法學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯--美國離婚后的子女監(jiān)護制度的介紹

1、<p>　　The Custody System Of USA </p><p><b>　　Tom.Mark</b></p><p>　　TheGlobalReview,2008,23（116）：131~137</p><p>　　美國離婚后的子女監(jiān)護制度的介紹</p><p><b>　　湯姆?馬

2、克</b></p><p>　　環(huán)球評論，2008,23卷（116期）：131~137</p><p><b>　　前言</b></p><p>　　美國是世界上離婚率較高的國家,每三個人中就有一人離婚,每年有超過100萬的18歲以下的兒童的父母離婚,在離婚案件中有一半要涉及到兒童問題。因此，美國法律中有很詳細的關(guān)于離婚后子女監(jiān)護的

3、規(guī)定?？偟膩碇v,美國法院決定離婚后子女監(jiān)護人時,以“子女最佳利益”為根本原則。但是,如何判斷在何種情況下才符合“子女最佳利益”頗為復(fù)雜。本文通過對美國有關(guān)離婚后子女監(jiān)護制度立法及判例的研究分析,探討其可資借鑒之處。</p><p>　　一、父母離婚后未成年子女監(jiān)護的種類</p><p>　　關(guān)于父母離婚后監(jiān)護的種類,美國各州法律規(guī)定不一,總體而言,父母離婚后的監(jiān)護權(quán)的行使方式主要有四種:(

4、1)由父或母其中的一方單獨行使的“單獨監(jiān)護”;(2)父母雙方同時取得子女的監(jiān)護權(quán),但在時間上加以分配的“分配監(jiān)護”;(3)父母雙方同時取得子女的監(jiān)護權(quán),但在法律與身體監(jiān)護上加以分配的“共同監(jiān)護”;(4)父母雙方各自對不同的子女取得單獨監(jiān)護的“分離監(jiān)護”。目前關(guān)于監(jiān)護最常見的情形是母親享有身體上的監(jiān)護權(quán)和與父親的共同的法律上的監(jiān)護權(quán)。</p><p>　　單獨監(jiān)護,是指父母一方同時獲得子女身體上的監(jiān)護與法律上的監(jiān)護

5、,另一方則有與子女交往的探視權(quán)。這里的身體上的監(jiān)護權(quán),是指對于兒童的事實上擁有和控制;法律上的監(jiān)護權(quán),是指對于與子女長期教育、醫(yī)療、教育或其他對子女生活有重大影響的事務(wù)的決定權(quán)。在通常情況下,如果離婚時父母雙方不能共同協(xié)商處理好子女利益,則父母一方獲得監(jiān)護權(quán),另一方享有繼續(xù)與子女保持聯(lián)系的探視權(quán)。</p><p>　　分配監(jiān)護,是指父母雙方同時獲得子女法律上與身體上的監(jiān)護權(quán),但子女在一年中的某些月份或一星期中的幾

6、天分別與父或母居住。</p><p>　　共同監(jiān)護,是指賦予父母雙方對于子女照顧保護和輪流陪伴、交往的法律義務(wù),包括父母共同的身體上的監(jiān)護和法律上的監(jiān)護。雖然名為父母雙方共同享有子女的監(jiān)護權(quán),但實際上同時僅能與父母一方居住,所以多數(shù)法院均僅賦予同住的父或母對子女有身體上的監(jiān)護權(quán),而不同住的父或母共同享有法律上的監(jiān)護權(quán)和自由探視權(quán)。美國的多數(shù)州均將共同監(jiān)護推定為一種較佳的監(jiān)護制度,即如果不存在不適合共同監(jiān)護的情形,

7、法院認為共同監(jiān)護符合子女的最佳利益,可判決共同監(jiān)護。但是,共同監(jiān)護需要父母雙方為了子女的利益相互合作,如果父母之間仍然懷有敵意,在有關(guān)子女的無論大小事宜上持續(xù)沖突,則不適合共同監(jiān)護,否則會給子女身心發(fā)展造成不良的影響。因此,美國有學(xué)者特別指出,共同監(jiān)護必須由父母雙方自己決定并自愿達成協(xié)議,法庭不得作出共同監(jiān)護的裁判。</p><p>　　分離監(jiān)護,是指多個子女分別由父親或母親一方監(jiān)護,即離婚時子女不止一個,在數(shù)個

