畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)--盤式,鼓式制動(dòng)器測(cè)繪與三維實(shí)體造型及動(dòng)畫設(shè)計(jì)_第1頁(yè)
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1、<p>  汽車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)(鼓,片式)測(cè)繪與三維實(shí)體造型及動(dòng)畫設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>  摘要:制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)作用:使行駛中的汽車按照駕駛員的要求進(jìn)行強(qiáng)制減速甚至停車;使已停駛的汽車在各種道路條件下(包括在坡道上)穩(wěn)定駐車;使下坡行駛的汽車速度保持穩(wěn)定,是汽車中必不可少的組成之一。本次設(shè)計(jì)的主要工作包括:對(duì)盤式、鼓式制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)實(shí)物進(jìn)行測(cè)繪,基于Solidworks三維參數(shù)化建模得到三維模型,對(duì)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)動(dòng)畫設(shè)

2、計(jì),仿真其工作原理,并基于solidworks motion進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)分析,更加直觀地了解其構(gòu)造與工作狀態(tài)。關(guān)鍵字:盤式;鼓式;動(dòng)畫設(shè)計(jì);運(yùn)動(dòng)分析;工作原理</p><p>  Automotive brake system (drum, chip) mapping and three-dimensional solid modeling and animation design</p><

3、p>  ABSTRACT: Braking system function: to make a moving vehicle in accordance with the mandatory requirements of the driver slow down or even stop; to have been suspended in the vehicle in various road conditions (inc

4、luding the ramp) stable parking; the downhill speed of cars Stable, is one of the car integral. The design of the main tasks include: disc, drum brake system physical mapping, three-dimensional parameters based on modeli

5、ng solidworks be three-dimensional model of the brake system of the</p><p>  KEY WORDS: disc; drum; animation design; motion analysis; work</p><p>  目 錄</p><p><b>  1

6、 前言4</b></p><p>  1.1 本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題的目的、意義4</p><p>  1.2 完成過程5</p><p><b>  2 制動(dòng)器概況6</b></p><p>  2.1汽車制動(dòng)器概述6</p><p>  2.2 汽車制動(dòng)器的優(yōu)越性7</

7、p><p>  3 盤式基本組成和工作原理8</p><p><b>  3.1基本組成8</b></p><p>  3.2基本原理12</p><p>  3.3基本原理和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)15</p><p>  4 鼓式基本組成和工作原理17</p><p>  4.1基

8、本組成17</p><p>  4.2基本原理21</p><p>  4.3 駐車制動(dòng)22</p><p><b>  5 圖片附錄24</b></p><p><b>  6 參考文獻(xiàn)35</b></p><p><b>  7 致 謝36</

9、b></p><p><b>  8 外文翻譯37</b></p><p><b>  1 前言</b></p><p>  1.1 本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題的目的、意義 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用本學(xué)科的基本理論、專業(yè)知識(shí)和基本技能,提高分析與解決實(shí)際問題的能力,完成工程師的基本訓(xùn)練和初步培養(yǎng)從事科學(xué)研究工作的重要

10、環(huán)節(jié)。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)也是完成教學(xué)計(jì)劃達(dá)到專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的一個(gè)重要的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié);學(xué)生通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),綜合性地運(yùn)用幾年內(nèi)所學(xué)知識(shí)去分析、解決一個(gè)問題,在畢業(yè)論文的過程中,所學(xué)知識(shí)得到疏理和運(yùn)用,它既是一次檢閱,又是一次鍛煉。使學(xué)生的實(shí)踐動(dòng)手、動(dòng)筆能力得到鍛煉,增強(qiáng)了即將跨入社會(huì)去競(jìng)爭(zhēng),去創(chuàng)造的自信心。</p><p>  畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)以下具有目的:</p><p>  (1)  通過閱讀有關(guān)資料對(duì)當(dāng)

11、前計(jì)算機(jī)軟、硬件技術(shù)的發(fā)展有進(jìn)一步的了解。</p><p>  (2)  融匯、貫通幾年里所學(xué)習(xí)的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和專業(yè)理論知識(shí)。</p><p>  (3)  綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)專業(yè)理論知識(shí)和技能提高獨(dú)立分析問題和解決實(shí)際問題的能力。 </p><p>  (4)  培養(yǎng)和提高與設(shè)計(jì)群體合作、相互配合的工作能力。1.2 題目產(chǎn)生背景 21

12、世紀(jì)以來,隨著我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速發(fā)展,汽車工業(yè)已成為我國(guó)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。伴隨越來越多的轎車出現(xiàn)和發(fā)展,轎車制動(dòng)器也越來越受到關(guān)注。汽車制動(dòng)器制動(dòng)效果的好壞和壽命 直接影響著駕駛者的生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)安全。為此,我在本次設(shè)計(jì)中通過對(duì)汽車制動(dòng)器的三維建模與動(dòng)畫仿真介紹汽車制動(dòng)器的基本結(jié)構(gòu)、工作原理,幫助使用和維修人員在實(shí)際工作中更好的認(rèn)識(shí)汽車制動(dòng)器,了解其工作原理。</p><p>  1.3 完成過程 在這幾個(gè)月的時(shí)間

