綠色壁壘英文文獻及翻譯--從可持續(xù)發(fā)展的角度看綠色壁壘

1、<p>　　Green Barriers from the Standpoint of Sustainable Development</p><p>　　Abstract: Green barriers are one kind of non-tariff barrier (NTB). This paper points out that green barriers evolved from sus

2、tainable development theory and environmental protection, but are compatible with true comparative advantage. The best way to surmount green barriers for Chinese enterprises is to implement circular production processes

3、and clean production techniques.</p><p>　　Key Words: Green barriers, sustainable development, ecology environment, circular economy, life-cycle analysis.</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><

4、p>　　Since the opening up and economic reform of China, its foreign trade volume has risen continuously from US$20.6 billion in 1978 to US$1,422 billion in 2005. The sum of exports plus imports as a fraction of GDP is

5、65.8%, the share of exports is 36.2%, the share of imports is 29.6% in 2006 in China (The National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2006). Exports mainly concentrate on labor intensive and resource intensive industries: la

6、bor intensive products accounting for 40% of total manufacturing ex</p><p>　　2. Green Barriers</p><p>　　While there are no accurate and clear definitions in international treaties or agreements,

7、 a‘green barrier’ is a new term to mean the application of strict technical standards and regulations in international trade (Dong, 2003). Besides a green environmental label, green barriers also include environmental su

8、rtaxes, market access requirements, green technology standards, green packaging, green sanitary measures and green subsidiaries (Leng, 2005).</p><p>　　Normally, a green barrier is regarded as an environmenta

9、l barrier implemented by developed countries, who, on the grounds of protection of animal or plant life, establish strict and compulsory measures to restrict certain imported products (Gao, 2004). According to some autho

10、rs, green barriers are a type of protectionism, unfair to developing countries and restricting their economic development (Tang and Tan, 2004).</p><p>　　In fact, the evolution and practice of green barriers

11、conforms to sustainable global economic development along the lines of true comparative advantage. Developed countries realized sooner the facts concerning environmental externalities and their damage to humans and the e

12、nvironment.Some developed countries set up technological standards on the environment and natural resources, requiring that both the end products and all the production processes (R&D, producing, packing, transportin

13、g, consumi</p><p>　　If green barriers are defined as unfair and discriminatory measures relating to trade as some Chinese scholars think, a resisting and rejecting attitude will persist. This will ignore the

14、 positive effects of green barriers on protecting the environment as well as the health of human beings, animals and plants. Unless arbitrary or unjustifiable environmental trade methods hinder international trade, a rat

15、ional attitude and analysis should be adopted.</p><p>　　3. A Rational Analysis of Green Barriers</p><p>　　Green barriers are the outcome of economic development (Feng, 2004). Mass production and

16、 development of technology bring about two results. One is the positive effect on economy, increasing income and living standards; the other is the huge, sometimes irreversible negative influence on natural resources and

17、 the environment. Many examples can be seen worldwide:desert encroachment, deforestation, water shortages, acid rain, biodiversity reduction; in short, air, land and sea pollution in general. </p><p>　　3.1.

18、An International Environmental Management System Incorporating Rational Green Barriers</p><p>　　First of all, the WTO/GATT is not against environmental measures related to trade adopted by its member countri

19、es. Article XX (b) and (g) allow WTO members to adopt and enforce measures if these are either necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, or if the measures relate to the conservation of exhaustible natu

20、ral resources. However, such measures should not represent a disguised restriction on international trade nor be discriminatory in application. This Article has been reg</p><p>　　Furthermore, the ISO promulg

21、ated ISO 14000 in 1996 in order to maintain global ecological balance and to harmonize environmental protection and economic development. ISO 14000 includes environmental management standards, environmental auditing, env

22、ironmental labeling, and environmental impact assessments. It aims at establishing an Environmental Management System , promoting its implementation through environment assessment and auditing to improve the global envir

23、onment. ISO 14000 has an active </p><p>　　3.2. The Positive Externality of Green Barriers</p><p>　　The positive externality of green barriers is not only embodied in environmental and technologi

24、cal effects, but also in aligning world production according to true comparative advantage. The existence of green barriers requires the internalization of the environment cost into the process of production. The product

25、s must be friendly to the environment and should not damage the environment in production, transit or disposal. These requirements make traded goods comply with environmental regulation</p><p>　　exporting co

