole，the main differences between dialectical materialism and mechanical materialism exist.In Marx and Engels's view， human environment

36、， from the earth to the universe， from inorganic to organic world， from nature to human society， and the whole world are widespread contacted. </p><p>　　Because of the three found and other great progress of

37、 natural science，we now can not only show that process in various fields in the nature， and in general we can also explain the link between the various fields， in this way，we will rely on the fact of experience provided

38、by the natural science itself， paint a clear picture of the nature relation in the form of almost system. Relying on the fact that the experience of natural science， Engels concluded that everything in nature does not ha

39、ppen i</p><p>　　Marxist view of nature is dialectical sublation of mechanistic view of nature.In the Marxist view，nature is， self-organizing， complex system. “Generally associated” and “development and chang

40、es”， these are the “general characteristics”of materialist dialectics， which is the essence of the distinction between materialist dialectics and metaphysics.In natural world there are no isolated， everything works on ot

41、her things，the opposite is also true.Nature self-organizing tells us： all of nature diale</p><p>　　2.3 Natural Self-organization </p><p>　　Nature， a self motion， self development， expressed in t

42、oday's scientific term， is natural “self-organization”. In his youth， Marx was dimly aware of natural self organization （although Marx doesn't explicitly use the term）， and then， by researching Hegel's “l(fā)ogic

43、” and the conception of history， Marx has further deepened the understanding of natural self-organization. On November 10， 1837 Marx wrote in a letter to his father： “we must be careful about the research from the object

44、's development to</p><p>　　In production， people can only play a role， like nature itself， that is to say， the state of matter to change only.Not only that， but also in the labor of changing the form oft

45、en lean on the help of the forces of nature.Therefore， it is necessary to rely on the human consumption minimum force to carry out the material transformation between human and nature， with the lowest resource consumptio

46、n to achieve material transformation between human and nature， and obtain the biggest economic， social a</p><p>　　Engels by reading the history of the relationship between human and nature， put forward that

47、the “process of civilization is a fighting， this process makes poor soil in the form of its so far， make the forest wilderness， make soil not produce its first product， and worsen climate.” Marx wrote to Engels in March

48、25， 1869 ： ... civilization， if it is the development of spontaneous， not consciously， is left to its own just desert. Warned descendants by Marx and Engels： the way out of development of</p><p>　　Rolston ar

49、gues that， to date， we are exposed to the environment， it is a little similar to the scenery of Hegel's philosophy type： nature is a “positive”landscape， culture is a “counter” landscape， and the results of that is t

50、he culture and nature are coupled into "synthetic" scenery. In the “l(fā)andscape”， some is given priority to culture， which formed the cultural dominant nature； some given priority to with nature， natural leading

51、culture. So， in Rolston's eyes， “At the other extreme， a wild re</p><p>　　The modern society away from nature is engulfed and surrounded by a kind of false but rich culture， is a no “root”culture， “peopl

52、e” of germination by the culture are Marx's “alienation people”， or Herbert Marcuse's “one dimensional man”. The beauty of the scenery of culture， compared with the eternal and abundant natural beauty， is only te

53、mporary. Therefore， to make the culture become the real human culture， make the person become a real person， you must restore or rebuild natural dominant cultu</p><p>　　Natural value is the source of all val

54、ue. Life is endowed by nature， we have natural endowment brain and hands， gene and the chemical reactions in the blood， so to say ninety percent of our lives is natural， and only ten percent is artificial. Human life com

55、es from nature， nature is not only the “resources” of science， recreational， aesthetic， and economic activities ， but also the “resource”of philosophy. Nature writes program into our lives， we all always ask “why”？ And n

56、atural contradiction s</p><p>　　Contemporary philosophy should establish such a belief： to measure a philosophy whether it is profound or not， is to see what considers complementary nature and culture ， and

57、gives it with the respect they deserve. The reason is simple： if a man belongs to the community of life on earth ----in which we live and move and it supports our survival of the source of life ----without a care， will n

58、ot be able to count as a real love wisdom philosophers. </p><p>　　Supported by ：國家社科基金一般項目NO：12BZX026，重慶市社科規(guī)劃一般項目NO：2011YBMK005 </p><p>　　References </p><p>　?、貶olmes RolstonIII，（20

59、08）.Mountain Majesties Above Fruited Plains .Environmental Ethics， Spring 2008，Volume 30，p.20. </p><p>　?、贖olmes RolstonIII，（1988）：Environmental Ethics， Duties to and Values in the Natural World， Philadelphi

60、a：Temple University Press，p52. </p><p>　?、跡ngels（1984）， "dialectics of nature"， people's Publishing house， 1984 edition， p17（in Chinese） </p><p>　?、躎he Complete Works of Max and An

61、gles[M]. Beijing： people's publishing house， 1982， vol 40，p11（in Chinese） </p><p>　?、軹he Complete Works of Max and Angles[M]. Beijing： people's publishing house， 1972， vol 29，p503（in Chinese） </p&

62、gt;<p>　?、?Engels， "dialectics of nature"， people's publishing house， 1984 edition， p17. </p><p>　?、逪olmes RolstonIII，（2008）.Mountain Majesties Above Fruited Plains .Environmental Ethics