機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)中英文資料翻譯--基于健壯性的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)方法

1、<p><b>　　中文4925字</b></p><p>　　基于健壯性的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)方法</p><p>　　摘　要: 健壯性的概念起源于控制工程的控制理論, 并習(xí)稱魯棒性。而后由于田口提出健壯設(shè)計(jì)的概念而引入質(zhì)量工程, 近年來逐漸進(jìn)入機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域。本文從基于質(zhì)量工程的健壯設(shè)計(jì), 基于靈敏度分析的健壯設(shè)計(jì), 健壯結(jié)構(gòu), 結(jié)構(gòu).控制一體化的健壯設(shè)計(jì)等四個(gè)方面概

2、述了其發(fā)展, 最后提出尚待研究的機(jī)械健壯性設(shè)計(jì)的一些關(guān)鍵問題。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞: 健壯設(shè)計(jì); 質(zhì)量工程; 靈敏度分析; 結(jié)構(gòu)控制一體化</p><p><b>　　引　言</b></p><p>　　在機(jī)械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)完成而進(jìn)入制造和使用階段時(shí), 由于一系列不確定因素的影響, 可能會出現(xiàn)性能上大的變化, 甚至造成產(chǎn)品失效, 從而導(dǎo)致質(zhì)量

3、不穩(wěn)定。如何使設(shè)計(jì)出的產(chǎn)品具有健壯性, 亦即使產(chǎn)品和過程具有抵抗外界干擾所引起的質(zhì)量波動(dòng)的能力, 是目前設(shè)計(jì)方法的前沿課題。由此提出了機(jī)械健壯性設(shè)計(jì)的概念。</p><p>　　1　基于質(zhì)量工程的健壯設(shè)計(jì)</p><p><b>　　1. 1　質(zhì)量工程</b></p><p>　　質(zhì)量工程(Q E) 是對產(chǎn)品開發(fā)全過程質(zhì)量保證和質(zhì)量控制的系統(tǒng)工

4、程方法, 包括設(shè)計(jì)總質(zhì)量工程和制造質(zhì)量工程。設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量工程主要有: 健壯性設(shè)計(jì); 可靠性設(shè)計(jì); 滿足產(chǎn)品全面質(zhì)量指標(biāo)的計(jì)算機(jī)集成化智能設(shè)計(jì); 以健壯性、可靠性為重點(diǎn)的全面質(zhì)量管理和質(zhì)量保證技術(shù)。制造質(zhì)量工程主要解決設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量的符合性問題。</p><p>　　1. 2　健壯性設(shè)計(jì)的概念</p><p>　　所謂健壯性設(shè)計(jì), 就是賦予產(chǎn)品或過程健壯性、高性能和低成本的設(shè)計(jì)。它是一種性能、質(zhì)量和成

5、本綜合的功能優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方法, 是一種著眼于經(jīng)濟(jì)效益, 立足于工程技術(shù)的質(zhì)量設(shè)計(jì)和管理技術(shù)。這種設(shè)計(jì)方法是在傳統(tǒng)的工程設(shè)計(jì)方法上發(fā)展而來的, 其發(fā)展過程為: 數(shù)學(xué)優(yōu)化→工程優(yōu)化(試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)) →田口方法(Tagnch imethod) →健壯設(shè)計(jì)。健壯設(shè)計(jì)能解決大規(guī)模產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)問題。它加強(qiáng)了田口方法的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì), 突出了QDF (質(zhì)量功能展開) 的先導(dǎo)作用。</p><p>　　1. 3　健壯性設(shè)計(jì)方法的改進(jìn)</p&

6、gt;<p>　　(1) 不確定因素的不同形式: 田口方法僅考慮了隨機(jī)不確定因素。文獻(xiàn)[1 ]討論了其它形式的不確定因素, 并指出這些因素對優(yōu)化目標(biāo)及質(zhì)量信噪比有影響, 從而改進(jìn)了S.N 表達(dá)式。</p><p>　　(2) 其它的搜索方法: 田口方法僅僅用試驗(yàn)方法在整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)空間中進(jìn)行搜索, 經(jīng)過一系列的正交試驗(yàn), 可以選出一組最優(yōu)的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)。田口方法使用的是兩參數(shù)試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)方法, 其改進(jìn)方法: 使用