8、子女的情況下,分別將子女的監(jiān)護權(quán)交由父親或母親行使,由父母分別行使對于不同子女的身體上和法律上的監(jiān)護權(quán)。</p><p>　　此外,監(jiān)護還可以細分為單獨身體上的監(jiān)護、共同身體上的監(jiān)護、單獨法律上的監(jiān)護和共同法律上的監(jiān)護。按照《加利福尼亞民法典》中的解釋,單獨身體上的監(jiān)護是指兒童與父母一方居住并處于父母一方的管理之下;共同身體上的監(jiān)護是指父母雙方均有特定時期的身體上的監(jiān)護,從而保證兒童可以經(jīng)常持續(xù)地與父母任何一方接

9、觸;單獨法律上的監(jiān)護是指父母一方享有決定兒童的健康、教育福利的權(quán)利和義務(wù);共同的法律上的監(jiān)護是指父母雙方均享有決定兒童的健康、教育福利的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，共同的法律上的監(jiān)護和共同的身體上的監(jiān)護占相對較少的比例,即使是處于共同監(jiān)護運動前沿的華盛頓、科羅拉多州和加利福尼亞州,也只有15%—17%的兒童在雙重住所中生活;在加利福尼亞州只有10%的未成年人與父母雙方生活;這些統(tǒng)計數(shù)字表明,共同監(jiān)護雖然為法律所倡導(dǎo),但在實踐中并不具有普遍性。</

10、p><p>　　二 離婚后未成年人監(jiān)護的基本原則———子女最佳利益</p><p>　　1871年之前,法院在英國普通法的“父權(quán)優(yōu)先”的原則之下,自動地將監(jiān)護權(quán)給予父親,父親有權(quán)向子女的母親或者其他人要求交還子女,如果子女的母親或其他人拒絕交還的,該父親有權(quán)根據(jù)人身保護令強制其交還。直到1929年,馬里蘭州上訴法院仍然認為,父親與母親相比對子女有優(yōu)先監(jiān)護權(quán)。但隨著“母愛長久論”的出現(xiàn),美國各

11、州立法幾乎一致規(guī)定,除非母親不能提供適當?shù)谋O(jiān)護條件,未成年子女的監(jiān)護權(quán)屬于母親。從20世紀30年代起,美國多數(shù)法院或州均采“幼年原則”將年幼子女的監(jiān)護權(quán)判給母親,認為父親并無能力提供幼兒必要的養(yǎng)護,而母親則在天性上適合養(yǎng)育子女。各州關(guān)于幼年的規(guī)定有所不同,紐約州規(guī)定3歲以下,路易斯安那州規(guī)定11歲以下,西弗吉尼亞州則規(guī)定13歲以下。在“幼年原則”之下也出現(xiàn)了一些極端的判例。比如在Funkhouse一案中,面對曾經(jīng)因車禍陷入昏迷達6個月的

12、母親,法院仍認為應(yīng)適用“當父母雙方將平等照顧子女時,母親仍較父親適合監(jiān)護子女,尤其當子女在年幼時”。后來隨著憲法平等保護條款、婦女運動的挑戰(zhàn)及心理學(xué)家強調(diào)父親對于年幼子女的重要性“幼年原則”,最終被“子女最佳利益”原則所取代。1969年的《家庭法案》中規(guī)</p><p>　　(一)幼年子女由母親監(jiān)護</p><p>　　依精神分析專家之經(jīng)驗,一般而言,幼兒清楚認識特定之人(母親)而確立對人

13、關(guān)系的時期,是在5個月到6個月時,而在8個月時是怕生開始之時期,此時幼兒會選擇1人或2人(主要是母親)為情感對象;而一旦與其最初情感對象分離,可能會產(chǎn)生情緒的混亂,進而損及人格之形成。為了滿足幼兒之“不斷的繼續(xù)性的需要”年幼的子女應(yīng)由母親行使監(jiān)護權(quán),多數(shù)法院曾認為,母親的愛在子女年幼時是不可替代的,孩子對于母愛的需要超過父親。因此,只要不能證明母親對孩子的福祉有危害,就應(yīng)當由母親行使監(jiān)護權(quán)。這一原則被法庭長期應(yīng)用于裁判中。直到1970年

