空調(diào)專(zhuān)業(yè)外文翻譯---中國(guó)建筑中的兩種太陽(yáng)能采暖與空調(diào)系統(tǒng)實(shí)例

1、<p>　　TWO DEMONSTRATIONS OF SOLAR HEATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING</p><p>　　SYSTEM IN BUILDINGS IN CHINA</p><p>　　Zhang Xinyu, Zheng Ruicheng, Feng Xiaomei , Zou Yu, He Tao ,Xuwei ,Zhang Jiangh

2、ua,Li Zhong</p><p>　　China Academy of Building Research No.30, Beisanhuandonglu Beijing 100013, China</p><p>　　zxyhit@163.com</p><p><b>　　ABSTRACT</b></p><p&g

3、t;　　Two demonstrations of solar air-conditioning and heating system in office building are introduced, one is solar heating system with seasonal storage, flat plate solar collector integrated into external wall, the sola

4、r fraction for space heating is 25%, another is solar-assisted air-conditioning system, evacuated tube solar collector integrated with flat roof, the solar fraction for space heating is 20%, for air-conditioning is 50%.

5、The auxiliary energy equipment is ground-source heat pump system</p><p>　　1. INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　The demonstration project located in Tong Zhou District of Beijing which near to Beijing Capita

6、l International Airport. The project invested by China Academy of Building Research, is the national demonstration project for energy efficiency in building on city level. The total construction area of the project is 94

7、60, divided into two parts. One is 2835, named South Part, another is 6625, named North Part. The flat plate solar collectors integrated into external wall with seasonal storage are use</p><p>　　2. BUILDING

8、DESCRIPTION</p><p>　　Solar energy system and ground-source energy system in this project supplied the energy for cooling and heating. The energy consumption of the building must be a lower level. The basic i

9、nformation of building is following, </p><p>　　1. The average ratio of window to wall is 0.23; </p><p>　　2. The U-value of the external wall is 0.4;</p><p>　　3. The U-value of the r

10、oof is 0.275;</p><p>　　4. The U-value of the ground is 0.25;</p><p>　　5. The U-value of the windows is 2.0 </p><p>　　6. The U-value of the door is 1.8 </p><p>　　Accordi

11、ng to the simulation result with Trnsys, the energy efficiency in building of this project is 65% compared with pat public building in China and is higher Chinese standard.</p><p>　　3. SYSTEM DESIGN</p>

12、;<p>　　3.1 North Part</p><p>　　Solar heating system supply energy for space heating in winter, the ground-source heat pump was used as the auxiliary heat source. In the season except winter, solar sys

13、tem store the heat in the concrete tank, the volume of which is 200.In winter, the ground-source heat pump and storage tank meet the cooling demand together. The terminal system for space heating is radiator and floor he

14、ating system. To make full use of the energy from solar system, Firstly, the higher temperature water from sola</p><p>　　The type of solar collector used in this part is flat plate solar collector, integrate

15、d with external wall; it looks like curtain wall but solar collector. The total amount of solar collector is 140; the dimension of the collector is 1000 mm~2000 mm. The aim of this part is to demonstrate the solar collec

16、tor integrated type and seasonal heat storage. Fig. 1 is the appearance of flat plate solar collector integrated with wall. The simulation result is that the solar fraction of this system is 25%</p><p>　　3.2

17、 South Part</p><p>　　Solar heating system supply energy for space heating in winter and supply heat to drive the absorption to produce cooling water for air-conditioning in summer. The ground-source heat pum

18、p was used as the auxiliary source. The type of solar collector used in this part is evacuated tube solar collector, integrated with flat roof. The total amount of solar collector is 228.48㎡; the dimension of the collect

19、or is 1020 mm_2000 mm. The aim of this part is to demonstrate the solar –assisted air-conditio</p><p>　　In this system, two water tanks are used, one is for heat water storage, the volume of which is 10m3, a

20、nd another is for cooling water storage, the volume of which is 15m3.The output of the refrigeration is 105 kW. The simulation result is that the solar fraction of this system is 20% for space heating and 50% for cooling

21、. In this part, the space heating building area is more than cooling.</p><p>　　4. SYSTEM CONTROL STRATEGY</p><p>　　The system must take different control strategy in different season. The detail

22、 description of control strategy is following.</p><p>　　4.1 North Part</p><p>　　In the heating season, solar heating system and ground-source heat pump system supply energy for space heating tog

23、ether. In summer, the ground-source heat pump system meet cooling demand, in other season the solar collector system stored the heat in concrete tank for space heating in winter.</p><p>　　4.1.1 Heating Seaso