7、二進(jìn)式搜索; 在設(shè)計(jì)空間使用爬山法; 還可使用隨機(jī)搜索方法等。</p><p>　　(3) 有約束條件的設(shè)計(jì): 田口方法是在無約束條件下使用的, 如果存在約束, 可利用約束搜索方法, 將原約束轉(zhuǎn)換為概率形式。另一種方法是使用定義邊界的方法, 定一個(gè)分段函數(shù)。還可使用Monte2Carlo 法求解。文獻(xiàn)[2 ]指出了田口方法在處理約束及多目標(biāo)問題方面的不足, 發(fā)展了田口方法, 使它可以處理約束及多目標(biāo)的問題。文中使

8、用統(tǒng)計(jì)分析ANOVA 的概念來確定優(yōu)化目標(biāo)函數(shù)中各因素的重要性, 排除了不重要因素的影響, 得出唯一的可行最優(yōu)解。文獻(xiàn)[3 ]成功地利用單調(diào)性分析技術(shù)將有約束的健壯性設(shè)計(jì)問題簡化為無約束優(yōu)化問題, 以此來減小計(jì)算量。文獻(xiàn)[4 ]提出一個(gè)基于單調(diào)性分析的方法, 來解決或幫助解決</p><p>　　以下問題: 找出設(shè)計(jì)變量x 的值, 使不可控的任意參數(shù)F對性能特性y= f (x, F)的影響最小, 即對不可控因子的

9、變異的敏感性最小, 以此完成健壯設(shè)計(jì)。這種方法與田口方法相比在于它不需要統(tǒng)計(jì)試驗(yàn), 而是基于性能特征函數(shù)y= f (x,F) 的單調(diào)性。</p><p>　　1. 4　基于質(zhì)量工程的健壯設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)[5, 6 ]提出了一種健壯設(shè)計(jì)的途徑: 極小化由噪聲因子(不可控因子) 和可控因子引起的變異。健壯設(shè)計(jì)的基本原理是通過使變異造成的效果最小而不必消除其產(chǎn)生的來源, 以此來提高

10、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。由此可把問題分為兩大類:é 類: 將噪聲因子(不可控參數(shù)) 的變異產(chǎn)生的對性能的影響減小到最低限度。ê 類: 將可控因子(設(shè)計(jì)變量) 的變異產(chǎn)生的對性能的影響減小到最低限度。ChenW ei 指出田口的“參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)”是由第é 類問題發(fā)展而來, 并提出解決é、ê 兩類健壯設(shè)計(jì)問題的過程包括以下三個(gè)主要步驟:</p><p>　　(1) 運(yùn)用響應(yīng)面法, 建立與

11、所有重要的可控和噪聲因子有關(guān)的響應(yīng)面模型。</p><p>　　(2) 針對健壯設(shè)計(jì)問題的不同類型, 推導(dǎo)響應(yīng)的均值和方差的函數(shù)。</p><p>　　(3) 運(yùn)用相容決策支持問題(DSP) 解法, 求得健壯設(shè)計(jì)解。</p><p>　　ChenWei 提出的這種方法具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn): 可以引入工程約束, 對多個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)之間的均衡有很大的靈活性; 可以用響應(yīng)面模型來反映

12、出耦合和非線性的效果, 比田口的線性模型更精確; 響應(yīng)面模型可作為快速分析模塊應(yīng)用于不同類型的健壯設(shè)計(jì)問題中。但這種方法還有一些不足: 目標(biāo)函數(shù)和約束方程是用試驗(yàn)設(shè)的統(tǒng)計(jì)和特殊的二次模型來進(jìn)行近似的, 對于高度非線性模型和二階模型應(yīng)用仍不夠滿意; 在公式推導(dǎo)中用到了一些假設(shè), 影響模型的精確性。Park inson[7～ 9 ]將工程模型的健壯性分為兩類: 可行度健壯性(確保設(shè)計(jì)約束即使在有變異的情況也能滿足) 和靈敏度健壯性(其目的是