14、,加利福尼亞州法律還規(guī)定,在其他條件相當?shù)那闆r下,幼年子女由母親行使監(jiān)護權(quán),當子女需要上學(xué)接受教育或準備外出工作、經(jīng)商時,則應(yīng)當由父親行使監(jiān)護權(quán)。1973年,賓夕法尼亞州高級法院仍然認為幼年子女的最大利益就是由母親給予照顧看管。現(xiàn)在法院多認為,幼年子女由母親監(jiān)護為性別歧視,是違憲的,因為在子女監(jiān)護權(quán)的訴訟中,僅以性別為劃分標準,而不是考慮子女的最佳利益,沒有任何一方基于性別的不同應(yīng)當被推定較之對方更符合子女的最佳利益。故多數(shù)法院拒絕使用

15、這一理論,相反地,認為在決定子女隨何方生活時,根據(jù)</p><p>　　(二)自然父母享有監(jiān)護權(quán)</p><p>　　監(jiān)護糾紛有時發(fā)生在孩子的自然父母與心理父母之間,除非發(fā)生遺棄、虐待等不適于監(jiān)護的情況,絕大多數(shù)法院仍傾向于將監(jiān)護權(quán)判給自然父母。在佛羅里達州的一個案件中,父母離婚后由父親行使對于子女的監(jiān)護權(quán),父親在離婚數(shù)年后死亡,在生母與繼母爭奪監(jiān)護權(quán)的訴訟中,法院就適用自然父母優(yōu)先的理論

16、將孩子的監(jiān)護權(quán)判給了生母。但也有例外。當子女與其心理父母已經(jīng)形成事實上的父母子女關(guān)系,如果解除這一關(guān)系可能不利于子女的最佳利益時,法院會作出有利于子女最佳利益的判決。</p><p>　　(三)主要照顧者享有監(jiān)護權(quán)</p><p>　　法院在確定子女監(jiān)護權(quán)時,通常確定在日常生活中對子女承擔主要照顧責任的父母一方行使監(jiān)護權(quán)符合子女最佳利益,因而將監(jiān)護權(quán)賦予承擔主要照顧責任的父母一方。明尼蘇達

17、州最高法院在Sefkowv.Sefkow一案中,確定了主要照顧者的認定的標準,即考慮父母一方誰主要承擔了以下責任:(1)做飯;(2)洗澡、、整潔穿衣;(3)購物、清潔、整理衣服;(4)醫(yī)療照顧,包括看護和去醫(yī)院看醫(yī)生;(5)放學(xué)后安排孩子的社交活動;(6)安排可替代的照看,如去幼兒園、雇傭保姆;(7)晚上哄孩子睡覺,早上叫醒孩子;(8)教育孩子基本的行為規(guī)則,如日常行為、上洗手間的訓(xùn)練;(9)教育(宗教、文化等)。1992年,美國法律協(xié)

18、會在“離婚法原則”中確立了有關(guān)處理此類問題的原則:1、父母不能達成子女監(jiān)護協(xié)議的,法院應(yīng)當確定由在家庭中承擔主要照顧和管教子女責任的一方行使監(jiān)護權(quán),除非他方更適合作為照管人。2、所謂在家庭生活承擔主要照顧和管教子女責任的父母一方是指:(1)呆在家里全職照顧子女的一方;(2)兼職工作但有時間照顧子女的一方;(3)父母雙方均全職工作的,負責為子女安排日常生活、上學(xué)、看病等各種瑣事,并為子女提供咨詢和感情支</p><p&

19、gt;　　三、影響離婚后父母監(jiān)護權(quán)的其他因素</p><p><b>　　(一)父母的性別</b></p><p>　　幼年子女由母親監(jiān)護的理論受到質(zhì)疑后,有些州的法律則明確規(guī)定,處理子女監(jiān)護權(quán)問題時,必須堅持男女平等原則。如阿肯色州法律規(guī)定,在離婚判決有關(guān)子女監(jiān)護問題時,法院不應(yīng)考慮父母的性別,而應(yīng)考慮子女的福祉和最佳利益。但是,年幼子女由母親監(jiān)護這一理論的影響并非