13、中,完成了對(duì)汽車制動(dòng)器各零件的測(cè)繪,通過對(duì)Solidworks軟件的熟練運(yùn)用,完成了對(duì)汽車制動(dòng)器的三維建模,從中理解了自動(dòng)變速器各部分的工作原理,做出了其原理的動(dòng)畫設(shè)計(jì)與運(yùn)動(dòng)分析。1.4主要結(jié)論及繼續(xù)努力的方向 盤式制動(dòng)器主要由制動(dòng)盤、分泵、制動(dòng)鉗、油管等四部分組成,制動(dòng)盤用合金鋼制造并固定在車輪上,隨車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。掌握了各部分的工作原理及盤式總體協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)行原理。</p><p>  鼓式制動(dòng)器主要由制動(dòng)蹄、

14、分泵、制動(dòng)鼓、油管等四部分組成 。掌握了各部分的工作原理及鼓式總體協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)行原理。 隨著汽車行業(yè)的發(fā)展,其各種性能都將得到提高,也會(huì)使各工作部件的保養(yǎng)和維修需要更專業(yè)的人員,制動(dòng)器構(gòu)造及原理必須是維修人員所熟知的。</p><p>  圖1-1制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的部件</p><p><b>  2 制動(dòng)器概況</b></p><p>  2.1汽

15、車制動(dòng)器概述</p><p>  制動(dòng)器作用:汽車在道路條件和交通狀況都能復(fù)雜的環(huán)境下運(yùn)行的。為了確保安全,汽車應(yīng)在會(huì)車、不平路面及彎道行駛時(shí)降低車速;在遇到障礙物、行人和其他危險(xiǎn)情況時(shí),汽車要能夠在盡可能短的距離內(nèi)使車速降到很低甚至停車。只有具備了這種能力,汽車才可能實(shí)現(xiàn)高速安全行駛。</p><p>  汽車在下長(zhǎng)坡時(shí),由于重力的作用,有不斷加速到危險(xiǎn)的趨勢(shì),在這種情況下,應(yīng)及時(shí)限制速

16、度并保持車速穩(wěn)定,你防事故發(fā)生。另外,停駛車輛,尤其是在坡道上停駛的車輛,應(yīng)當(dāng)能夠可靠地駐留原地不動(dòng),不至溜車。</p><p>  目前汽車上主要的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)有兩類:即行車制動(dòng)裝置和駐車制動(dòng)裝置。</p><p>  行車制動(dòng)裝置是在汽車行駛過程中使用,使行駛中的汽車減速或者停車,而駐車制動(dòng)裝置是在汽車停車以后使用,使停下來的汽車不溜車。</p><p>  汽車制

17、動(dòng)系主要由四部分組成:</p><p>  制動(dòng)器:產(chǎn)生主動(dòng)力矩,阻止車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的裝置。</p><p>  制動(dòng)操縱機(jī)構(gòu):控制制動(dòng)器工作的機(jī)構(gòu),如操縱手柄和制動(dòng)踏板等。</p><p>  制動(dòng)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu):將操縱力傳動(dòng)制動(dòng)器。使制動(dòng)器工作的組成元件和管路</p><p>  制動(dòng)力的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu):用來調(diào)節(jié)前后車輪制動(dòng)力的分配元件和制動(dòng)防抱死9ABS

18、)系統(tǒng)。</p><p>  下面分別介紹兩種最常見也是最普及使用的制動(dòng)器:鼓式和盤式制動(dòng)器。</p><p>  鼓式制動(dòng)也叫塊式制動(dòng),是靠制動(dòng)塊在制動(dòng)輪上壓緊來實(shí)現(xiàn)剎車的。鼓式制動(dòng)是早期設(shè)計(jì)的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng),其剎車鼓的設(shè)計(jì)1902年就已經(jīng)使用在馬車上了,直到1920年左右才開始在汽車工業(yè)廣泛應(yīng)用。現(xiàn)在鼓式制動(dòng)器的主流是內(nèi)張式,它的制動(dòng)塊(剎車蹄)位于制動(dòng)輪內(nèi)側(cè),在剎車的時(shí)候制動(dòng)塊向外張開,摩

19、擦制動(dòng)輪的內(nèi)側(cè),達(dá)到剎車的目的。鼓式制動(dòng)器造價(jià)便宜,而且符合傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。四輪轎車在制動(dòng)過程中,由于慣性的作用,前輪的負(fù)荷通常占汽車全部負(fù)荷的70%-80%,前輪制動(dòng)力要比后輪大,后輪起輔助制動(dòng)作用 鼓式制動(dòng)器,因此轎車生產(chǎn)廠家為了節(jié)省成本,就采用前盤后鼓的制動(dòng)方式。不過對(duì)于重型車來說,由于車速一般不是很高,剎車蹄的耐用程度也比盤式制動(dòng)器高,因此許多重型車至今仍使用四輪鼓式的設(shè)計(jì)。 </p><p>  盤式制動(dòng)器

20、相對(duì)于鼓式制動(dòng)器出現(xiàn)較晚,但目前已廣泛應(yīng)用于轎車,但除了在一些高性能轎車上用于全部車輪以外,大都只用作前輪制動(dòng)器,而與后輪的鼓式制動(dòng)器配合,以期汽車有較高的制動(dòng)時(shí)的方向穩(wěn)定性。在貨車上,盤式制動(dòng)器也有采用,但離普及還有相當(dāng)距離。</p><p>  2.2 汽車制動(dòng)器的優(yōu)越性</p><p>  汽車制動(dòng)器之所以能得到迅速發(fā)展和廣泛應(yīng)用,是與其一系列優(yōu)越性分不開的。這主要是:</p&

