an advocatory analysis of self-actualization of dr. jekyll and mr. hyde by r. l. stevenson【畢業(yè)論文+任務(wù)書+開題報(bào)告+文獻(xiàn)綜述】

1、<p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)論文</b></p><p><b>　?。?0 屆）</b></p><p><b>　　英語</b></p><p>　　An Advocatory Analysis of Self-Actualization of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. H

2、yde by R. L. Stevenson</p><p>　　外語學(xué)院學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文獨(dú)創(chuàng)性聲明</p><p>　　本人鄭重聲明：所呈交的畢業(yè)論文是本人在導(dǎo)師的認(rèn)真指導(dǎo)下，獨(dú)立進(jìn)行研究工作所取得的研究成果。除文中已經(jīng)注明引用的內(nèi)容外，本論文不包含其他個(gè)人或集體已經(jīng)發(fā)表的學(xué)術(shù)成果，也不包含為獲得浙江萬里學(xué)院或其它教育機(jī)構(gòu)的學(xué)位證書而使用過的材料。對(duì)本文的研究做出重要貢獻(xiàn)的個(gè)人和集體，均已在

3、文中以明確方式表明。如本文涉及上述聲明及任何知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)糾紛，本人將承擔(dān)一切責(zé)任。</p><p>　　學(xué)生簽名：__________ 日期：__________</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　R. L. Stevenson’s masterpiece Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ma

4、inly describes the process of losing reason because of his double personality and finding self-actualization of a man, whose name is Jekyll. This thesis will apply self-actualization to analyze the contradiction from two

5、 men: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. On the one hand, they are enemy; they oppose each other of different concepts and behaviors. On the other hand, they are friends; neither of them can live without the other identity that ca

6、n hi</p><p>　　Key Words: self-actualization double personality mental illness</p><p><b>　　摘 要</b></p><p>　　史蒂文森的著作《化身博士》主要講述了一位名叫杰基爾的男性因雙重性格失去理智與找到真實(shí)自我的故事。本論文選用自我實(shí)現(xiàn)理論分

7、析兩個(gè)矛盾的人物:杰基爾博士和海德先生。一方面，他們視對(duì)方為敵人，因?yàn)樗麄冇兄煌挠^念和行為方式，然而另一方面，他們卻是朋友，他們都離不開那個(gè)可以隱藏自己邪惡面的身份。最終，他被自我實(shí)現(xiàn)意識(shí)打敗了，并不惜一切代價(jià)讓自己進(jìn)入一個(gè)高品質(zhì)的境界中。通過以上論述，本文期望能向讀者傳達(dá)自我實(shí)現(xiàn)理論的信息，并能幫助讀者用一種不同與以往的視角來理解和欣賞史蒂文森的名著《化身博士》。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：自我實(shí)現(xiàn) 雙

8、重性格 心理疾病</p><p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p>　　1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….....1</p><p>　　2 R. L. Stevenson and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.......................

9、..................................2</p><p>　　2.1 R. L. Stevenson………......…..….….......………………………………………2</p><p>　　2.2 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde…………..……………………………………………3</p><p>　　3 Advoca

10、cy of Self-actualization of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde………………………4</p><p>　　3.1 The Interpretation of Self-actualization…………………………………4</p><p>　　3.2 The Violation of Actualization of Dr. Jekyll and Mr

11、. Hyde………….6</p><p>　　3.2.1 The Id……………………………………………………………………6</p><p>　　3.2.2 The Ego……………..………………………………….……….……...…8</p><p>　　3.2.3 The Conflict and Compromise Between the Ego and t

12、he Id…..…9</p><p>　　4 R. L. Stevenson and Self-actualization………….…………………………….…...12</p><p>　　5 Conclusion…........................................................................................