20、完全被取消,而是作為多種應(yīng)考慮的因素之一。仍有法院認為,孩子在1至3歲之間以隨母親生活為宜。</p><p><b>　　(二)子女的意愿</b></p><p>　　為了更好地符合子女的最佳利益,子女的意愿是確定子女監(jiān)護權(quán)的重要因素。為此《統(tǒng)一結(jié),婚離婚法》明確規(guī)定了法庭聽詢制度,①法官可以在法庭議事室會見子女,以聽詢子女在監(jiān)護和探視方面的愿望。法官可以允許律師在聽

21、詢時在場,并應(yīng)作法庭記錄。此外,一些州的法律中明確規(guī)定了子女意愿在監(jiān)護判決中所起的作用。如明尼蘇達州法律規(guī)定,如果法院認為孩子的年齡足以表達其意愿,則允許在法官的辦公室召見孩子,了解孩子要求由何方監(jiān)護的意愿,同時允許律師在場,律師可以直接或通過法庭合理詢問。伊利諾斯州法律同樣允許法官在律師在場的情況下在法官辦公室聽取孩子的意見。對于孩子的意見,大多數(shù)法院認為僅僅是考慮因素之一,而且要考慮孩子的年齡、成熟程度及孩子所提出的理由的合理性。佐

22、治亞州和西弗吉尼亞州法律規(guī)定,只要父母適合擔任監(jiān)護人,14歲以上的未成年人有選擇父母何方擔任監(jiān)護人的絕對權(quán)利,除非孩子選擇的父母不適合監(jiān)護子女,否則孩子的選擇將起到?jīng)Q定性作用。而羅得島則規(guī)定,14歲作為子女選擇監(jiān)護人的最低年齡,子女的選擇只能作為法院判決的參考因素之一。</p><p><b>　　(三)種族</b></p><p>　　通常,法院在作出監(jiān)護判決前必須

23、全面考慮所有與子女利益有關(guān)的因素,雖然種族不能作為單獨的決定性因素,但在父母屬于不同種族的監(jiān)護權(quán)案件中,種族確實與確定子女監(jiān)護權(quán)的歸屬有關(guān)。美國最高法院在Palmorev.Sidoti一案中指出,種族不能作為子女監(jiān)護判決的決定性因素。該案中當事人雙方離婚時其3歲的女兒由母親監(jiān)護。后原審法院鑒于子女生活環(huán)境的變化而同意其父親變更監(jiān)護權(quán)的請求,因為孩子的母親與一黑人結(jié)婚。該法院認為,孩子難以承受不同種族的家庭給其帶來的社會偏見與壓力,因此,

24、她的最佳利益是與父親生活在一起。而最高法院則認為,孩子與不同種族的繼父生活在一起確實存在因種族歧視所帶來的社會偏見與壓力的危險。但這不能成為讓孩子離開其生母的決定性因素,因為這一危險并未現(xiàn)實存在,故這一判決違反憲法有關(guān)平等保護的規(guī)定,佛羅里達法院僅根據(jù)種族因素進行判決是不被允許的。</p><p><b>　　(四)宗教</b></p><p>　　與上述有關(guān)種族對監(jiān)

25、護影響的判例相似,將宗教信仰作為子女監(jiān)護判決的依據(jù)也是違反憲法的。依阿華州高級法院指出家庭法庭可以考慮父母的宗教信仰,以保護子女的最佳利益,然而聯(lián)邦憲法禁止法院從宗教方面考慮不同宗教的優(yōu)劣或表現(xiàn)出某種傾向性。總體而言,美國法院在涉及與宗教有關(guān)的子女監(jiān)護問題時主要堅持這樣的原則:在婚姻關(guān)系存續(xù)期間父母雙方協(xié)商決定子女的宗教信仰,離婚后,雙方對于子女宗教信仰有協(xié)議的,從協(xié)議,沒有協(xié)議或協(xié)議不一致的,由有監(jiān)護權(quán)的父母一方?jīng)Q定。</p&g