21、gt;<p>  鼓式:鼓式制動(dòng)器造價(jià)便宜,而且符合傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。 四輪轎車在制動(dòng)過程中,由于慣性的作用,前輪的負(fù)荷通常占汽車全部負(fù)荷的70%-80%,前輪制動(dòng)力要比后輪大,后輪起輔助制動(dòng)作用,因此轎車生產(chǎn)廠家為了節(jié)省成本,就采用前盤后鼓的制動(dòng)方式。</p><p>  但是鼓式制動(dòng)器也有自身的缺點(diǎn):鼓式制動(dòng)器的制動(dòng)效能和散熱性都要差許多,鼓式制動(dòng)器的制動(dòng)力穩(wěn)定性差,在不同路面上制動(dòng)力變化很大,不易于掌

22、控。而由于散熱性能差,在制動(dòng)過程中會(huì)聚集大量的熱量。制動(dòng)塊和輪鼓在高溫影響下較易發(fā)生極為復(fù)雜的變形,容易產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)衰退和振抖現(xiàn)象,引起制動(dòng)效率下降。另外,鼓式制動(dòng)器在使用一段時(shí)間后,要定期調(diào)校剎車蹄的空隙,甚至要把整個(gè)剎車鼓拆出清理累積在內(nèi)的剎車粉。</p><p>  盤式:盤式制動(dòng)器一般采用無摩擦助勢(shì)作用,因而制動(dòng)器效能受摩擦系數(shù)的影響較小,即效能較穩(wěn)定;浸水后效能降低較少,而且只須經(jīng)一兩次制動(dòng)即可恢復(fù)正常;在

23、輸出制動(dòng)力矩相同的情況下,尺寸和質(zhì)量一般較??;制動(dòng)盤沿厚度方向的熱膨脹量極小,不會(huì)象制動(dòng)鼓的熱膨脹那樣使制動(dòng)器間隙明顯增加而導(dǎo)致制動(dòng)踏板行程過大;較容易實(shí)現(xiàn)間隙自動(dòng)調(diào)整,其他保養(yǎng)修理作業(yè)也較簡(jiǎn)便。對(duì)于鉗盤式制動(dòng)器而言,助力器因?yàn)橹苿?dòng)盤外露,還有散熱良好的優(yōu)點(diǎn)?!?lt;/p><p>  當(dāng)然,盤式制動(dòng)器也有自己的缺陷。例如對(duì)制動(dòng)器和制動(dòng)管路的制造要求較高,摩擦片的耗損量較大,成本貴,而且由于摩擦片的面積小,相對(duì)摩擦的

24、工作面也較小,需要的制動(dòng)液壓高,必須要有助力裝置的車輛才能使用。而鼓式制動(dòng)器成本相對(duì)低廉,比較經(jīng)濟(jì)。所以,汽車設(shè)計(jì)者從經(jīng)濟(jì)與實(shí)用的角度出發(fā),一般轎車采用了混合的形式,前輪盤式制動(dòng),后輪鼓式制動(dòng)。四輪轎車在制動(dòng)過程中,由于慣性的作用,前輪的負(fù)荷通常占汽車全部負(fù)荷的70%-80%,因此前輪制動(dòng)力要比后輪大。轎車生產(chǎn)廠家為了節(jié)省成本,就采用前輪盤式制動(dòng),后輪鼓式制動(dòng)的方式。 四輪盤式制動(dòng)的中高級(jí)轎車,采用前輪通風(fēng)盤式制動(dòng)是為了更好地散熱,至于

25、后輪采用非通風(fēng)盤式同樣也是成本的原因。畢竟通風(fēng)盤式的制造工藝要復(fù)雜得多,價(jià)格也就相對(duì)貴了。隨著材料科學(xué)的發(fā)展及成本的降低,在汽車領(lǐng)域中,盤式制動(dòng)有逐漸取代鼓式制動(dòng)的趨向 。</p><p>  本次設(shè)計(jì)以在汽車界常見的前盤后鼓式制動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)位例,通過充分的前期理論學(xué)習(xí)和測(cè)繪準(zhǔn)備,得到了大量的制動(dòng)器建模數(shù)據(jù)。并以這些數(shù)據(jù),建模成型了盤式制動(dòng)器和鼓式制動(dòng)器,望老師指正。</p><p>  3 盤

26、式基本組成和工作原理</p><p>  圖3-1 盤式制動(dòng)器</p><p><b>  3.1基本組成</b></p><p>  目前市場(chǎng)上轎車的盤式制動(dòng)器主要是液壓型盤式制動(dòng)器,由液壓控制,主要零部件有制動(dòng)盤、分泵、制動(dòng)鉗、油管等。</p><p><b>  ( 1 ) 制動(dòng)盤</b>&l

27、t;/p><p>  制動(dòng)盤即剎車盤,是一個(gè)金屬圓盤,是用合金鋼制造并固定在車輪上,隨車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。其主要作用是使車輛行駛過程中踩剎車時(shí)制動(dòng)卡鉗夾住制動(dòng)盤起到減速或者停車。一般采用鑄鐵材料(耐磨、耐高溫)制成。如圖:</p><p><b>  圖3-2 制動(dòng)盤</b></p><p>  ( 2 ) 制動(dòng)分泵</p><p>