26、untries, as well as to create more resources for environmental investment. Protecting the environment in one country will have a positive impact on its neighbors and the global environment; hence acting as a positive glo

27、bal externality. The emergence of green barriers reflects the demand for the coordinated development of the environment and the direction of development of human society. The implementation of green barriers also acceler

28、ates the strength of environmental and green con</p><p>　　Stringent environmental standards and market access requirements in developed countries will spur developing countries to learn advanced technologies

29、 and improve production levels while providing for environmental protection. These green barriers will bring about a positive externality of technology spillover if their implementation has an active influence on the gre

30、ening of world production.</p><p>　　3.3. The Stimulating Effect of Green Barriers</p><p>　　The Porter Hypothesis, proposed by Michael Porter of Harvard University, puts forward the debate on the

31、 relationship between environmental regulation and competitiveness. According to the Porter Hypothesis, strict environmental regulations can induce efficiency and encourage innovations that improve competitiveness. This

32、is because strict environmental regulation triggers the discovery and introduction of clean technologies and environmental improvements. In this way, the innovative effect can i</p><p>　　The concept of green

33、 barriers integrates principles and theories of environmental science, management, and ecology. Applied to the processes of producing, storage, using, marketing and recycling, rational green barriers are conducive to str

34、ucturing a complete and environment-friendly management system. Except for those which violate the non-discriminatory principles of the WTO, green barriers have a stimulating effect on environmental R&D, technology i

35、nnovation, clean production and green market</p><p>　　4. The Circular Economy and Green Barriers</p><p>　　Green barriers can restrict some trade activities which negatively affect natural resour

36、ces, the environment, human health or life. Developed countries have established a green fence to imported goods. For China, the fundamental way to surmount green barriers is to transform traditional production and devel

37、opment modes; that is to say to carry out a circular production process (CP) which is based on the principle of efficient utilization of resources and protecting the environment.</p><p>　　Since industrializa

38、tion, economic development has been characterized by high exploitation of resources and high emissions. The traditional producing and economic method, from production, consumption to waste disposal, is the process of ‘fr

39、om cradle to grave’. The circular economy, on the other hand, is a nearly closed-loop system , provided that residual waste not recycled is disposed of in a green manner. The theme of a circular economy is the exchange o

40、f materials where one facility’s waste, i</p><p>　　The basic principle of implementing CE is reducing, reusing and recycling. Reducing refers to reducing the materials entering production and consumption. Re

41、using means prolonging the durability of products and services,while recycling can reduce disposal needs. </p><p>　　Based on ecological rules, the CP mode reasonably utilizes natural and environmental resour

42、ces in an industry chain among various enterprises and industries similar to a natural ecology chain. It promotes the optimum use of resources, recycling of material and eliminating environment deterioration.</p>

43、<p>　　Second, CP production is especially helpful for Chinese enterprises attempting to surmount green barriers. Technology spillover encourages enterprises to improve green production and optimize the social export

44、ing pattern. The social benefit of CP will reduce environmental damage. At the same time, it will narrow the gap of environmental technology standards, upgrading the ability to cope with green barriers .</p><p

45、>　　Third, CE implementation can rebound to increasing eco-efficiency, forming sustainable comparative advantage and casting off comparative cost traps. Due to the increasing scarcity of resources and decreasing enviro

46、nment quality, developing countries are not environmentally factor abundant. The export advantages of these countries, including China, are based on cheap natural resources and lax environmental policies and standards. H

47、owever, this advantage is unsustainable and will finally lose out </p><p>　　export benefits to be gained.Sustainable comparative advantage based on environmental costs being internalized can eliminate the ne

48、gative environment externality of production and reflect the social value of ecological production.</p><p>　　5. Conclusion</p><p>　　Under the current circumstances of globalization, world trade

49、and the economy are tending towards green production and environmental protection.The green barriers faced by China’s exports are a signal to China’s foreign trade development. It is desirable to realize that environment

50、al standards and green barriers are not intentionally aimed at undermining China’s exports due to Most-Favored Nation Treatment, but are required for the world environment and for human health and safety. Therefore, it&l

51、t;/p><p><b>　　附錄：</b></p><p>　　從可持續(xù)發(fā)展的角度看綠色壁壘</p><p>　　摘要：綠色壁壘是一種非關稅壁壘。本文指出綠色壁壘源于可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論與環(huán)境保護，但與真正的比較優(yōu)勢是兼容的。中國企業(yè)克服綠色壁壘最好的方式是實施循環(huán)生產工藝和清潔生產技術。</p><p>　　關鍵詞：綠色壁壘；