24、n</p><p>　　The solar collector system is controlled by temperature difference between the highest temperature part of the solar collector and the lowest temperature in the concrete tank. When the temperature

25、 difference bigger than 5, the pump of solar collector system started, till the temperature difference lower to 2, the pump stopped. The freeze protection of the system is drain back system, while the pump of solar colle

26、ctor system stopped, the water in solar collectors and pipes drained back into concr</p><p>　　4.1.2 Summer</p><p>　　The ground-source heat pump supply cool water for air conditioning. The solar

27、collector system is controlled with the same in heating season. The solar collector system store the heat in the concrete tank for space heating in winter, when the temperature in the concrete tank is higher than 95, the

28、 pump of solar collector system stopped.</p><p>　　4.1.3 Other Season</p><p>　　The solar collector system is controlled with the same in heating season. The solar collector system store the heat

29、in the concrete tank for space heating in winter, when the temperature in the concrete tank is higher than 95, the pump of solar collector system stopped.</p><p>　　4.2 South Part</p><p>　　In the

30、 heating season, solar heating system and ground-source heat pump system supply energy for space heating together. In summer, the solar heating system supply the heat to absorption refrigerator to cool water for air cond

31、itioning, when the radiation is not enough to produce higher temperature water, the ground-source heat pump system started.</p><p>　　4.2.1 Heating Season</p><p>　　The control strategy of solar s

32、ystem is the same with the North Part in heating season. The freeze protection of the system is anti-freeze circulation system; when the temperature in the top part of solar collector system is lower than 5, the pump of

33、solar collector system started, when temperature increased to 10, the pump system stopped, part of water in solar collectors and pipes drained back into heat storage tank. When the water temperature in the heat storage t

34、ank is more than 50, the sola</p><p>　　4.2.2 Summer</p><p>　　The solar collector system is controlled with the same in heating season. When the temperature in heat store tank is more than 88, th

35、e pump start, and the absorption refrigerator started to cool the water in the cooling storage tank. When the temperature in the top part of cooling storage tank is lower than the return water temperature, the pump for s

36、upply cooling started. </p><p>　　The solar assisted air- conditioning system and the ground heat pump are parallel operating. When the return water temperature is lower than the temperature in the bottom par

37、t of cooling storage tank, this means the cooling demand is less. Firstly, the absorption refrigeration system cools the water in the cooling storage tank, when the temperature in which meet the design requirement, the a

38、bsorption refrigeration system stopped. Then, the solar collector system heats the water in the heat stora</p><p>　　4.2.3 Other Season</p><p>　　In spring, the solar system and ground pump system

39、 supply heat for space heating till the building dose not need space heating. Firstly, the absorption refrigeration system cools the water in the cooling storage tank, when the temperature in which meet the design requir

40、ement, the absorption refrigeration system stopped. Then, the solar collector system heats the water in the heat storage tank. When the temperature in the heat storage tank is higher than 95, the pump for solar collector

41、 system st</p><p>　　5. PROJECT MONITORING</p><p>　　The solar system will be completed in July 2007.The monitoring equipment installed in the system will be used to test the basic parameters such

42、 as temperature, flow, radiation, power consumption and etc. The aim for monitoring is to improve the design idea. From the monitoring data, the solar fraction of system, the system efficiency and other index can be acqu

43、ired. Through the monitoring, much experience can be accumulated to better promote the solar energy application in building.</p><p>　　6. REFERENCES</p><p>　　(1) Hans M. H, “Solar-assisted air-co

44、nditioning in buildings”, New York: Springder Wien New Yirk, 2004</p><p>　　(2) Zheng Ruicheng, “Technical Guidebook for Solar Water Heating System of Civil Buildings”, Beijing: Chemical Industry Press,2006&l

45、t;/p><p>　　(3) China Nonferrous Engineering and Research Institute, GB 50019-2003 Code for Design of heating, ventilation and air condition. Beijing: China Planning Press, 2004</p><p>　　(4) China A

46、cademy of Building Research, GB50366-2005 Technical Code for Ground-source Heat Pump System. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2005</p><p>　　中國(guó)建筑中的兩種太陽(yáng)能采暖與空調(diào)系統(tǒng)實(shí)例</p><p>　　張新宇，鄭瑞成