28、  分泵固定在制動(dòng)器的底板上固定不動(dòng),制動(dòng)鉗上的兩個(gè)摩擦片分別裝在制動(dòng)盤的兩側(cè),分泵的活塞受油管輸送來的液壓作用,推動(dòng)摩擦片壓向制動(dòng)盤發(fā)生摩擦制動(dòng),動(dòng)作起來就好像用鉗子鉗住旋轉(zhuǎn)中的盤子,迫使它停下來一樣。</p><p>  ( 3 ) 制動(dòng)鉗體</p><p>  制動(dòng)鉗不工作是相對(duì)于制動(dòng)盤是固定不動(dòng)的。當(dāng)剎車時(shí),制動(dòng)鉗會(huì)夾住制動(dòng)盤完成制動(dòng)作用。制動(dòng)鉗分為兩類:固定制動(dòng)鉗、浮動(dòng)制動(dòng)鉗。由

29、于目前轎大都采用浮動(dòng)制動(dòng)鉗,本文主要以浮動(dòng)制動(dòng)鉗為例分析其工作原理。</p><p><b>  圖3-3 制動(dòng)鉗體</b></p><p><b>  ( 4 ) 油管</b></p><p>  油管的主要作用是將由主缸壓出的液壓油傳送到盤式制動(dòng)器中的液壓分泵,進(jìn)入液壓分泵后推動(dòng)其中的液壓活塞缸做前后的定向移動(dòng),給制動(dòng)

30、鉗以制動(dòng)壓力。</p><p>  ( 5 ) 脈沖記速裝置</p><p>  脈沖計(jì)速裝置是用來起算脈沖輪相鄰倆個(gè)孔接受到脈沖信號(hào)的時(shí)間段大小,換算來計(jì)算汽車的時(shí)速。脈沖計(jì)速裝置由脈沖傳感脈沖輪和脈沖發(fā)射器組成,脈沖發(fā)射器在單位時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)出一個(gè)信號(hào),在該信號(hào)發(fā)射的過程中,脈沖輪隨汽車車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),脈沖信號(hào)在射到脈沖輪孔時(shí)會(huì)直接穿透,沒有脈沖反射。這樣當(dāng)脈沖信號(hào)穿過相鄰倆個(gè)孔的時(shí)間知道,又可知

31、相鄰脈沖孔的角度是15度,所以可以知道汽車車輪轉(zhuǎn)一周所用的時(shí)間。車輪的周長(zhǎng)有直徑和圓周率不難求出,車輪的周長(zhǎng)除以一周所用時(shí)間就能求出汽車的車速。</p><p>  圖3-4 前輪轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器脈沖輪</p><p><b>  ( 6 ) 導(dǎo)向銷</b></p><p>  盤式制動(dòng)器的導(dǎo)向銷主要作用是將制動(dòng)鉗體和車橋聯(lián)接,同時(shí)固定制動(dòng)鉗,使制動(dòng)

32、鉗可以在導(dǎo)向銷上前后移動(dòng),但是不能左右晃動(dòng)。</p><p><b>  圖 3-5 導(dǎo)向銷</b></p><p>  下圖為導(dǎo)向銷的裝配圖:</p><p>  圖3-6 導(dǎo)向銷裝配 </p><p>  1 - 螺母 2、6 - 墊片 3 - 導(dǎo)向鋼套 4 - 塑料套 5 - 橡膠襯套</p>

33、<p><b>  7 - 螺栓</b></p><p><b>  3.2基本原理</b></p><p>  浮鉗盤式制動(dòng)器的制動(dòng)鉗一般設(shè)計(jì)得可以相對(duì)制動(dòng)盤軸向滑動(dòng)或擺動(dòng)。如圖:</p><p>  圖3-7 浮鉗盤式制動(dòng)器結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>  它只在制動(dòng)盤得內(nèi)側(cè)設(shè)置液壓缸,外側(cè)

34、的制動(dòng)塊附裝在鉗體上?;瑒?dòng)鉗盤式使用較多,工作原理如圖所示:</p><p>  圖3-8 制動(dòng)受力圖</p><p>  制動(dòng)時(shí),活塞4在液壓力作用下,將活動(dòng)制動(dòng)塊(內(nèi)側(cè)摩擦片)3推向制動(dòng)盤1。與此同時(shí),作用在制動(dòng)鉗體1上的反向液壓力推動(dòng)鉗體沿導(dǎo)向銷6向右移動(dòng),使固定在制動(dòng)鉗體上的固定制動(dòng)塊3(外側(cè)摩擦片)壓靠到制動(dòng)盤上。其詳細(xì)過程如下圖所示:</p><p> 

35、 圖3-9 制動(dòng)前密封圈形狀</p><p>  制動(dòng)前密封圈不受液壓油壓力,密封圈無變形。</p><p>  圖3-10 制動(dòng)時(shí)密封圈情況</p><p>  制動(dòng)時(shí)密封圈受到液壓油向右的推力F1,使密封圈突出部分受到向右的推力并使之發(fā)生變形。密封圈受到向右推力,其自身為阻止變形產(chǎn)生一個(gè)阻力F2,F(xiàn)2方向同F(xiàn)1相反,為水平向左。這個(gè)力通過密封圈下部分帶動(dòng)制動(dòng)鉗沿

