金屬熱處理外文及翻譯

1、<p><b>　　湖南工院</b></p><p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 外文翻譯</p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Heat treatment of metal</p><p>　　The generally accepted definition for

2、 heat treating metals and metal alloys is “heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in a way so as to obtain specific conditions or properties.” Heating for the sole purpose of hot working (as in forging operations) is

3、 excluded from this definition．Likewise，the types of heat treatment that are sometimes used for products such as glass or plastics are also excluded from coverage by this definition．</p><p>　　Transformation

4、Curves</p><p>　　The basis for heat treatment is the time-temperature-transformation curves or TTT curves where，in a single diagram all the three parameters are plotted．Because of the shape of the curves，they

5、 are also sometimes called C-curves or S-curves．</p><p>　　To plot TTT curves，the particular steel is held at a given temperature and the structure is examined at predetermined intervals to record the amount

6、of transformation taken place．It is known that the eutectoid steel (T80) under equilibrium conditions contains，all austenite above 723℃，whereas below，it is the pearlite．To form pearlite，the carbon atoms should diffuse to

7、 form cementite．The diffusion being a rate process，would require sufficient time for complete transformation of austenite to pearli</p><p>　　Classification of Heat Treating Processes</p><p>　　In

8、 some instances，heat treatment procedures are clear-cut in terms of technique and application．whereas in other instances，descriptions or simple explanations are insufficient because the same technique frequently may be u

9、sed to obtain different objectives．For example, stress relieving and tempering are often accomplished with the same equipment and by use of identical time and temperature cycles．The objectives，however，are different for t

10、he two processes．</p><p>　　The following descriptions of the principal heat treating processes are generally arranged according to their interrelationships．</p><p>　　Normalizing consists of heat

11、ing a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature (usually 50°F to 100°F or 28℃ to 56℃) above its specific upper transformation temperature．This is followed by cooling in still air to at least some temperature well

12、 below its transformation temperature range．For low-carbon steels, the resulting structure and properties are the same as those achieved by full annealing；for most ferrous alloys, normalizing and annealing are not synony

13、mous.</p><p>　　Normalizing usually is used as a conditioning treatment, notably for refining the grains of steels that have been subjected to high temperatures for forging or other hot working operations. Th

14、e normalizing process usually is succeeded by another heat treating operation such as austenitizing for hardening, annealing, or tempering.</p><p>　　Annealing is a generic term denoting a heat treatment that

15、 consists of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate. It is used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other propert

16、ies or in microstructure. The purpose of such changes may be, but is not confined to, improvement of machinability, facilitation of cold work (known as in-process annealing), improvement of mechanical or electrical prope

17、rt</p><p>　　When the term “annealing” is applied to ferrous alloys without qualification, full annealing is applied. This is achieved by heating above the alloy’s transformation temperature, then applying a

18、cooling cycle which provides maximum softness. This cycle may vary widely, depending on composition and characteristics of the specific alloy.</p><p>　　Quenching is a rapid cooling of a steel or alloy from t

19、he austenitizing temperature by immersing the work piece in a liquid or gaseous medium. Quenching medium commonly used include water, 5% brine, 5% caustic in an aqueous solution, oil, polymer solutions, or gas (usually a

20、ir or nitrogen).</p><p>　　Selection of a quenching medium depends largely on the hardenability of material and the mass of the material being treating (principally section thickness).</p><p>　　T

21、he cooling capabilities of the above-listed quenching media vary greatly. In selecting a quenching medium, it is best to avoid a solution that has more cooling power than is needed to achieve the results, thus minimizing

22、 the possibility of cracking and warp of the parts being treated. Modifications of the term quenching include direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, selective quenching, spray quenching, a

23、nd time quenching.</p><p>　　Tempering. In heat treating of ferrous alloys, tempering consists of reheating the austenitized and quench-hardened steel or iron to some preselected temperature that is below the

24、 lower transformation temperature (generally below 1300 ℃ or 705 ℃ ). Tempering offers a means of obtaining various combinations of mechanical properties. Tempering temperatures used for hardened steels are often no high

25、er than 300 ℃(150 ℃). The term “tempering” should not be confused with either process annealing or st</p><p>　　Stress relieving. Like tempering, stress relieving is always done by heating to some temperature

26、 below the lower transformation temperature for steels and irons. For nonferrous metals, the temperature may vary from slightly above room temperature to several hundred degrees, depending on the alloy and the amount of

27、stress relief that is desired.</p><p>　　The primary purpose of stress relieving is to relieve stresses that have been imparted to the workpiece from such processes as forming, rolling, machining or welding.