26、t;<p>　　四、美國離婚后未成年人監(jiān)護制度的啟示</p><p>　　筆者認為,美國的父母離婚后的未成年人監(jiān)護制度有諸多可資借鑒之處:</p><p>　　第一,在處理父母離婚后未成年人監(jiān)護問題時,應(yīng)堅持子女本位?？v觀歷史,在父母子女關(guān)系的法律發(fā)展進程中有從“家族本位”“父母本位”向再向“子女本位”演變的趨勢?！凹易灞疚弧币咽芡贄墶案改副疚弧?則過于強調(diào)父母雙方對于子女的

27、權(quán)利,忽視子女的獨立主體地位。而“子女本位”則關(guān)注父母對于子女的撫養(yǎng)、教育、照顧、保護的義務(wù)與責任,雖然仍然冠以監(jiān)護權(quán)①名稱,但父母的權(quán)利已經(jīng)變成以權(quán)利為名的義務(wù),在性質(zhì)上是“義務(wù)權(quán)”。這種權(quán)利不是利己的,而是一種以關(guān)心照顧他人為特點的權(quán)利,是一種以法律的形</p><p>　　式、為了子女利益而行使的權(quán)利,實際上是一種義務(wù)。由于子女具有民事權(quán)利能力,是獨立的民事主體,不隸屬于任何人,因此針對父母監(jiān)護權(quán)行使,子女

28、有權(quán)要求父母對他們予以尊重并全面考慮子女的生理、心理及人格的需要。正緣于此,父母監(jiān)護權(quán)專屬于未成年人的父母,并應(yīng)依法行使監(jiān)護權(quán),不得濫用,也不得拋棄。從“子女本位”的角度,在確定離婚后未成年人監(jiān)護人時,應(yīng)充分考慮父母哪一方能夠更好地履行撫養(yǎng)、教育、照顧、保護的義務(wù)與責任,從而保障未成年子女的健康成長。</p><p>　　第二,應(yīng)當明確規(guī)定子女最佳利益原則。在過去的一個世紀中,世界各國婚姻、家庭領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的立法發(fā)生了

29、巨大的變化。沒有任何一個法律領(lǐng)域能像家庭法那樣,如此強烈地反映出在過去的世紀里人們生活方式和觀念的變革。承認子女在家庭中的獨立的人格、獨立的主體地位,強調(diào)父母對于子女的照顧、保護、監(jiān)護的義務(wù)與責任,強調(diào)子女的最佳利益,已成為世界各國立法中的共識?！白优罴牙妗弊鳛楦鲊橐龇ㄖ兴鶊猿值幕驹瓌t,也是各國法院在處理父母離婚后子女監(jiān)護案件時的最高準則。而子女最佳利益原則不僅應(yīng)當適用于法院處理離婚案件,也應(yīng)當適用于夫妻雙方協(xié)議離婚的情形,并且

30、作為一項基本原則,更應(yīng)是處理父母子女關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)。</p><p>　　第三,在有關(guān)的法律中確立兒童權(quán)利優(yōu)先原則。在子女利益與父母利益之間,兒童的福祉是第一位的,父母的權(quán)利、望、求是第二位愿要的。聯(lián)合國《兒童權(quán)利公約》明確了一切行為必須以兒童最佳利益為原則,兒童在家庭、社會中享有廣泛的權(quán)利并應(yīng)受到優(yōu)先的保護,兒童不再作為單純的服務(wù)和施舍對象,或保護措施的被動受益者來對待,而是作為權(quán)利的主體被承認,并被優(yōu)先保護著。在

31、父母離婚的情況下,未成年子女雖然無權(quán)阻止父母離婚,只能被動地接受父母離婚的事實,但是父母有義務(wù)為未成年人的健康成長作出合理的安排,有義務(wù)和責任將兒童的利益置于父母利益之前優(yōu)先考慮。</p><p>　　第四,采多種監(jiān)護方式并存的立法模式,為離婚后的未成年人監(jiān)護在制度上提供更多的選擇。我認為,應(yīng)改變有關(guān)離婚后未成年子女的監(jiān)護問題單采雙方共同監(jiān)護的原則,代之以單方監(jiān)護與共同監(jiān)護并存的原則;并且應(yīng)借鑒美國的身體上的監(jiān)護