52、可持續(xù)發(fā)展；生態(tài)環(huán)境；循環(huán)經濟；生命周期分析</p><p><b>　　1引言</b></p><p>　　自從中國實行改革開放和經濟改革以來，其對外貿易額已經連續(xù)上漲，由1978年206億美元升至2005年的14220億美元。2006年中國進口的貿易額加上出口的貿易額占國內生產總值的65.8%，其中，出口的份額占36.2%，進口的份額占29.6%（中國國家統(tǒng)計局，

53、2006）。我國的出口主要集中在勞動密集型和資源密集型產業(yè)：勞動密集型產品占總出口制造業(yè)的40%，包括橡膠和金屬制品在內的資源密集型產品占20%。這種出口模式消耗資源，并導致高排放、高污染，這在中國是一個嚴重的環(huán)境問題。此外，除了農業(yè)產品，機電產品的出口也面臨越來越大的技術障礙，如噪音、污染、安全標準、節(jié)能和回收要求。由于包裝方法不符合發(fā)達國家的環(huán)境保護標準，每年大約80億美元的出口產品受到國外綠色標簽和商標的影響，240億美元的產品間

54、接受到影響。因此，如何看待和應對綠色壁壘是中國對外貿易的當務之急。</p><p><b>　　2綠色壁壘</b></p><p>　　雖然在國際條約或協(xié)定中沒有準確和清晰的定義，“綠色壁壘”作為一個新的術語是指嚴格的技術標準和規(guī)范在國際貿易中的應用。除了綠色環(huán)境標簽，綠色壁壘還包括環(huán)境附加稅、市場準入要求、綠色技術標準、綠色包裝、綠色衛(wèi)生措施和綠色子公司。</

55、p><p>　　通常，綠色屏障被視為發(fā)達國家實施的一種環(huán)境壁壘，他們?yōu)榱吮Ｗo動物或植物的生命而建立嚴格的強制措施來限制某些進口產品。一些作者認為，綠色壁壘是一種保護主義，它對發(fā)展中國家是不公平的，限制了發(fā)展中國家的經濟發(fā)展。</p><p>　　事實上，綠色壁壘的演變和實踐符合全球經濟的可持續(xù)發(fā)展與真實的比較優(yōu)勢。發(fā)達國家更快地意識到了外部環(huán)境和外部環(huán)境對人類和環(huán)境的損害這一事實。一些發(fā)達國家

56、在環(huán)境和自然資源方面建立了技術標準，要求最終產品和所有生產過程（研發(fā)，生產，包裝，運輸，消費和回收）符合環(huán)境保護要求。因此，綠色壁壘已經出現在國際貿易的舞臺。</p><p>　　如果像一些中國學者認為的那樣，綠色壁壘被定義為一種與貿易有關的不公平的和歧視性的措施，那么，抵制和拒絕的態(tài)度將會會堅持下去。這將忽視綠色壁壘對保護環(huán)境以及人類、動物、植物健康的積極影響。除非任意的或不合理的環(huán)境貿易方法阻礙國際貿易，否則

57、應該采用理性的態(tài)度和分析方法。</p><p>　　3 綠色壁壘的理性分析</p><p>　　綠色壁壘是經濟發(fā)展的結果。大規(guī)模的生產和技術的發(fā)展帶來兩個結果，一個是對經濟的積極影響：收入和生活水平的增加；另一個是對自然資源和環(huán)境的巨大的、有時不可逆轉的負面影響。許多例子可以在世界范圍內看到：沙漠化、森林砍伐、水資源短缺、酸雨、生物多樣性減少；總之是普遍的空氣、土地和海洋污染。在享受經濟的

58、高增長而帶來的福利增加的同時，世界正遭受嚴重的環(huán)境惡化。“我們共同的未來”委員會在1987提出了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的思想，呼吁共同努力，人類應該保護環(huán)境和人、動物、植物的健康。委員會將可持續(xù)發(fā)展定義為，既滿足當代人的需求又不損害子孫后代滿足其需要的能力。1994，國際可持續(xù)發(fā)展機構建議把此原則作為協(xié)調國際貿易和發(fā)展的一種手段以達到可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目的。這些原則構成了整合貿易、環(huán)境和發(fā)展的起點。通過國際合作而考慮內部環(huán)境的中心思想是對國際貿易的調節(jié)。