28、The usual procedure is to heat workpiece to the pre-established temperature long enough to reduce the residual stresses (this is a time-and temperature-dependent operation) to an acceptable level; this is followed by coo

29、ling at a relatively slow rate to avoid creation of new stresses.</p><p>　　The generally accepted definition for heat treating metals and metal alloys is “heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in a way

30、so as to obtain specific conditions or properties.” Heating for the sole purpose of hot working (as in forging operations) is excluded from this definition．Likewise，the types of heat treatment that are sometimes used for

31、 products such as glass or plastics are also excluded from coverage by this definition．</p><p>　　Transformation Curves</p><p>　　The basis for heat treatment is the time-temperature-transformatio

32、n curves or TTT curves where，in a single diagram all the three parameters are plotted．Because of the shape of the curves，they are also sometimes called C-curves or S-curves．</p><p>　　To plot TTT curves，the p

33、articular steel is held at a given temperature and the structure is examined at predetermined intervals to record the amount of transformation taken place．It is known that the eutectoid steel (T80) under equilibrium cond

34、itions contains，all austenite above 723℃，whereas below，it is pearlite．To form pearlite，the carbon atoms should diffuse to form cementite．The diffusion being a rate process，would require sufficient time for complete trans

35、formation of austenite to pearlite．F</p><p>　　Classification of Heat Treating Processes</p><p>　　In some instances，heat treatment procedures are clear-cut in terms of technique and application．w

36、hereas in other instances，descriptions or simple explanations are insufficient because the same technique frequently may be used to obtain different objectives．For example, stress relieving and tempering are often accomp

37、lished with the same equipment and by use of identical time and temperature cycles．The objectives，however，are different for the two processes．</p><p>　　The following descriptions of the principal heat treati

38、ng processes are generally arranged according to their interrelationships．</p><p>　　Normalizing consists of heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature (usually 50°F to 100°F or 28℃ to 56℃) a

39、bove its specific upper transformation temperature．This is followed by cooling in still air to at least some temperature well below its transformation temperature range．For low-carbon steels, the resulting structure and

40、properties are the same as those achieved by full annealing；for most ferrous alloys, normalizing and annealing are not synonymous.</p><p>　　Normalizing usually is used as a conditioning treatment, notably fo

41、r refining the grains of steels that have been subjected to high temperatures for forging or other hot working operations. The normalizing process usually is succeeded by another heat treating operation such as austeniti

42、zing for hardening, annealing, or tempering.</p><p>　　Annealing is a generic term denoting a heat treatment that consists of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable

43、 rate. It is used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. The purpose of such changes may be, but is not confined to, improveme

44、nt of machinability, facilitation of cold work (known as in-process annealing), improvement of mechanical or electrical propert</p><p>　　When the term “annealing” is applied to ferrous alloys without qualifi

45、cation, full annealing is applied. This is achieved by heating above the alloy’s transformation temperature, then applying a cooling cycle which provides maximum softness. This cycle may vary widely, depending on composi

46、tion and characteristics of the specific alloy.</p><p>　　Quenching is a rapid cooling of a steel or alloy from the austenitizing temperature by immersing the workpiece in a liquid or gaseous medium. Quenchin

47、g medium commonly used include water, 5% brine, 5% caustic in an aqueous solution, oil, polymer solutions, or gas (usually air or nitrogen).</p><p>　　Selection of a quenching medium depends largely on the ha

48、rdenability of material and the mass of the material being treating (principally section thickness).</p><p>　　The cooling capabilities of the above-listed quenching media vary greatly. In selecting a quenchi