32、和法律上的監(jiān)護的分類,特別是單獨身體上的監(jiān)護、共同身體上的監(jiān)護、單獨法律上的監(jiān)護和共同法律上的監(jiān)護的多種監(jiān)護方式并存的模式,從而在制度設(shè)計上為滿足不同當事人的需求提供法律依據(jù)。</p><p><b>　　Preface</b></p><p>　　The divorce rate of USA is higher than other countries ，One-

33、third of people who have been divorced，Each year more than one million children ‘s parents' divorce who is under the age of 18, In divorce cases, half of it relates to children,Therefore, American law has a very deta

34、iled about care provision in children after divorce.In general, the United States Court of children after divorce guardian, in "the best interests of the child" as the fundamental principle.However, how to dete

35、rmine the cond</p><p>　　PDRT 1 The Care forms for Minor children after their parents divorce</p><p>　　The care forms for Minor children after their parents divorce.The United States state law

36、 is not the same.Overall,After her parents divorced custody exercise there are mainly four ways:1).Individual monitoring,The father or mother in which one party to exercise alone.2).Distribution monitoring,Both parents h

37、ave custody of the children, but at the time of be assigned.3).Joint custody,Both parents have custody of the children, but in the legal and physical custody to be assigned.4).Isolation ward,</p><p>　　Indivi

38、dual monitoring,Refers to one parent and child physical custody and legal custody, the other side is with children associating visitation rights.Here the physical custody, refers to the child in fact owned and controlled

39、;Legal custody, refers to the children with long-term education, medical, educational or other on children's life have a significant impact on business decisions.In the usual case, if both parents can consult divorce

40、 handle child interests, is a parent to obtain custody, th</p><p>　　Distribution monitoring, refers to both parents get their children the legal and physical custody, but the children in a certain months of

41、a year or a week days respectively and father or mother living.</p><p>　　Joint custody,Refers to confer both parents for child care to protect and take turns to accompany, exchanges legal obligations, includ

42、ing parents joint physical custody and legal custody.Although the name is both parents share custody of their children, but at the same time can only with one parent living,So most of the court are endowed with the paren

43、t to child physical custody, but not with the father or the mother to enjoy legal custody and visitation rights of freedom.Most American States ha</p><p>　　Isolation ward,Refers to multiple children respecti

44、vely by the father or the mother party care, that is when the children more than a divorce,In a few cases of children, the custody of children by the father or mother of exercise, exercise respectively by parents for chi

45、ldren with physical and legal custody.</p><p>　　In addition, care may be further subdivided into:Sole physical custody,Joint physical custody,Sole legal custody and joint legal custody.According to "the

46、 California civil code" in the interpretation of,Sole physical custody refers to children with one parent living in one of the parents of the management;Joint physical custody refers to both parents have the specifi

47、c period of physical custody, so that children can often continuously with either parent contact;Sole legal custody refers to one p</p><p>　　PART 2 The basic principle of the guardianship of minors---The

48、principle of best interests of children</p><p>　　Before 1871, the courts in the common law of England "patriarchal priority" principle, will automatically awarded custody father,Father has the righ

49、t to children mother or other demands the return of the children,If the mother of the child or other people refuse to return, the father have the right to habeas corpus forced to surrender.Until 1929,Mali Lanzhou appeals

50、 court still think that,Father and mother to child custody compared to have priority.But as the "mother of the long",The United Stat</p><p>　　1. Juvenile offspring from mothers care</p><

51、;p>　　In psychoanalysis expert experience, generally speaking, children recognize the particular person (mother) and the establishment of relations between the period, from 5 months to 6 months,In the 8 months to afrai

52、d of strangers, here the child will choose 1 or 2 people (mostly mothers) for emotional object;Once the initial feelings of isolation and its object, may have a mood disorder, and loss and personality formation.In order

53、to meet the child's "continues the needs of young children should be</p><p>　　Parents have custody</p><p>　　Custody disputes sometimes occurred in the child's natural parents and me