47、，馮小妹，鄒瑜，何濤，徐渭，章江華，李忠</p><p>　　中國(guó)建筑科學(xué)研究院30號(hào)北山環(huán)東路，北京100013 </p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)介紹兩種應(yīng)用于寫(xiě)字樓里的太陽(yáng)能空調(diào)系統(tǒng)和供暖系統(tǒng)實(shí)例： 一種是有季節(jié)性存儲(chǔ)太陽(yáng)能供熱系統(tǒng)，其平板太陽(yáng)能集熱器嵌入在外墻上，太陽(yáng)能有35%用于采暖；另一種是太陽(yáng)能輔助

48、空氣調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)，它把真空管太陽(yáng)能集熱器安裝在平屋頂上，其中有20%的太陽(yáng)能用于采暖，50%的太陽(yáng)能用于空氣調(diào)節(jié)。輔助能源設(shè)備是地源熱泵系統(tǒng)。對(duì)于太陽(yáng)系統(tǒng)和輔助能量系統(tǒng)的控制策略也都已介紹。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目有中國(guó)國(guó)家可再生能源基金提供。</p><p><b>　　1.引言</b></p><p>　　這兩個(gè)演示項(xiàng)目位于北京通州區(qū)，靠近首都國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目由中國(guó)建筑科學(xué)研究院投

49、資，該示范項(xiàng)目是國(guó)家能源效率項(xiàng)目示范城市建設(shè)水平?？偟臉?gòu)建面積為9460，分為兩個(gè)部分：南部為2835，北部為6625。有季節(jié)性存儲(chǔ)的平板太陽(yáng)能集熱器且安嵌在外墻上項(xiàng)目在南部上使用；真空管太陽(yáng)能集熱器安裝在平屋頂?shù)氖褂迷诒辈可稀＿@個(gè)項(xiàng)目中建筑物的功能是辦公和實(shí)驗(yàn)室。</p><p><b>　　2.建筑描述</b></p><p>　　這個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)和地?zé)嵩聪?/p>

50、統(tǒng)把能量用于冷卻和采暖。這個(gè)建筑的能源消耗一定是一個(gè)低水平的，建筑的基礎(chǔ)信息如下：</p><p>　　1. 窗的平均有效面積系數(shù)為0.23； </p><p>　　2. 外墻的傳熱系數(shù)為0.4;</p><p>　　3. 屋頂?shù)膫鳠嵯禂?shù)為0.275;</p><p>　　4. 地面的傳熱系數(shù)為0.25;</p><p&g

51、t;　　5. 窗的傳熱系數(shù)為2.0</p><p>　　6. 門(mén)的傳熱系數(shù)為1.8</p><p>　　根據(jù)Trnsys的模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目里的建筑的能源效率為65%，與在中國(guó)其他的帕特公共建筑相比遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p><b>　　3.系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b>　　3.1北部&

52、lt;/b></p><p>　　太陽(yáng)能采暖系統(tǒng)為冬天供熱提供能量，地?zé)嵩礋岜米鳛槠漭o助的熱源。在出了冬季外，系統(tǒng)將太陽(yáng)能集中于體積為200混凝土容器中，地?zé)嵩礋岜煤蛢?chǔ)存容器共同來(lái)滿(mǎn)足冷量需求。采暖系統(tǒng)的終端是地板輻射或散熱器。為了充分利用來(lái)自太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)的能量，首先，太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)的高溫水流經(jīng)散熱器然后再進(jìn)入地板輻射系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　這種應(yīng)用在北部的太陽(yáng)能收集器是嵌入在外墻中的

53、平板太陽(yáng)能集熱器，它看起來(lái)像玻璃幕墻，而不是太陽(yáng)能集熱器。太陽(yáng)能收集器的總面積為140，收集器尺寸在1000 mm~2000 mm之間。這一部分的目的是展示太陽(yáng)能集熱器的綜合型和季節(jié)性蓄熱。圖1就是安裝在墻上的平板太陽(yáng)能集熱實(shí)例。模擬結(jié)果表明有25%的太陽(yáng)能用于空間采暖。</p><p>　　圖1 平板太陽(yáng)能集熱實(shí)例</p><p><b>　　3.2南部</b>&l

54、t;/p><p>　　太陽(yáng)能加熱系統(tǒng)在冬季把能量用于采暖，在夏季能量用于蒸發(fā)吸收來(lái)制備冷來(lái)冷卻用于空氣調(diào)節(jié)水——地?zé)嵩礋岜每捎糜谳o助能源。這里的應(yīng)用類(lèi)型是真空管太陽(yáng)能集熱器，安嵌在平面屋頂上。太陽(yáng)能收集器的總面積為228.48㎡，太陽(yáng)能收集器尺寸在1020 mm-2000 mm之間。這部分目的在于展示太陽(yáng)能輔助空氣調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)，圖2 就是安裝在屋頂上的真空管太陽(yáng)能集熱器實(shí)例。</p><p>　　