13、.....................14</p><p>　　Works Cited………………………………………………………………….……….15</p><p>　　Acknowledgements</p><p>　　An Advocatory Analysis of Self-Actualization of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hy

14、de by R. L. Stevenson</p><p>　　1 Introduction </p><p>　　Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was written by R. L. Stevenson, and published in 1886, regarded as the typical one of Stevenson’s novels of charac

15、ter and environment. Until now, many scholars and critics have adopted various approaches to analyze Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, such as the concept of original sin, criticism of anthropocentrism, the evolution of human soc

16、iety, etc. The perspective of original sin claims that it is the root of crimes and evils, which leads human toward the abyss of evil and make</p><p>　　This thesis will adopt self-actualization to analyze Dr

17、. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in an attempt to advocate self-actualization through discussing the transformation between the roles of the id and the ego, aiming to find the way to solve the problems, such as malformed mental att

18、itude, weird behavior and evil idea, etc. The theory of self-actualization holds that it is the desire for self-fulfillment individually that becomes actualized in what he is potentially. </p><p>　　This thes

19、is has five chapters to expound the theme. The first chapter is introduction. It will offer a brief literature review about Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the significance to write this thesis, the general introduction to self

20、-actualization and the outline of this thesis. Chapter Two is to make a brief introduction to R. L. Stevenson and his novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, including Stevenson’s lifetime, literature achievements and influence,

21、and the brief interpretation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. </p><p>　　2 R. L. Stevenson and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</p><p>　　R. L. Stevenson, one of the most important novelists and poets in the late 19t

22、h century, has been greatly admired by many authors. He devotes all of his life to literature. According to the Index Translationum, Stevenson is ranked the 26th most translated author in the world. </p><p>

23、;　　2.1 R. L. Stevenson </p><p>　　Stevenson was born on November 13, 1850, a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist and travel writer. His best-known books include Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and Dr. Jekyll and Mr

24、. Hyde. G. K. Chesterton (1913) said of him that he “seemed to pick the right word up on the point of his pen, like a man playing spillikins.” (p.155) </p><p>　　In April 1871, R. L. Stevenson announced to hi

25、s father his decision to pursue a life of letters instead of studying engineering because he showed no enthusiasm for his studies and devoted much energy to traveling. From then on, all his energies were spent in travel

26、and writing. One of his journeys, a canoe voyage in Belgium and France with Sir Walter Simpson, a friend from the Speculative Society and frequent travel companion, was the basis of his first real book, An Inland Voyage

27、in 1878.</p><p>　　From the year between 1880 and 1887, he spent his summers at various places in Scotland and England and enjoyed almost complete happiness. He produced the bulk of his best-known works durin

28、g these years: Treasure Island, his first widely read book; Kidnapped; Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the story which established his wider reputation; The Black Arrow; and two volumes of verse, A Child’s Garde

29、n of Verses and Underwoods. At Skerryvore he gave a copy of Kidnapped to his dear friend an</p><p>　　After suffering cerebral hemorrhage for a long time, he accidentally died in 1894; he was praised “as a wr

30、iter of a consistently high level of literary skill or sheer imaginative power and a co-originator with H. Rider Haggard of the Age of the Story Tellers.” (Arata, 2005, p.99) </p><p>　　2.2 Dr. Jekyll and Mr.

31、 Hyde</p><p>　　Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published in 1886. This story represents a concept in western culture, that of the inner conflict of humanity’s sense of good and evil. The hero Dr. Jekyll is a tal

32、l, well-made man with a smooth, kindly face. However, under his serious appearance, there is a desire for pleasure in his heart. “The serious, successful young doctor was me, and the wild, fun-loving, irresponsible young

33、 man was me too.” (Stevenson, 1997, p.88) When he finds he is a person who has two sides</p><p>　　After this novel is published, there are many scholars studying it with their own opinions. Someone states th

34、at the novel tells cautionary tales of scientists abusing their creative powers to exist in another sphere where they cannot be directly blamed for their actions. Dr. Jekyll abuses scientific power to achieve his persona

35、l desire, ignoring moral, ethic and the order of nature which will threaten the regular society. And someone argues that everyone has evil and good sides in his mind, ever</p><p>　　3 Advocacy of Self-actuali