36、著導(dǎo)向軸向左運(yùn)動(dòng)。</p><p>  于是,制動(dòng)盤兩側(cè)的摩擦片在兩側(cè)壓力作用下加緊制動(dòng)盤,在制動(dòng)盤上產(chǎn)生于運(yùn)動(dòng)方向相反的制動(dòng)力矩,促使汽車制動(dòng)。</p><p><b>  圖3-11 制動(dòng)后</b></p><p>  下圖為轎車的前輪浮鉗盤式制動(dòng)器。制動(dòng)鉗支架固定在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上,制動(dòng)鉗體用緊固螺栓和制動(dòng)鉗導(dǎo)向銷聯(lián)接,導(dǎo)向銷插入制動(dòng)鉗支架的孔中

37、做動(dòng)配合,由于制動(dòng)鉗體可沿導(dǎo)向銷作軸向滑動(dòng)。制動(dòng)盤內(nèi)側(cè)的制動(dòng)塊和外側(cè)的制動(dòng)塊用止動(dòng)彈簧卡在制動(dòng)鉗支架上,可以軸向移動(dòng)但是不能上下竄動(dòng)。制動(dòng)鉗只在制動(dòng)盤內(nèi)側(cè)有液壓缸。制動(dòng)時(shí),內(nèi)制動(dòng)塊在液壓作用下由活塞推靠到制動(dòng)盤上?;钊系南鹉z密封圈在制動(dòng)時(shí)變形,解除制動(dòng)時(shí)便恢復(fù)原狀,使活塞回位,同時(shí)止動(dòng)彈簧使制動(dòng)塊回位。這樣盤式制動(dòng)器就完成了一次制動(dòng)過程。</p><p>  下圖為制動(dòng)鉗內(nèi)的活塞裝置:</p>&

38、lt;p>  圖3-12 制動(dòng)鉗體爆炸圖</p><p>  1 - 導(dǎo)向銷孔 2 - 制動(dòng)鉗體 3 - 活塞密封圈 4 - 活塞回位彈簧 </p><p>  5 - 活塞 6 - 橡膠密封圈 </p><p>  3.3基本原理和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)</p><p><b>  盤式制動(dòng)器的特點(diǎn)</b><

39、/p><p>  盤式制動(dòng)器與鼓式制動(dòng)器相比較,有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):</p><p>  1)制動(dòng)盤暴露在空氣中,散熱能力強(qiáng)。特別是采用通風(fēng)式制動(dòng)盤,空氣可以流經(jīng)內(nèi)部,加強(qiáng)散熱。</p><p>  2)浸水后制動(dòng)效能降低較少,而且只需經(jīng)一兩次制動(dòng)即可恢復(fù)正常。</p><p>  3)制動(dòng)時(shí)的平順性好。由于無摩擦助勢(shì)作用,產(chǎn)生的制動(dòng)力矩僅與油缸液壓成比

40、例,制動(dòng)過程中制動(dòng)力矩增長(zhǎng)比鼓式緩和。同時(shí)制動(dòng)器效能受摩擦系數(shù)的影響較小,即效能較穩(wěn)定。</p><p>  4)制動(dòng)盤沿厚度方向的膨脹量極小,不會(huì)想制動(dòng)鼓的熱膨脹那樣使制動(dòng)器間隙米線增加而帶照顧照顧底標(biāo)高踏板行程過大。此外,也便于裝設(shè)間隙自調(diào)裝置。</p><p>  5)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,摩擦片拆裝更換容易,因而維修方便。</p><p>  但是盤式制動(dòng)器也有自己的缺

41、點(diǎn),主要有以下幾個(gè)方面: </p><p>  1)因制動(dòng)時(shí)無助勢(shì)作用,故要求管路液壓比鼓式制動(dòng)器高,一般需在液壓傳動(dòng)裝置中加裝制動(dòng)加力裝置和采用較大缸徑的油缸。</p><p>  2)由于盤式制動(dòng)器的活塞回位能力差,且輪缸活塞的斷面積大,制動(dòng)器間隙較小,故在液壓系統(tǒng)中不能留有殘余應(yīng)力。</p><p>  3)防污性能差,制動(dòng)摩擦面積小,磨損較快。</p&

42、gt;<p>  4 鼓式基本組成和工作原理</p><p>  圖4-1 鼓式制動(dòng)器</p><p>  鼓式制動(dòng)器有內(nèi)帳型和外束型兩種。前者的制動(dòng)鼓以內(nèi)圓柱面為工作表面,在汽車上應(yīng)用廣泛;后者制動(dòng)鼓的工作表面則是外圓柱面,目前只有極少數(shù)汽車用駐車制動(dòng)器。</p><p>  目前主要的鼓式制動(dòng)器主要分為:輪缸式和凸輪式。這里我主要介紹汽車常用的輪崗

43、式鼓式制動(dòng)器。市場(chǎng)上常見的輪缸制動(dòng)器分為:領(lǐng)從蹄式制動(dòng)器、雙領(lǐng)蹄式和雙向雙領(lǐng)蹄式制動(dòng)器、雙從蹄式制動(dòng)器、單向和雙向自增力式制動(dòng)器、輪缸式制動(dòng)器。由于這次測(cè)繪的是領(lǐng)從蹄式的鼓式制動(dòng)器,所以以領(lǐng)從蹄式為例子介紹下鼓式制動(dòng)器的基本組成和工作原理。</p><p><b>  4.1基本組成</b></p><p>  目前市場(chǎng)上轎車的鼓式制動(dòng)器主要是液壓型鼓式制動(dòng)器,由液壓