55、圖2 真空管太陽(yáng)能集熱器實(shí)例</p><p>　　此系統(tǒng)中，會(huì)使用2個(gè)蓄水池：一個(gè)體積為10用于儲(chǔ)存加熱水；另一個(gè)體積為15用于儲(chǔ)存冷卻水的。系統(tǒng)的制冷輸出量為105 kW。實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)M結(jié)果表示太陽(yáng)能有20%用于采暖，50%用于冷卻。在這部分中空間加熱建筑面積比冷卻面積大。</p><p><b>　　4.系統(tǒng)控制策略</b></p><p>　　

56、此系統(tǒng)必需根據(jù)不同的季節(jié)實(shí)施不同的控制策略。詳盡的控制策略描述如下：</p><p><b>　　4.1 南部</b></p><p>　　在加熱季節(jié)，太陽(yáng)能加熱系統(tǒng)和地?zé)嵩礋岜孟到y(tǒng)一起利用能量來(lái)給空間加熱。在夏季，地?zé)嵩礋岜孟到y(tǒng)可以維持制冷要求，在其他季節(jié)太陽(yáng)能收集器就儲(chǔ)存能量于混凝土容器里以備冬季之需。</p><p>　　4.1.1 加熱

57、季節(jié) </p><p>　　太陽(yáng)能收集器系統(tǒng)由太陽(yáng)能收集器中溫度最高部分和混凝土容器中溫度最低部分的溫差控制。當(dāng)它們之間溫差大于5，太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)的泵就開(kāi)始運(yùn)行知道溫差低于2，泵才停止運(yùn)行。為防止冰塞，系統(tǒng)設(shè)有排回水裝置，當(dāng)太陽(yáng)能收集器的泵停止運(yùn)行時(shí)，在太陽(yáng)能收集器和管道中的水就流回混凝土容器。當(dāng)在混凝土容器中的水溫高于50，太陽(yáng)能加熱系統(tǒng)直接將能量用于采暖。當(dāng)來(lái)自加熱系統(tǒng)的回水溫度高于45和低于30時(shí)，熱泵會(huì)將水加

58、熱到所需溫度以滿(mǎn)足熱量需求。當(dāng)回水溫度低于30，太陽(yáng)能收集器系統(tǒng)將收集的熱量?jī)?chǔ)存混凝土容器中。</p><p><b>　　4.1.2 夏季</b></p><p>　　地?zé)嵩礋岜脤⒗渌畱?yīng)用于空氣調(diào)節(jié)，太陽(yáng)能收集器的控制與在供熱季節(jié)的相同。太陽(yáng)能收集系統(tǒng)在冬季將能量?jī)?chǔ)存于混凝土容器中當(dāng)其水溫高于95時(shí)用于加熱，這時(shí)候太陽(yáng)能收集系統(tǒng)的泵停止運(yùn)行。</p>

59、<p><b>　　4.1.3其他季節(jié)</b></p><p>　　太陽(yáng)能收集系統(tǒng)的控制與在加熱季節(jié)中一樣。它儲(chǔ)存熱量在混凝土容器中用于冬季當(dāng)水溫高于95時(shí)空間加熱，這時(shí)候太陽(yáng)能收集系統(tǒng)停止運(yùn)行。</p><p><b>　　4.2南部</b></p><p>　　在加熱季節(jié)，太陽(yáng)能加熱系統(tǒng)和地?zé)嵩礋岜孟到y(tǒng)一起給

60、空間加熱提供能量。在夏季，太陽(yáng)能加熱系統(tǒng)供熱用于吸收蒸發(fā)器中的熱量來(lái)冷卻水用于空氣調(diào)節(jié)。當(dāng)輻射不足以提供更高的水溫，地源熱泵系統(tǒng)開(kāi)始運(yùn)行一彌補(bǔ)不足。</p><p><b>　　4.2.1加熱季節(jié)</b></p><p>　　其加熱控制系統(tǒng)與南部中加熱季節(jié)的運(yùn)行相同。用于防止結(jié)冰的是防凍循環(huán)系統(tǒng)；當(dāng)太陽(yáng)能收集器中最高溫部分低于5時(shí)，太陽(yáng)能收集系統(tǒng)的泵開(kāi)始運(yùn)行，當(dāng)溫度增