49、ng medium, it is best to avoid a solution that has more cooling power than is needed to achieve the results, thus minimizing the possibility of cracking and warp of the parts being treated. Modifications of the term quen

50、ching include direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, selective quenching, spray quenching, and time quenching.</p><p>　　Tempering. In heat treating of ferrous alloys, temperin

51、g consists of reheating the austenitized and quench-hardened steel or iron to some preselected temperature that is below the lower transformation temperature (generally below 1300 ℃ or 705 ℃). Tempering offers a means of

52、 obtaining various combinations of mechanical properties. Tempering temperatures used for hardened steels are often no higher than 300 ℃(150 ℃). The term “tempering” should not be confused with either process annealing o

53、r str</p><p>　　Stress relieving. Like tempering, stress relieving is always done by heating to some temperature below the lower transformation temperature for steels and irons. For nonferrous metals, the tem

54、perature may vary from slightly above room temperature to several hundred degrees, depending on the alloy and the amount of stress relief that is desired.</p><p>　　The primary purpose of stress relieving is

55、to relieve stresses that have been imparted to the workpiece from such processes as forming, rolling, machining or welding. The usual procedure is to heat workpiece to the pre-established temperature long enough to reduc

56、e the residual stresses (this is a time-and temperature-dependent operation) to an acceptable level; this is followed by cooling at a relatively slow rate to avoid creation of new stresses.</p><p>　　The gene

57、rally accepted definition for heat treating metals and metal alloys is “heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in a way so as to obtain specific conditions or properties.” Heating for the sole purpose of hot working

58、(as in forging operations) is excluded from this definition．Likewise，the types of heat treatment that are sometimes used for products such as glass or plastics are also excluded from coverage by this definition．</p>

59、;<p>　　Transformation Curves</p><p>　　The basis for heat treatment is the time-temperature-transformation curves or TTT curves where，in a single diagram all the three parameters are plotted．Because of

60、 the shape of the curves，they are also sometimes called C-curves or S-curves．</p><p>　　To plot TTT curves，the particular steel is held at a given temperature and the structure is examined at predetermined in

61、tervals to record the amount of transformation taken place．It is known that the eutectoid steel (T80) under equilibrium conditions contains，all austenite above 723℃，whereas below，it is pearlite．To form pearlite，the carbo

62、n atoms should diffuse to form cementite．The diffusion being a rate process，would require sufficient time for complete transformation of austenite to pearlite．F</p><p>　　Classification of Heat Treating Proce

63、sses</p><p>　　In some instances，heat treatment procedures are clear-cut in terms of technique and application．whereas in other instances，descriptions or simple explanations are insufficient because the same

64、technique frequently may be used to obtain different objectives．For example, stress relieving and tempering are often accomplished with the same equipment and by use of identical time and temperature cycles．The objective

65、s，however，are different for the two processes．</p><p>　　The following descriptions of the principal heat treating processes are generally arranged according to their interrelationships．</p><p>　

66、　Normalizing consists of heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature (usually 50°F to 100°F or 28℃ to 56℃) above its specific upper transformation temperature．This is followed by cooling in still air to a

67、t least some temperature well below its transformation temperature range．For low-carbon steels, the resulting structure and properties are the same as those achieved by full annealing；for most ferrous alloys, normalizing

68、 and annealing are not synonymous.</p><p>　　Normalizing usually is used as a conditioning treatment, notably for refining the grains of steels that have been subjected to high temperatures for forging or oth

69、er hot working operations. The normalizing process usually is succeeded by another heat treating operation such as austenitizing for hardening, annealing, or tempering.</p><p>　　Annealing is a generic term d

70、enoting a heat treatment that consists of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate. It is used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce des

71、ired changes in other properties or in microstructure. The purpose of such changes may be, but is not confined to, improvement of machinability, facilitation of cold work (known as in-process annealing), improvement of m

72、echanical or electrical propert</p><p>　　When the term “annealing” is applied to ferrous alloys without qualification, full annealing is applied. This is achieved by heating above the alloy’s transformation