36、zation in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</p><p>　　Self-actualization is predicated on the individual having their lower deficiency needs met. Once a person has moved through feeling and believed that they are defic

37、ient, they naturally seek to grow into who they are, that is self-actualization.</p><p>　　3.1 The Interpretation of Self-actualization</p><p>　　Self-actualization is a term that has been used in

38、 various psychology theories, often in slightly different ways. The term is originally introduced by the organismic theorist Kurt Goldstein for the motive to realize one’s full potential. In his view, it is the organism’

39、s master motive, the only real motive: “the tendency to actualize itself as fully as possible is the basic drive...the drive of self-actualization.” (Modell, p.44) </p><p>　　Kurt Goldstein (1995) writes in h

40、is book The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man, self-actualization is “the tendency to actualize, as much as possible, the organism’s individual capacities” (p.56). The tendenc

41、y toward self-actualization is “the only drive by which the life of an organism is determined.” (p.56) He defines self-actualization as a driving life force that will ultimately lead to maximizing one’s abilities and det

42、ermine the path of one’s li</p><p>　　The term is later used by Maslow who is the voice of humanistic psychology, devoted his life to self-actualization theory. In his article, A Theory of Human Motivation, M

43、aslow (1943) regards the term as the highest ideal of his personal theory and the highest goal he pursues. He sets up a hierarchy theory of needs. The hierarchy starts with physiological needs and moves upward in a pyram

44、idal shape to safety and security, social activity (or love and belonging), to esteem (or ego), and finally to</p><p>　　Maslow (1987) explicitly defines self-actualization to be “the desire for self-fulfillm

45、ent, namely the tendency for him, the individual, to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable

46、 of becoming.” (p.377) And he thinks that self-actualizing people possess “an unusual ability to detect the spurious, the fake, and the dishonest in personality, and in general to judge the peo</p><p>　　He d

47、ivides self-actualization into two categories; one is called the type of being realistic whose characteristic is pragmatic and competent. People of this type use realistic attitude to others and deal with problems. The o

48、ther is called the type of exceeding self. People of this type often sense inner spiritual values who is rich in the experiences of surmounting himself and able to resolve divergences between the id and the ego.</p>

49、;<p>　　In the book The Psychology of Science, he summarizes,</p><p>　　Common traits amongst people who have reached self-actualization are: They embrace reality and facts rather than denying truth. Th

50、ey are spontaneous. They are focused on problems outside themselves. They can accept their own human nature in the stoic style, with all its shortcomings, are similarly acceptant of others, and generally lack prejudice.

51、(p.130) </p><p>　　3.2 The Violation of Actualization of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</p><p>　　The work is commonly associated with the rare mental condition often spuriously called “split personality

52、”, wherein within the same person there are at least two distinct personalities. In this case, the two personalities in Dr Jekyll are apparently good and evil, with completely opposite levels of morality. The novella’s i

53、mpact is such that it has become a part of the language, with the phrase “Jekyll and Hyde” coming to mean a person who is vastly different in moral character from one situatio</p><p>　　3.2.1 The Id</p>

54、<p>　　Wang Jingjing (2010) points out that Freud’s theory of id is completely unconscious, and made up of innate instincts and original composition. It is unconstrained by any reasons, social ethics, codes of cond

55、uct, according the pleasure principle. And “the word was being used as a descriptive term for a part of the mind which could contain repressed wishes, and a term for a function of the mind which operated unconsciously.”