54、ntal between parents, except in cases of abandonment, abuse is not suitable for monitoring the situation, the vast majority of the court still tend to custody of the natural parents.In a Florida cases, after the divorce

55、of their parents by the father of exercise for custody of the children, father divorced several years after the death, in the mother and stepmother custody proceedings, court applied natural parents preferre</p>&

56、lt;p>　　3. Primary caregivers have custody</p><p>　　The court in determining the child custody rights, usually identified in the daily life of children take the primary responsibility of one parent exerci

57、se guardianship accord with the best interests of the child, and thus will care endowed primary caring responsibilities of a parent.Supreme Court of the state of Minnesota in the Sefkowv.Sefkow case, identified the main

58、caregivers of standards, namely the consideration of a parent who is mainly responsible for the following responsibilities:(1)Co</p><p>　　PART 3 Influence of parents after divorce custody other factors<

59、;/p><p>　　Parent s’gender</p><p>　　Juvenile offspring from mothers care theory after being challenged,some state laws stipulate, treatment of child custody issues, must adhere to the principle of e

60、quality between men and women.Such as the Arkansas law, divorce judgments regarding child custody matters, the court should not consider parental gender, which should be considered in children well-being and best interes

61、ts.Young children are, by the mother custody of the impact of this theory is not completely removed, but as a variety </p><p>　　Children‘s will</p><p>　　In order to better accord with the best i

62、nterests of their children, their children will be determined in child custody important factors.This "uniform marriage and divorce law" clearly provides the court hearings in court system, judges may 1 chamber

63、s met with hearing children, children in custody and visitation in terms of desire.The judge may allow lawyers in the hearings when present, should make the court records.In addition, some state law clearly stipulates th

64、e wishes of their children in</p><p><b>　　Race</b></p><p>　　Usually, the court before the judgment in making care must take into full consideration the interests of all children and

65、related factors, although not as a separate race the decisive factors in parents of different races, but the custody case, race and indeed identify children guardianship relation.The United States Supreme Court in the ca

66、se of Palmorev.Sidoti points out, as a child custody decisions races can't decisive factor.In this case the parties divorce when their 3 year old daughter by </p><p><b>　　Religion</b></p&g

67、t;<p>　　And the effect of race on the custody case similarity, the religious beliefs as a child custody ruling basis is in violation of the constitution.Iowa Supreme Court noted family courts can consider parental

68、 religious beliefs, in order to protect the best interests of their children, but the Federal Constitution prohibits the court from religion to consider different religious superiority or show some tendency.Overall, the

69、United States Court in relation with religion child custody problems mainly</p><p>　　PART 4 Inspiration From the United States after the divorce custody system </p><p>　　The author thinks, th

70、e United States of America's parents divorced after the minor guardianship system has many lessons:</p><p>　　First of all, after the divorce of their parents in the treatment of minor custody issues, sho

71、uld adhere to the children standard.Throughout history, the relationship between parents and children in the process of legal development from "family-oriented" parents "to the" standard "to chil

72、dren standard" evolution trend."Family standard" has been cast aside "parents standard", is too much emphasis on both parents for children rights, neglect their children independent status."

73、Children standard" co</p><p>　　Secondly, should clearly stipulate the principle of best interests of children.In the last century, countries all over the world, in the field of marriage family legislati

74、on has undergone tremendous changes.There is no a legal field as family law, so strongly reflected in the past century people's way of life and idea change.Recognition of children in the family of independent persona

75、lity, independent status, emphasizing the parents for the child's care, protection, monitoring the obligation and</p><p>　　Then, in the laws relating to the rights of the child in the establishment of th

76、e principle of giving priority to.In the interests of the child and parents' interests, the well-being of children is the first, the rights of parents, hope, truth second willing to.The United Nations Convention on t

77、he rights of the child "made clear" all acts must be in the best interests of the child as the principle, the child in the family, society and enjoy extensive rights and protection of children should be t</p

78、><p>　　Fourth, adopt a variety of mode of monitoring coexist in the legislative mode, for after a divorce the guardianship of minors in the system provides more choices.I think, should be related to changes in

79、the minor children after divorce custody issues of mutual care principles, replaced by unilateral care and joint custody coexist principle; and should draw lessons from the United States of America's body on the care