13、要減少設(shè)計(jì)對變異的靈敏度) , 并用一優(yōu)化問題來表達(dá)定量設(shè)計(jì)問題。數(shù)學(xué)模型為</p><p>　　M in f i (x , p ) 　　　　i = 1, 2, .., q</p><p>　　s. t. g j (x , p ) ≤ bj　　j = 1, 2, .., q (1)</p><p>　　式中x 為設(shè)計(jì)變量(其值在上下限之間) 且是可控制變量;p 為不

14、可控制參數(shù), 如誤差等。Park inson 指出健壯設(shè)計(jì)的核心是一個(gè)優(yōu)化問題, 健壯設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵概念是變量和參數(shù)的變異傳遞給了設(shè)計(jì)函數(shù), 使目標(biāo)和約束都產(chǎn)生變異。變量和參數(shù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分布導(dǎo)致設(shè)計(jì)函數(shù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分布。健壯設(shè)計(jì)的目的是減小所誘發(fā)的變</p><p>　　異。針對工程模型,討論了下列七種健壯設(shè)計(jì)方法: (1) 傳遞變異法； ( 2) 優(yōu)化后分析；(3) 參數(shù)約束；(4) 公差盒方法; (5) 隨機(jī)優(yōu)化; (

15、6) 田口方法; (7) 相關(guān)的</p><p>　　其它方法。對于每種方法的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)用實(shí)例進(jìn)行了比較。近期還有一些其它發(fā)展: 調(diào)節(jié)參數(shù)法; 引入變量之間的相關(guān)性; 處理非正態(tài)分布參數(shù)的方法; 其它形式的不確定性。</p><p>　　2　基于靈敏度分析的健壯設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)[ 10 ]研究了優(yōu)化問題中參數(shù)的靈敏度, 提出了靈敏度導(dǎo)數(shù)的概念。從數(shù)學(xué)上講,

16、 靈敏度導(dǎo)數(shù)是指目標(biāo)函數(shù)和設(shè)計(jì)變量對所研究的參數(shù)求導(dǎo)。Jaro slaw [10 ]探討了如何由一個(gè)約束優(yōu)化問題獲得靈敏度導(dǎo)數(shù)(靈敏度方程) 的等式,還探討了靈敏度方程可解性等問題, 最后總結(jié)了靈敏度分析的用途: 目標(biāo)函數(shù)和設(shè)計(jì)變量的向外插值; 多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化;預(yù)測約束狀態(tài)的變化;把大的優(yōu)化問題分解為一些子問題。</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)[ 11 ]在前文的基礎(chǔ)上, 研究了機(jī)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的性能質(zhì)量和容差靈敏度, 提出系統(tǒng)性

17、能質(zhì)量對容差靈敏度的確定方法和判定對容差最不敏感的健壯設(shè)計(jì)的通用方法。使用該方法, 可以確定出受尺寸容差影響最小的健壯機(jī)構(gòu), 同時(shí)可得高性能質(zhì)量的閉合形式的理想容差分布。</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)[ 12 ]研究了通過極小化靈敏度來實(shí)現(xiàn)健壯設(shè)計(jì)。其基本思想是: 在設(shè)計(jì)階段就通過選擇適當(dāng)?shù)淖兞? 使產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量對不確定性因素的敏感性最小, 使產(chǎn)品具有健壯性。這種方法的另一優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能設(shè)計(jì)出允許更大容差的產(chǎn)品而同時(shí)具有較低

18、的成本。Belegundu[11 ]首先定義了兩類變量: 設(shè)計(jì)變量b 和不確定變量x , 將機(jī)械或結(jié)構(gòu)的響應(yīng)F 表達(dá)為</p><p>　　F = F (b, x ) (2)</p><p>　　由此推導(dǎo)出基于最小靈敏度的健壯性設(shè)計(jì)問題的格式。文中的方法沒有假設(shè)變量的概率分布, 但提出的兩個(gè)定理, 證明了如果不確定變量考慮成為具有概率分布的隨機(jī)變量,那么靈敏度的降低就意味著失效概率的減小。