56、(Robert Bocock, 2002, p.76) </p><p>　　In the novel, Dr. Jekyll invents a drug to turn himself into an evil and cruel stranger, Mr. Hyde. Although he feels “a violent sickness in my stomach and a terrible pai

57、n in all my bones” (Stevenson, 1997, p.95) after taking the drug, Mr. Hyde is a man with a hateful, unpleasing appearance and a savage, impertinent move. Dr. Jekyll likes it. He feels “younger, lighter, more carefree tha

58、n ever before” (Stevenson, 1997, p.90), setting “the wild, fun-loving, irresponsible” (Stevenson, 1997, p.88) s</p><p>　　He uses the identity of Mr. Hyde who acts unworthily to manifest his long suppressed a

59、nd hidden feelings. When Hyde runs down a little girl, he “trampled calmly over the child’s body and left her screaming on the ground.” (Stevenson, 1994, p.6) And when a white-haired gentleman asks him his way, Hyde is i

60、mpatient for the old man’s polite words, suddenly he is like a madman, he “shook his stick at the old man, who stepped back in surprise. Then he hit the old man violently with the stick and knoc</p><p>　　Liu

61、 Jiahua (2010) in his article states that the name of Mr. Hyde, on one hand, means that putting a person or thing in a place where it cannot be seen or easily found which stresses Mr. Hyde is the despicable side of Dr. J

62、ekyll who makes great efforts to feign him. On the other hand, it means the skin of wild animals which implies there is beastliness in him. </p><p>　　Mr. Hyde illimitably releases and expands evil. He does w

63、hatever he wants to do, without bearing any social responsibilities. He has any immoral ideas and behaviors, ignoring any pains and sufferings brought to others. He is self-centered, selfish, acting relentlessly like a s

64、tone. He is indifferent to all the tragic things in the world, and even murder. For him, personal moral vanishes and social conscience disappears and the thought of id is filled fully with him. </p><p>　　3.2

65、.2 The Ego</p><p>　　Ego is used as a term for what would have been called consciousness. “It is the aspect of the mind’s functioning which is responsible for reality testing, that is for rational thinking, a

66、nd for checking what it is safe to do in a given physical and social environment.” (Bocock, p.76) Besides, Wang Jingjing (2010) in her article writes ego represents reason, which can be influenced by the external causes.

67、 It is in the condition between id and the outside world, and it functions according to the n</p><p>　　There are three main aspects in this novel which reflect the hero’s ego consciousness. Firstly, for Dr.

68、Jekyll, personal status and reputation are his great social capitals. He is dedicated to the public utility and polite to others in order to create himself a serious, successful, well-beloved character. In his letter he

69、mentions “Although I was still young, important people came to me for advice.” (Stevenson, 1997, p.88) He treasures honor, virtue and conduct, subconsciously showing his best s</p><p>　　At first, for the sak

70、e of protecting his reputation and social status, maintaining his typical middle-class lifestyle, Dr. Jekyll who lives in a contradictorily double life has been reluctant to self-indulgence, concealing his pursuit of hap

71、piness, constraining his evil side, whereas, disguising himself as a both moral and knowledgeable gentleman. He doesn’t dare to release his hidden desires until the new identity, Mr. Hyde, turns up. Then they both use tw

72、o different identities for the interest</p><p>　　The hero of the novel is always walking between the two souls. Liu Jiahua (2010) satirizes Dr. Jekyll, the so-called the salt of the earth and the representat

73、ive of righteousness, is no more than a hypocrite, as a piece of external clothing and a false skin. </p><p>　　3.2.3 The Conflict and Compromise between the Ego and the Id </p><p>　　According to

74、 the conscious and unconscious theory, consciousness is directly related to some psychological perceptions, while unconsciousness includes personal original impulses, instincts and desires. These impulses and desires are

75、 controlled and suppressed by customs, ethics and law, but are still active and in pursuit of contents. There is sub-consciousness between consciousness and unconsciousness, which is the recalled part of unconsciousness.

76、 Freud also vividly portrays the psychological s</p><p>　　The conflict of dual characters can be seen here and there in the novel. When Hyde steps on a little girl crazily, he seems more excited hearing her

77、scream and cry. But after he returns to the laboratory later, turned into Jekyll, then senses of evil and surprise filled with him. He begins to fear another danger, that is, Hyde’s evil character always gets the better

78、of other good characters which will break natural balance, losing the ability of changing Hyde back to Jekyll. After another period</p><p>　　Jekyll recognizes his dual characters, also notices the evil in hu

79、man nature. At last, only one thing exists in his mind: fear of becoming Hyde. He says “I was afraid to go to bed, or even to sleep for a few moments in my chair. If I did so, I always woke as Hyde.” (Stevenson, 1997, p.