44、控制,主要零部件有制動(dòng)底板、促動(dòng)裝置(輪缸)、制動(dòng)蹄總成、回位彈簧、間隙調(diào)整裝置。</p><p>  圖4-2 鼓式制動(dòng)器底盤</p><p>  1- 制動(dòng)前蹄 2- 摩擦片 3- 制動(dòng)底盤 4、12- 回位彈簧 5- 固定銷</p><p>  6- 活塞頂塊 7- 固定銷口 8-制動(dòng)分泵 9- 后制動(dòng)蹄 10- 定位彈簧11- 支承銷 &l

45、t;/p><p>  13- 駐車制動(dòng)手動(dòng)拉桿 14- 間隙調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)</p><p>  ( 1 ) 制動(dòng)底盤</p><p>  制動(dòng)底盤用來安裝各種組件,容納制動(dòng)器組件并防止組件被路面飛濺的泥水弄臟。根據(jù)所受制動(dòng)力矩的大小分為沖壓底板和鑄造底板。</p><p>  ( 2 ) 液壓制動(dòng)分泵</p><p>  液壓

46、分泵安裝在制動(dòng)器底板上,進(jìn)行制動(dòng)時(shí)液壓式輪缸的活塞向外移動(dòng),推動(dòng)制動(dòng)蹄將摩擦片壓緊制動(dòng)鼓,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)制動(dòng)。</p><p>  圖4-3 制動(dòng)分泵爆炸圖</p><p>  1- 橡皮膠塞 2- 頂塊 3 - 活塞缸 4 - 頂塊回位彈簧</p><p><b>  5 - 制動(dòng)底盤</b></p><p>  ( 3

47、) 制動(dòng)蹄總成</p><p>  制動(dòng)蹄總成由制動(dòng)蹄鐵和摩擦片組成,一般有兩種方法把摩擦片固定在蹄鐵上:粘接法和鉚接法。</p><p>  圖4-4 制動(dòng)蹄和摩擦片</p><p>  ( 4 ) 回位彈簧</p><p>  當(dāng)解除制動(dòng)力時(shí),回位彈簧將兩制動(dòng)蹄拉回到固定位置,使摩擦片離開制動(dòng)鼓。</p><p>

48、  圖4-5 上部回位彈簧</p><p>  圖4-6 下部回位彈簧</p><p>  ( 5 ) 間隙調(diào)整裝置 </p><p>  汽車保養(yǎng)和維護(hù)作業(yè)中調(diào)整制動(dòng)器間隙的裝置,一般分為手動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)和自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)兩種。本文介紹的是手動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)間隙調(diào)整裝置。</p><p>  圖4-7 間隙調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)</p><p><b

49、>  4.2基本原理</b></p><p>  鼓式制動(dòng)器制動(dòng)時(shí),液壓油由主液壓缸進(jìn)去液壓分泵,推動(dòng)液壓分泵內(nèi)的活塞頂塊左右滑動(dòng),前,后兩蹄在活塞頂塊的作用下,各自繞其支承銷偏心軸頸的軸線向外旋轉(zhuǎn),而裝在制動(dòng)蹄上的摩擦片就被壓到制動(dòng)鼓上,通過制動(dòng)鼓和摩擦片的制動(dòng)力矩使汽車停下。</p><p>  解除制動(dòng)時(shí),撤出液壓,前、后兩蹄便在上下兩個(gè)回位彈簧作用下回到作用前的位

50、置上。</p><p>  圖4-8 鼓式制動(dòng)原理</p><p><b>  4.3 駐車制動(dòng)</b></p><p>  駐車制動(dòng):一般叫做手剎,他的作用就是在停車時(shí),給汽車一個(gè)阻力,使汽車不溜車。駐車制動(dòng),也就是手剎或者自動(dòng)檔中的停車檔,鎖住傳動(dòng)軸或者后輪。 駐車制動(dòng)比行車制動(dòng)的力小很多很多,僅僅是在坡路停車不溜車,就可以了。</p

51、><p>  圖4-9 駐車制動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>  1- 平頭銷 2- 駐車制動(dòng)推桿 3- 前制動(dòng)蹄 4- 固定銷</p><p>  5- 后制動(dòng)蹄 6- 制動(dòng)推桿</p><p>  進(jìn)行駐車制動(dòng)時(shí),須將駕駛室中的手動(dòng)駐車制動(dòng)操縱桿拉到制動(dòng)位置,經(jīng)過一系列杠桿和拉繩傳動(dòng),將駐車制動(dòng)杠桿2的下端向前拉,使之繞上端支點(diǎn)1平頭銷轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。

52、早轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)過程中,其中間支點(diǎn)推動(dòng)制動(dòng)推桿6右移,將后制動(dòng)蹄5向右推向制動(dòng)鼓;繼而制動(dòng)杠桿2的上端左移。通過平頭銷使前制動(dòng)蹄3上端靠向制動(dòng)鼓,直到兩蹄都?jí)嚎康街苿?dòng)鼓上,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了駐車制動(dòng)。</p><p><b>  5 圖片附錄</b></p><p>  圖5-1 鼓式制動(dòng)器</p><p>  圖5-2鼓式制動(dòng)器爆炸圖</p>&