19、其結(jié)論為: 靈敏度越小, 安全性越高。</p><p>　　3　對健壯結(jié)構(gòu)的研究</p><p>　　田口在1986 年從質(zhì)量工程的角度提出健壯設(shè)計(jì)這一概念以后, 機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者們就試圖將健壯性的概念引入機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域?；拇ㄑ派萚13～ 15 ]研究了基于靈敏度分析的結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì), 提出了定性靈敏度和定性優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的概念, 給出了定位優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的通用算法[13 ]。爾后又將這種算法推廣到多

20、目標(biāo)優(yōu)化, 并義了三種模糊語言“小”,“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,“大”, 為它們配置了模糊子集, 子集中包含了離散化的設(shè)計(jì)變量。</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)[ 14 ]利用文獻(xiàn)[ 13 ]的結(jié)論, 提出一種利用已知的簡單優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)論來求解復(fù)雜問題的定性靈敏度的方法。文獻(xiàn)[15 ]提出了應(yīng)用試驗(yàn)結(jié)果和定性靈敏度來對實(shí)際的設(shè)計(jì)對象進(jìn)行定性優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方法, 使設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果具有健壯性。1991 年, 文獻(xiàn)[ 16 ]第一次提出了健壯結(jié)構(gòu)的概念

21、, 以后又連續(xù)發(fā)表文章, 對健壯結(jié)構(gòu)作了較深入的探討。他們提出的健壯結(jié)構(gòu)的定義是: 不管結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部參數(shù)還是外部環(huán)境的變動(dòng), 都對結(jié)構(gòu)的影響達(dá)到最小, 并提出了健壯結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)問題的格式。文獻(xiàn)[ 17 ]發(fā)展了健壯結(jié)構(gòu)的概念, 使其從狹義擴(kuò)展到廣義, 并列舉了在廣義的健壯結(jié)構(gòu)中, 一些目標(biāo)函數(shù)可能的取法。還應(yīng)用廣義的健壯結(jié)構(gòu)概念, 進(jìn)行了算例分析, 得出的結(jié)論為: 廣義健壯結(jié)構(gòu)用于靜態(tài)問題中的大部分問題都很有效, 但些性能指標(biāo)的效果欠佳。同時(shí)提

22、出以后的工作重點(diǎn)是尋找更好的性能指標(biāo)作為目標(biāo)函數(shù)。</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)[ 18 ]將健壯結(jié)構(gòu)從靜態(tài)延伸到動(dòng)態(tài), 提出了廣義的動(dòng)態(tài)健壯結(jié)構(gòu)的概念和廣義動(dòng)態(tài)健壯結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)方法。其要點(diǎn)是利用現(xiàn)有的有限元分析技術(shù), 以結(jié)構(gòu)自由振動(dòng)的特征值作為目標(biāo)函數(shù), 對其進(jìn)行靈敏度極小化分析, 從而求</p><p><b>　　出健壯性參數(shù)。</b></p><

23、p>　　文獻(xiàn)[19, 20 ]討論了模糊健壯結(jié)構(gòu), 指出以前都是以靈敏度的方法來設(shè)計(jì)健壯結(jié)構(gòu)的, 但靈敏度僅僅提供了局部信息, 因此不能確定用靈敏度設(shè)計(jì)出的結(jié)構(gòu)在大的范圍內(nèi)具有健壯性。在具體的解法中, 使用了一個(gè)隸屬函數(shù)L</p><p>　　ij, 并用算例討論了隸屬函數(shù)的變化造成的影響。</p><p>　　4　對結(jié)構(gòu).控制一體化的健壯性研究</p><p&g

24、t;　　現(xiàn)代機(jī)械工程技術(shù)發(fā)展到今天的水平, 已不再局限于某一領(lǐng)域。作為結(jié)構(gòu)和控制一體化的智能結(jié)構(gòu), 已廣泛應(yīng)用于結(jié)構(gòu)的主動(dòng)控制、機(jī)器人、航天、計(jì)算機(jī)硬盤等重要領(lǐng)域,成為新的研究熱點(diǎn)。所以對于結(jié)構(gòu).控制一體化的健壯化性設(shè)計(jì)的研究, 具有重要意義。長期以來, 結(jié)構(gòu)和控制部分都是作為單獨(dú)的模塊來設(shè)計(jì)的, 結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)過優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)后, 再將最優(yōu)控制系統(tǒng)加到結(jié)構(gòu)上。這樣導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果是無法考慮兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)的耦合, 使得系統(tǒng)參數(shù)間相互干擾, 設(shè)計(jì)出的結(jié)果可能效果很