61、至?xí)r，泵開(kāi)始停止運(yùn)行，同時(shí)太陽(yáng)能收集器和管路中的水開(kāi)始流回加熱儲(chǔ)存容器中。溫度高于50時(shí)，太陽(yáng)能供熱系統(tǒng)直接將能量用于建筑物的采暖。當(dāng)加熱系統(tǒng)的回水溫度高于45和低于30時(shí)，熱泵將水加熱到所需溫度以滿(mǎn)足熱量需求。當(dāng)回水溫度低于30時(shí)，由太陽(yáng)能加熱的水進(jìn)入熱泵的蒸發(fā)器來(lái)提高熱泵效率來(lái)節(jié)省傳統(tǒng)能源例如電能。</p><p><b>　　4.2.2夏季</b></p><p&g

62、t;　　太陽(yáng)能加熱系統(tǒng)收集器的控制與加熱季節(jié)中的控制相同。當(dāng)儲(chǔ)熱器中的溫度高于88時(shí)，泵開(kāi)始運(yùn)行，吸收式制冷器開(kāi)始吸收熱量來(lái)冷卻在冷卻儲(chǔ)存器中的水。當(dāng)冷量?jī)?chǔ)存器中最高溫度低于回水溫度時(shí)，泵開(kāi)始運(yùn)行來(lái)提供冷量。太陽(yáng)能輔助空氣調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)和地源熱泵系統(tǒng)是平行運(yùn)行。當(dāng)回水溫度低于冷量?jī)?chǔ)存容器中底部的溫度時(shí)，這就意味著冷量需求供不應(yīng)求。首先，吸收式冷卻在冷量?jī)?chǔ)存器中的水，直到溫度符合設(shè)計(jì)需求時(shí)吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)停止運(yùn)行。然后，太陽(yáng)能收集器加熱熱量存儲(chǔ)器

63、中的水。當(dāng)熱量存儲(chǔ)器中的溫度高于95時(shí)，太陽(yáng)能收集器的泵停止運(yùn)行。</p><p>　　4.2.3 其他季節(jié)</p><p>　　在春季，太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)和地源熱泵系統(tǒng)提供熱量用于空間加熱直到建筑物不在需要加熱。首先，吸收式蒸發(fā)器冷卻在冷量存儲(chǔ)容器中的水，當(dāng)溫度達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)所滿(mǎn)足的要求時(shí)，吸收式蒸發(fā)器系統(tǒng)停止運(yùn)行。然后，太陽(yáng)能收集器加熱熱量存儲(chǔ)器中的水。當(dāng)在熱量存儲(chǔ)器中的水溫度高于95時(shí)，太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)

64、的熱泵停止運(yùn)行。在秋季，太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)和地源熱泵系統(tǒng)提供能量用以冷卻建筑物直到不在需要冷量。太陽(yáng)能收集系統(tǒng)加熱在熱量?jī)?chǔ)存器中的水。當(dāng)在熱量存儲(chǔ)器中的水溫度高于95時(shí)，太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)的熱泵停止運(yùn)行。</p><p><b>　　5.項(xiàng)目監(jiān)測(cè)</b></p><p>　　這個(gè)太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)將在2007年7月完成。在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中的監(jiān)視設(shè)備會(huì)監(jiān)視設(shè)備的基礎(chǔ)參數(shù)：溫度，流量，輻射，能量消耗等

65、等。監(jiān)視的目的是用來(lái)提高設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)意。從監(jiān)視設(shè)備的數(shù)據(jù)可以獲得，系統(tǒng)用于太陽(yáng)能的部分，系統(tǒng)的效率和其他指數(shù)。通過(guò)這個(gè)監(jiān)視設(shè)備，可以積累很多經(jīng)驗(yàn)以提高太陽(yáng)能能系統(tǒng)在建筑的應(yīng)用。</p><p><b>　　[參考文獻(xiàn)]</b></p><p>　　(1) 漢斯 M. H, “建筑中的太陽(yáng)能輔助空氣調(diào)節(jié)”, 紐約: Springder Wien New Yirk, 2004&

66、lt;/p><p>　　(2) 鄭瑞成, “城市建筑中太陽(yáng)能水供熱系統(tǒng)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)手冊(cè)”, 北京: 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2006</p><p>　　(3) 中國(guó)有色工程設(shè)計(jì)研究院, 采暖設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范GB 50019-2003, 通風(fēng)和空氣調(diào)節(jié). 北京: 中國(guó)計(jì)劃出版社, 2004</p><p>　　(4) 中國(guó)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院,地源熱泵系統(tǒng)技術(shù)規(guī)范GB50366-2005. 北京