59、由于貿易自由化而帶來的經濟增長是可持續(xù)發(fā)展的必要條件，但沒有足夠的環(huán)境管制的貿易自由化會引起環(huán)境退化。因此，基于可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論和兼容性比較優(yōu)勢，綠色壁壘會產生積極的、理性的影響。</p><p>　　3.1 包含理性綠色壁壘的國際環(huán)境管理系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　首先，世貿組織/關貿總協(xié)定不反對其成員國采取的與貿易相關的環(huán)境措施。如果這些措施對保護人類、動物或植物的生命或健康是必要的，或者

60、如果措施涉及可能用竭的自然資源的保護，那么第二十條允許世貿組織成員采取并執(zhí)行措施。然而，這些措施不應是對國際貿易的變相限制或歧視性的應用。這一原則已被視為在世貿組織下處理環(huán)境糾紛的一般原則。此外，環(huán)境例外可以在許多世貿組織協(xié)議中被發(fā)現，例如農業(yè)協(xié)議、補貼與反補貼措施協(xié)定、與貿易有關的知識產權等。這些規(guī)定意味著國家有權制定對人類、動物、植物或環(huán)境的保護，前提是要求保護不構成任意歧視或不必要的貿易限制。因此，綠色壁壘作為涉及貿易的環(huán)境措施，

61、至少在原則上，已被世貿組織成員廣泛接受。</p><p>　　此外，為了維護全球生態(tài)平衡和協(xié)調環(huán)境保護與經濟發(fā)展，國際標準化組織在1996頒布了ISO14000。ISO14000包括環(huán)境管理標準、環(huán)境審計、環(huán)境標志、環(huán)境影響評估。它的目的是建立環(huán)境管理系統(tǒng)，通過環(huán)境評估和審計促進其實施以改善全球環(huán)境。ISO14000在減少資源消耗、降低污染排放方面有著積極的影響。歐洲聯盟已申請ISO14000，要求所有進口商品符

62、合其環(huán)境標準，包括材料、生產、銷售、消費和處置。如果ISO14000可以被普遍采用，它將減少任意的貿易壁壘并且沿著真實的比較優(yōu)勢促進世界貿易的發(fā)展。為了實現全球可持續(xù)發(fā)展，國際統(tǒng)一的調節(jié)系統(tǒng)對于環(huán)境問題是非常必要的。</p><p>　　3.2 綠色壁壘的正外部性</p><p>　　綠色壁壘的正外部性不僅體現在環(huán)境和技術的影響，也根據真實的比較優(yōu)勢體現在世界生產之中。綠色壁壘的存在需要環(huán)

63、境成本內在化的生產工藝。產品必須是環(huán)境友好型并且在生產、運輸或處置中不會損害環(huán)境。這些要求交易的貨物要符合環(huán)保法規(guī)和標準以保護進、出口國家生態(tài)環(huán)境，同時可以為環(huán)境投資創(chuàng)造更多的資源。一個國家的環(huán)境保護將對其鄰國和全球環(huán)境有積極影響；因此，能夠作為一個積極的全球外部性。綠色壁壘的出現反映出對環(huán)境與人類社會發(fā)展方向協(xié)調發(fā)展的需求。綠色壁壘的實施也加速了環(huán)境優(yōu)勢和綠色消費意識。</p><p>　　發(fā)達國家嚴格的環(huán)保標

64、準和市場準入要求將促使發(fā)展中國家學習先進技術，提高生產水平的同時保護環(huán)境。如果綠色壁壘對綠色的世界生產有積極影響，這些綠色壁壘將帶來技術外溢的積極外部性。</p><p>　　3.3 綠色壁壘的刺激作用</p><p>　　哈佛大學的邁克爾·波特提出了波特假說，指出了環(huán)境規(guī)制與競爭之間的關系。根據波特假說，嚴格的環(huán)保法規(guī)可誘導效率、鼓勵創(chuàng)新、提升競爭力。這是因為嚴格的環(huán)境規(guī)制引發(fā)

65、了清潔技術的發(fā)現、采用以及環(huán)境的改善。在這方面，創(chuàng)新效應可以促使生產過程和產品更加高效和清潔。實現創(chuàng)新而節(jié)約的社會成本足以涵蓋直接歸因于新的法規(guī)的遵從成本和創(chuàng)新成本（托爾斯滕·貝爾恩德，2005）。因此，適當的、嚴格的環(huán)境管制會促使社會福利以及在此規(guī)定下經營的企業(yè)的私人凈效益的改善。</p><p>　　綠色壁壘的概念整合了環(huán)境科學、管理、生態(tài)學的理論原則。應用于生產過程、存儲、使用、銷售和回收，理性的