80、106) Originally, Jekyll finds it difficult to change Dr. Jekyll into Mr. Hyde, but now, the situation is gradually reversed; keeping Dr. Jekyll’s appearance becomes so hard. He faced the reality and missed the good</p

81、><p>　　From this novel, there is a compromise between Jekyll and Hyde, id and evil. At first, Dr. Jekyll is quite an objectionable role in Hyde’s mind. His contempt for the moral critique from middle-class make

82、s him determined to draw the line between them, but Mr. Hyde continues to commit crimes. Coupled with the failure of the drugs, Mr. Hyde can’t go back freely into Dr. Jekyll any more, so his dependence on Jekyll has grad

83、ually increased. After killing the old gentleman, he has to carry a stigma of</p><p>　　Gradually, however, when Jekyll is asleep or his drug has no effect, he immediately turns into Hyde. Even though, he liv

84、es in fear of waking up and finding himself in Hyde’s body, with all Hyde’s evil passions, when he learned how Hyde is afraid to be abandoned by his suicide, he could not help to show his sympathy. “I almost feel sorry f

85、or him.” (Stevenson, 1997, P.108)</p><p>　　Wang Jingjing (2010) concludes that Dr. Jekyll’s inner world warns people to coordinate the relationship among the external world, the id and the ego. People should

86、 strive to adapt to the social environment and culture to transfer suppressed energy to benefit social activities and cultural creativities, developing a healthy personality and completing self-actualization.</p>

87、<p>　　4 R. L. Stevenson and Self-actualization</p><p>　　R．L．Stevenson lived in the Victoria age, which is regarded as the top of the industry revolution; the flourishing economy encouraged the diversity

88、 of culture. Chen Yinghui (2005) mentions during the scientific wave, Victorians believe in scientific progress, and are full of optimism and confidence for the industrial revolution. However, technology also brings draw

89、backs, for instance, uneven distribution of social wealth results in obvious contrast between rich and poor. On the one hand, factory </p><p>　　Modesty and politeness are greatly advocated in the period of V

90、ictoria. People need to get moral satisfaction to maintain social dignity. Meanwhile, the Victorians also value conscientious attitude. However, this so-called conscientiousness is only superficial. At the surface, peopl

91、e emphasize on social etiquette and follow rules of propriety, while, in fact, they are sanctimonious. This kind of conscientiousness is reduced to hypocrisy. Although for many people, responsibilities should be place<

92、;/p><p>　　After his experience of World War II, he shows great sympathy to people who live in the world which is full of unexpected wars, violence, brutality, dissipation, fear and despair and gives them a deat

93、hblow, and wounded life both in body and mind. All of them suffer from constant wars. They are pushed to the verge of pain and despair. Therefore, he determines to study self-actualization to help people overcome psychol

94、ogical block, have a proper attitude towards their sufferings and misfortunes, a</p><p>　　5 Conclusion</p><p>　　This thesis studies Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde to make an advocatory analysis of self

95、-actualization, in purpose of offering the readers a new visual angle in investigating Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. It mainly interprets the meaning of self-actualization, especially the presentation about the relationship b

96、etween the id and the ego and discusses the hero’s changeable characters and behaviors influenced by different identities. The thesis further analyzes the plight Dr. Jekyll gets from his struggle ag</p><p>　

97、　Self-actualization, as a newly put forward theory, has a distinctive theme: If a person wants to survive in the civilized society, he is bound to erase the ugly side of human nature. Good or evil, they can not be transf

98、ormed into twins. With the changing times, especially in the 21st century, the theory has a profound effect on modern society. Although the industrial civilization develops, the world faces personalistic trial and humani