53、lt;p>  圖5-3鼓式制動(dòng)器底盤</p><p><b>  圖5-4 鼓式輪蓋</b></p><p><b>  圖5-5 調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)</b></p><p>  圖5-6摩擦片和制動(dòng)蹄</p><p><b>  圖5-7棘爪輪 </b></p>&

54、lt;p>  圖5-8 上部回位彈簧</p><p>  圖5-9下部回位彈簧</p><p><b>  圖5-10 棘爪</b></p><p>  圖5-11彈簧固定銷</p><p>  圖5-12 盤式制動(dòng)器爆炸圖</p><p>  圖5-13 盤式制動(dòng)器</p>

55、<p>  圖5-14盤式制動(dòng)器</p><p>  圖5-15 制動(dòng)鉗體裝備圖</p><p>  圖5-16 導(dǎo)向鋼套</p><p><b>  圖5-17制動(dòng)盤</b></p><p>  圖5-18 前橋固定架</p><p>  圖5-19 前輪轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器脈沖輪</p&

56、gt;<p>  圖5-20 脈沖發(fā)射器</p><p>  圖5-21 制動(dòng)鉗支架</p><p>  圖5-22 活塞回位彈簧</p><p><b>  6 參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>  [1] 陳家瑞主編.《汽車構(gòu)造(下)》.吉林大學(xué) 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 2007.1 </p>&

57、lt;p>  [2] 郭新華主編.《汽車構(gòu)造》.高等教育出版社 2004.2</p><p>  [3] 魯民巧主編.《汽車構(gòu)造》.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 2004.6</p><p>  [4] 魯民巧主編.《汽車構(gòu)造》.高等教育出版社 2008.2</p><p>  [5] 肖擁清主編《汽車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的使用和維護(hù)》. 中國(guó)電力出版社2004.6</p>

58、<p>  [6] 張紅偉主編《汽車底盤構(gòu)造及維修》.高等教育出版社 2005. 4</p><p><b>  7 致 謝</b></p><p>  畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)已結(jié)束,本次設(shè)計(jì)從選題到完成整個(gè)過程中得到了 XXX老師的悉心指導(dǎo)。從老師身上不僅學(xué)到了理論知識(shí),更多的是待人接物與為人處世的道理。其嚴(yán)以律己,寬以待人的崇高風(fēng)范,樸實(shí)無華、平易近人的人格魅力,

59、使人倍感溫馨。</p><p>  在此真誠(chéng)的感謝XXX老師,愿導(dǎo)師闔家歡樂,一生平安,工作順利。也感謝各位老師和同學(xué),祝愿大家以后工作順利,學(xué)業(yè)有成。謝謝??! </p><p><b>  8 外文翻譯</b></p><p>  NC Technology</p><p>  1、Research current s

60、ituation of NC lathe in our times</p><p>  Research and development process to such various kinds of new technologies as numerical control lathe , machining center , FMS , CIMS ,etc. of countries all over th

61、e world, linked to with the international economic situation closely. The machine tool industry has international economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 alert eras of World Affairs, the function that people

62、9;s knowledge plays is more outstanding , and the machine tool industry is regarded as the foundation of the manufacturi</p><p>  (1)、Pay more attention to new technology and innovation</p><p> 

63、 Worldwide , are launching the new craft , new material , new structure , new unit , research and development of the new component in a more cost-effective manner, developmental research of for instance new cutter materi

64、al , the new electric main shaft of main shaft structure , high speed , high-speed straight line electrical machinery ,etc.. Regard innovating in improvement of the processing technology as the foundation, for process ul

65、tra and hard difficult to cut material and special composite </p><p>  (2)、Improve the precision and research of machine tooling</p><p>  In order to improve the machining accuracy of the machin

66、ing center , are improving rigidity of the lathe , reduction vibration constantly, dispel hotly and out of shape, reduce the noise , improve the precision of localization of NC lathe , repeat precision , working dependab

67、ility , stability , precision keeping, world a lot of country carry on lathe hot error , lathe sport and load out of shape software of error compensate technical research, take precision compensate , software compensate

68、meas</p><p> ?。?)、Improve the research of the machine tooling productivity</p><p>  World NC lathe, machining center and corresponding some development of main shaft , electrical machinery of st

69、raight line , measuring system , NC system of high speed, under the prerequisite of boosting productivity.</p><p>  (4)、What a lot of countries have already begun to the numerical control system melt intelli

70、gently, openly, study networkedly</p><p>  elligent research of the numerical control system</p><p>  Mainly showing in the following aspects: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency

71、 of processing and process quality, the self-adaptation to the processing course is controlled, the craft parameter produces research automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging a

72、nd use intelligently, to the feedback control , adaptive operation , discerning automatically load selects models automatically , since carries on research whole definitely ,etc. of the el</p><p>  B、 The nu

73、merical control system melts and studies open</p><p>  Mainly showing in the following aspects: The development of the numerical control system is on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and s

74、upport finally, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control target ), form the seriation, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the co

75、ntrol system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products</p><p>  C、Meeting the manufacture system of the production line , demand for

76、the information integration of the manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, it is a basic unit of realizing the new manufacture mode too.</p><p>  2、Classification of the mac

77、hining center</p><p>  (1)Process according to main shaft space position when it classifies to be as follows, horizontal and vertical machining center.</p><p>  Horizontal machining center, refe

