外文翻譯--機器人技術(shù)簡介

1、<p>　　Introduction to robotics technology</p><p>　　In the manufacturing field, robot development has focused on engineering robotic arms that perform manufacturing processes. In the space industry, robo

2、tics focuses on highly specialized, one-of-kind planetary rovers. Unlike a highly automated manufacturing plant, a planetary rover operating on the dark side of the moon -- without radio communication -- might run into u

3、nexpected situations. At a minimum, a planetary rover must have some source of sensory input, some way of interpreting that input</p><p>　　Mechanical platforms -- the hardware base</p><p>　　A ro

4、bot consists of two main parts: the robot body and some form of artificial intelligence (AI) system. Many different body parts can be called a robot. Articulated arms are used in welding and painting; gantry and conveyor

5、 systems move parts in factories; and giant robotic machines move earth deep inside mines. One of the most interesting aspects of robots in general is their behavior, which requires a form of intelligence. The simplest b

6、ehavior of a robot is locomotion. Typically, wheels are </p><p><b>　　Motors</b></p><p>　　A variety of electric motors provide power to robots, allowing them to move material, parts,

7、tools, or specialized devices with various programmed motions. The efficiency rating of a motor describes how much of the electricity consumed is converted to mechanical energy. Let's take a look at some of the mecha

8、nical devices that are currently being used in modern robotics technology. </p><p>　　Driving mechanisms</p><p>　　Gears and chains: Gears and chains are mechanical platforms that provide a strong

9、 and accurate way to transmit rotary motion from one place to another, possibly changing it along the way. The speed change between two gears depends upon the number of teeth on each gear. When a powered gear goes throug

10、h a full rotation, it pulls the chain by the number of teeth on that gear. </p><p>　　Pulleys and belts: Pulleys and belts, two other types of mechanical platforms used in robots, work the same way as gears a

11、nd chains. Pulleys are wheels with a groove around the edge, and belts are the rubber loops that fit in that groove. </p><p>　　Gearboxes: A gearbox operates on the same principles as the gear and chain, with

12、out the chain. Gearboxes require closer tolerances, since instead of using a large loose chain to transfer force and adjust for misalignments, the gears mesh directly with each other. Examples of gearboxes can be found o

13、n the transmission in a car, the timing mechanism in a grandfather clock, and the paper-feed of your printer.</p><p>　　Power supplies</p><p>　　Power supplies are generally provided by two types

14、of battery. Primary batteries are used once and then discarded; secondary batteries operate from a (mostly) reversible chemical reaction and can be recharged several times. Primary batteries have higher density and a low

15、er self-discharge rate. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries have less energy than primary batteries, but can be recharged up to a thousand times depending on their chemistry and environment. Typically the first use of a r

16、echargeab</p><p><b>　　Sensors</b></p><p>　　Robots react according to a basic temporal measurement, requiring different kinds of sensors. </p><p>　　In most systems a sens

17、e of time is built-in through the circuits and programming. For this to be productive in practice, a robot has to have perceptual hardware and software, which updates quickly. Regardless of sensor hardware or software, s

18、ensing and sensors can be thought of as interacting with external events (in other words, the outside world). The sensor measures some attribute of the world. The term transducer is often used interchangeably with sensor

19、. A transducer is the mechanism, or el</p><p>　　Microcontroller systems</p><p>　　Microcontrollers (MCUs) are intelligent electronic devices used inside robots. They deliver functions similar to

20、those performed by a microprocessor (central processing unit, or CPU) inside a personal computer. MCUs are slower and can address less memory than CPUs, but are designed for real-world control problems. One of the major

21、differences between CPUs and MCUs is the number of external components needed to operate them. MCUs can often run with zero external parts, and typically need only an </p><p>　　Utilities and tools</p>

22、<p>　　ROBOOP (A robotics object oriented package in C++): This package is an object-oriented toolbox in C++ for robotics simulation. Technical references and downloads are provided in the Resources. </p><

23、;p>　　CORBA: A real-time communications and object request broker software package for embedding distributed software agents. Each independent piece of software registers itself and its capabilities to the ORB, by mean

24、s of an IDL (Interface Definition Language). Visit their Web site (see Resources) for technical information, downloads, and documentation for CORBA. </p><p>　　TANGO/TACO: This software might be useful for co

25、ntrolling a robotics system with multiple devices and tools. TANGO is an object oriented control system based on CORBA. Device servers can be written in C++ or Java. TACO is object oriented because it treats all (physica

26、l and logical) control points in a control system as objects in a distributed environment. All actions are implemented in classes. New classes can be constructed out of existing classes in a hierarchical manner, thereby

27、ensuring a h</p><p>　　Controllers</p><p>　　Task Control Architecture: The Task Control Architecture (TCA) simplifies building task-level control systems for mobile robots. "Task-level"

28、 refers to the integration and coordination of perception, planning, and real time control to achieve a given set of goals (tasks). TCA provides a general control framework, and is intended to control a wide variety of r

29、obots. TCA provides a high-level machine-independent method for passing messages between distributed machines (including between Lisp and C</p><p>　　EMC (Enhanced Machine Controller): The EMC software is bas

30、ed on the NIST Real time Control System (RCS) methodology, and is programmed using the NIST RCS Library. The RCS Library eases the porting of controller code to a variety of UNIX and Microsoft platforms, providing a neut

31、ral application programming interface (API) to operating system resources such as shared memory, semaphores and timers. The EMC software is written in C and C++, and has been ported to the PC Linux, Windows NT, and Sun S

32、ol</p><p>　　Darwin2K: Darwin2K is a free, open source toolkit for robot simulation and automated design. It features numerous simulation capabilities and an evolutionary algorithm capable of automatically sy

33、nthesizing and optimizing robot designs to meet task-specific performance objectives. </p><p><b>　　Languages</b></p><p>　　RoboML (Robotic Markup Language): RoboML is used for standar

34、dized representation of robotics-related data. It is designed to support communication language between human-robot interface agents, as well as between robot-hosted processes and between interface processes, and to prov

35、ide a format for archived data used by human-robot interface agents. </p><p>　　ROSSUM: A programming and simulation environment for mobile robots. The Rossum Project is an attempt to help collect, develop, a

36、nd distribute software for robotics applications. The Rossum Project hopes to extend the same kind of collaboration to the development of robotic software. </p><p>　　XRCL (Extensible Robot Control Language):

37、 XRCL (pronounced zircle) is a relatively simple, modern language and environment designed to allow robotics researchers to share ideas by sharing code. It is an open source project, protected by the GNU Copyleft. </p

38、><p><b>　　Summary</b></p><p>　　The field of robotics has created a large class of robots with basic physical and navigational competencies. At the same time, society has begun to move t

39、owards incorporating robots into everyday life, from entertainment to health care. Moreover, robots could free a large number of people from hazardous situations, essentially allowing them to be used as replacements for

40、human beings. Many of the applications being pursued by AI robotics researchers are already fulfilling that potential. In addi</p><p>　　外文出處: Robotic technology / edited by A. Pugh./P. Peregrinus, c1993.<