73、temperature, then applying a cooling cycle which provides maximum softness. This cycle may vary widely, depending on composition and characteristics of the specific alloy.</p><p>　　Quenching is a rapid cooli

74、ng of a steel or alloy from the austenitizing temperature by immersing the workpiece in a liquid or gaseous medium. Quenching medium commonly used include water, 5% brine, 5% caustic in an aqueous solution, oil, polymer

75、solutions, or gas (usually air or nitrogen).</p><p>　　Selection of a quenching medium depends largely on the hardenability of material and the mass of the material being treating (principally section thickne

76、ss).</p><p>　　The cooling capabilities of the above-listed quenching media vary greatly. In selecting a quenching medium, it is best to avoid a solution that has more cooling power than is needed to achieve

77、the results, thus minimizing the possibility of cracking and warp of the parts being treated. Modifications of the term quenching include direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, selective q

78、uenching, spray quenching, and time quenching.</p><p>　　Tempering. In heat treating of ferrous alloys, tempering consists of reheating the austenitized and quench-hardened steel or iron to some preselected t

79、emperature that is below the lower transformation temperature (generally below 1300 ℃ or 705 ℃). Tempering offers a means of obtaining various combinations of mechanical properties. Tempering temperatures used for harden

80、ed steels are often no higher than 300 oF (150 ℃). The term “tempering” should not be confused with either process annealing or s</p><p>　　Stress relieving. Like tempering, stress relieving is always done by

81、 heating to some temperature below the lower transformation temperature for steels and irons. For nonferrous metals, the temperature may vary from slightly above room temperature to several hundred degrees, depending on

82、the alloy and the amount of stress relief that is desired.</p><p>　　The primary purpose of stress relieving is to relieve stresses that have been imparted to the workpiece from such processes as forming, rol

83、ling, machining or welding. The usual procedure is to heat workpiece to the pre-established temperature long enough to reduce the residual stresses (this is a time-and temperature-dependent operation) to an acceptable le

84、vel; this is followed by cooling at a relatively slow rate to avoid creation of new stresses.</p><p><b>　　金屬熱處理</b></p><p>　　對(duì)于熱處理金屬和金屬合金普遍接受的定義是“加熱和冷卻的方式了堅(jiān)實(shí)的金屬或合金，以獲得特定條件或?qū)傩詾槲ㄒ荒康??！迸?/p>

85、氣熱加工（如鍛造操作）被從這個(gè)定義排除.例如，熱處理的是某些產(chǎn)品，如玻璃或塑料制品使用的類型也被排除在這個(gè)定義范圍。轉(zhuǎn)變曲線 對(duì)熱治療的基礎(chǔ)是時(shí)間溫度曲線或傾斜試驗(yàn)曲線改造的地方，在一個(gè)圖所有三個(gè)參數(shù)是該曲線的形狀。因?yàn)椋麄冇袝r(shí)也稱為C -曲線或S -曲線。 TTT治療繪制曲線，特別是鋼材舉行一個(gè)給定的溫度和結(jié)構(gòu)是在預(yù)定的時(shí)間間隔檢查，以記錄轉(zhuǎn)換采取量是已知的共析鋼在平衡條件下（T80）包含，以上723奧氏體℃

86、，而下面，它是珠光體，碳原子擴(kuò)散，形成應(yīng)該是一個(gè)擴(kuò)散率的過程中，將需要完成的奧氏體轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椴煌臉颖咀銐虻臅r(shí)間，有可能要注意轉(zhuǎn)換的數(shù)額采取任何點(diǎn)進(jìn)行，然后在一個(gè)隨時(shí)間和溫度的這些點(diǎn)繪制圖表，曲線可以繪制轉(zhuǎn)型所示的共析制成，曲線圖極端離開代表著奧氏體轉(zhuǎn)變所需的時(shí)間珠光體開始在任何溫度.相似地，在極右曲線代表的完成的兩條曲線的點(diǎn)代表局部改造所需的時(shí)間。橫線代表女士和MF的開始和完成馬氏體相變。分類處理過程中的熱 在某些情況下，熱