78、r to the machining center that the axis level of the main shaft is set up . Horizontal machining center for 3-5 sport coordinate axis, a common one three rectilinear motion coordinate axis and one turn the coordinate axi

79、s of sports round (turn the workingbench round), it can one is it is it finish other 4 Taxi processing besides installing surfaces and top surfaces to insert to install in work piece, most suitable for processing the cas

80、e body work piece . Compare</p><p>  Vertical machining center, the axis of the main shaft of the vertical machining center, in order to set up vertically, its structure is mostly the regular post type, the

81、workingbench is suitable for processing parts for the slippery one of cross, have 3 rectilinear motion coordinate axis generally , can find a room for one horizontal numerical control revolving stage (the 4th axle ) of a

82、xle process the spiral part at workingbench. The vertical machining center is of simple structure, the floor s</p><p>  Large-scale gantry machining center, the main shafts are mostly set up vertically, is e

83、specially used in the large-scale or with complicated form work piece , is it spend the many coordinate gantry machining center to need like aviation , aerospace industry , some processing of part of large-scale steam tu

84、rbine.</p><p>  Five machining centers, this kind of machining center has function of the vertical and horizontal machining center, one is it after inserting , can finish all five Taxi processing besides ins

85、talling the surface to install in work piece, the processing way can make form of work piece error lowest , save 2 times install and insert working, thus improve production efficiency , reduce the process cost.</p>

86、<p>  (2)Classify by craft use</p><p>  Is it mill machining center to bore, is it mill for vertical door frame machining center , horizontal door frame mill the machining center and Longmen door fram

87、e mill the machining center to divide into. Processing technology its rely mainly on the fact that the door frame is milled, used in case body, shell and various kinds of complicated part special curve and large processe

88、s , curved surface of outline process, suitable for many varieties to produce in batches small.</p><p>  Complex machining center, point five times and compound and process mainly, the main shaft head can be

89、 turned round automatically, stand, lie and process, after the main shaft is turned round automatically, realize knowing that varies in the horizontal and vertical direction.</p><p>  (3)Classify by special

90、function</p><p>  Single workingbench , a pair of workingbench machining center;</p><p>  Single axle , dual axle , three axle can change machining center , main shaft of case;</p><p&

91、gt;  Transfer vertically to the tower machining center and transfer ;</p><p>  One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the main shaft and changes one one hundred sheets of machining centers;</p><p&

92、gt;  One hundred sheets of storehouses connects and writes hands to add the main shaft and change one hundred sheets of machining centers; </p><p>  One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the manipulator and

93、 adds one pair of main shafts to transfer to the tower machining center.</p><p>  3、Development trend of the current numerical control lathe</p><p>  At present, the advanced manufacturing techn

94、ology in the world is rising constantly, such application of technology as ultrafast cutting , ultraprecision processing ,etc., the rapid development of the flexible manufacturing system and integrated system of the comp

95、uter one is constant and ripe, have put forward higher demand to the process technology of numerical control. Nowadays the numerical control lathe is being developed in several following directions.</p><p> 

96、 (1). The speed and precision at a high speed , high accuracy are two important indexes of the numerical control lathe , it concerns directly that processes efficiency and product quality. At present, numerical control s

97、ystem adopt-figure number, frequency high processor, in order to raise basic operation speed of system. Meanwhile , adopt the super large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessors structure, in order to improve s

98、ystematic data processing ability , namely improve and insert</p><p>  For meet ultrafast demand that process, numerical control lathe adopt main shaft motor and lathe structure form that main shaft unite tw

99、o into one, realize frequency conversion motor and lathe main shaft integrate , bearing , main shaft of electrical machinery adopt magnetism float the bearing , liquid sound pigeonhole such forms as the bearing or the ce

100、ramic rolling bearing ,etc.. At present, ceramic cutter and diamond coating cutter have already begun to get application.</p><p> ?。?). Multi-functional to is it change all kinds of machining centers of orga

101、nization (a of capacity of storehouse can up to 100 of the above ) automatically to furnished with, can realize milling paring , boring and pares , bores such many kinds of processes as paring , turning , reaming , reami

102、ng , attacking whorl ,etc. to process at the same time on the same lathe , modern numerical control lathe adopt many main shaft , polyhedron cut also , carry on different cutting of way process to one dif</p><

103、p> ?。?). Intelligent modern numerical control lathe introduce the adaptive control technology, according to cutting the change of the condition, automatic working parameter, make the processing course can keep the bes

104、t working state , thus get the higher machining accuracy and roughness of smaller surface , can improve the service life of the cutter and production efficiency of the equipment at the same time . Diagnose by oneself , r

105、epair the function by oneself, among the whole working state, the s</p><p> ?。?). Numerical control programming automation with the development of application technology of the computer, CAD/CAM figure inter

106、active automatic programming has already get more application at present, it is a new trend of the technical development of numerical control. It utilize part that CAD draw process pattern , is it calculate the trailing

107、punishing to go on by cutter orbit data of computer and then, thus produce NC part and process the procedure automatically, in order to realize the in</p><p> ?。?). The dependability of the dependability max

108、imization numerical control lathe has been the major indicator that users cared about most all the time . The numerical control system will adopt the circuit chip of higher integrated level , will utilize the extensive o

109、r super large-scale special-purpose and composite integrated circuit, in order to reduce the quantity of the components and parts , to improve dependability . Through the function software of the hardware, in order to me

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