66、綠色壁壘有利于構建一個完整的環(huán)保管理系統(tǒng)。除了有些違反了世貿組織的非歧視原則，綠色壁壘對環(huán)境的研發(fā)、技術創(chuàng)新、清潔生產、綠色營銷有刺激作用。在瑣碎的關于壁壘的案件中，它們只保護自己國家環(huán)保生產。</p><p>　　4 循環(huán)經濟和綠色壁壘</p><p>　　綠色壁壘能夠限制一些對自然資源、環(huán)境、人類健康或生命造成不利影響的貿易活動。發(fā)達國家已經建立了針對進口貨物的綠色籬笆。在中國，克服綠

67、色壁壘的基本方式是改造傳統(tǒng)的生產和發(fā)展模式，也就是說以有效利用資源和保護環(huán)境的原則為根據進行的循環(huán)生產過程。</p><p>　　工業(yè)化以來，經濟發(fā)展以高資源開發(fā)和高排放為特征。傳統(tǒng)的生產和經濟方式，從生產、消費到廢物處理，是“從搖籃到墳墓”的過程。另一方面，循環(huán)經濟幾乎是一個閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)，無法循環(huán)的殘留廢物以綠色的方式進行處置。循環(huán)經濟的主題是物資交流，一個設施的廢物，包括能源、水、材料以及信息，是另一個設備的輸入

68、。循環(huán)經濟“從搖籃到搖籃”促進廢物的減少和再利用。在調和經濟發(fā)展和環(huán)境改善方面，循環(huán)生產是一個綠色生產模式。</p><p>　　貫徹循環(huán)經濟的基本原理是減量化、再利用和再循環(huán)。減量化是指減少進入到生產和消費的材料。再利用意味著延長產品和服務的耐久性，同時再循環(huán)可以減少處理的需要。</p><p>　　基于生態(tài)規(guī)律，類似于自然生態(tài)鏈，循環(huán)生產模式是合理地利用各企業(yè)和行業(yè)的產業(yè)鏈中的自然資源

69、和環(huán)境資源。它能夠促進資源的最佳利用、回收材料和消除環(huán)境惡化。</p><p>　　其次，循環(huán)生產對于中國企業(yè)試圖跨越綠色壁壘是特別有利的。技術的溢出鼓勵企業(yè)提高綠色生產和優(yōu)化社會輸出模式。循環(huán)生產帶來的社會利益將減少環(huán)境的破壞。同時，它將縮小環(huán)境技術標準的差距，提高應對綠色壁壘的能力。</p><p>　　第三，循環(huán)經濟的貫徹實施可以提高生態(tài)效率，形成可持續(xù)的比較優(yōu)勢的同時擺脫比較成本陷

70、阱。由于資源的稀缺和環(huán)境質量的降低，發(fā)展中國家的環(huán)境因素也不豐富。包括中國在內的國家的出口優(yōu)勢是廉價的自然資源和寬松的環(huán)境政策和標準。然而，這一優(yōu)勢是不可持續(xù)的，它最終會隨著環(huán)境納入國際貿易制度而消失。環(huán)境成本的內在化有助于為出口減少資源的過度消耗。它能保護中國的出口企業(yè)免受生態(tài)傾銷的指責。越早實施循環(huán)生產，越大地獲得出口效益?；趦炔凯h(huán)境成本的可持續(xù)的比較優(yōu)勢可以消除生產中消極的外部環(huán)境，反映生態(tài)生產的社會價值。</p>

71、<p><b>　　5 結論</b></p><p>　　在當前全球化的環(huán)境下，世界貿易和經濟趨向于綠色生產和環(huán)境保護。中國的出口所面對的綠色壁壘是中國對外貿易發(fā)展一個信號。環(huán)境標準和綠色壁壘并不是由于最惠國待遇而蓄意破壞中國的出口，而是世界環(huán)境和人類的健康與安全所需要的，認識到這一點是可取的。因此，抱怨、批評和抵制綠色壁壘將是徒勞的?？朔系K、尋求真正的比較優(yōu)勢的有效的手段和方