25、差。所以有必要將結(jié)構(gòu)和控制集成后再進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)[ 21 ]討論了結(jié)構(gòu)和控制的集成設(shè)計(jì), 設(shè)計(jì)的對象是一具有主動(dòng)控制的結(jié)構(gòu), 約束施加于閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)的阻尼參數(shù)上。這一問題被定義為多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化, 以結(jié)構(gòu)重量和控制系統(tǒng)的能量作為目標(biāo)函數(shù), 以結(jié)構(gòu)件的橫截面積作為設(shè)計(jì)變量。多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化問題的難點(diǎn)在于幾乎不存在一個(gè)解使所有目標(biāo)函數(shù)同時(shí)達(dá)到最優(yōu)。所以文中使用了可行最優(yōu)解的概念。求解多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化問題一般的是用加權(quán)

26、因子將各目標(biāo)線性組合到一個(gè)目標(biāo)中, 但這樣會導(dǎo)致求出的解不一定是全局最優(yōu)解。文中采用了博弈論的方法來求解、使用相關(guān)權(quán)值來處理多目標(biāo)間的關(guān)系, 同時(shí)進(jìn)行了靈敏度分析, 以保證結(jié)果的健壯性。</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)[22 ]較深入地討論了具有主動(dòng)控制的結(jié)構(gòu)的健壯設(shè)計(jì)問題, 指出柔性結(jié)構(gòu)從本質(zhì)上講是分布參數(shù)系統(tǒng)。有限元計(jì)算中的近似處理會導(dǎo)致參數(shù)的誤差, 并會導(dǎo)致模態(tài)的喪失。結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)中也存在著相當(dāng)?shù)牟淮_定性, 這些不確

27、定性會明顯地影響控制系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和性能特性。因此必須確定參數(shù)擾動(dòng)對系統(tǒng)性能的影響。反饋控制系統(tǒng)的魯棒性成為設(shè)計(jì)中的一個(gè)重要問題。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中需考慮兩種魯棒性: 穩(wěn)定性魯棒性和性能魯棒性。</p><p>　　以往對穩(wěn)定性魯棒性的研究主要在頻域中用單值分解來完成, 而對性能魯棒性的研究則用靈敏度分析在時(shí)域進(jìn)行。同時(shí)在設(shè)計(jì)過程中研究穩(wěn)定性魯棒性和性能魯棒性的文獻(xiàn)較少。文獻(xiàn)[22 ]同時(shí)考慮這兩種魯棒性, 用閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)特

28、征值矩陣的狀態(tài)數(shù)來反映穩(wěn)定性魯棒性, 以相關(guān)靈敏度來示性能魯棒性。文中為了使系統(tǒng)達(dá)到健壯最優(yōu), 采用了多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化, 目標(biāo)函數(shù)有4 個(gè): (1) 穩(wěn)定性魯棒性; (2) 性能魯棒性; (3) 結(jié)構(gòu)重量; (4) 控制系統(tǒng)能量。采用協(xié)同模糊運(yùn)籌</p><p>　　學(xué)求解問題的可行最優(yōu)解。</p><p><b>　　5　結(jié)束語</b></p><p&

29、gt;　　(1) 基于質(zhì)量工程的健壯性設(shè)計(jì), 可以稱之為“廣義”的健壯性設(shè)計(jì)方法, 主要是在設(shè)計(jì)中對機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)在制造中產(chǎn)生的偏差加以克服, 使產(chǎn)品具有抵抗制造誤差干擾的能力。提供的方法大都是以試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的, 而且考慮的均為靜態(tài)問題, 不考慮產(chǎn)品在工作過程中本身的性能。今后主要工作在于提出更有效的健壯設(shè)計(jì)方法。</p><p>　　( 2) 基于靈敏度分析的健壯性設(shè)計(jì), 可以稱之為“狹義”的健壯性設(shè)計(jì)方法,

30、主要是對優(yōu)化以后的結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析, 使其具有健壯性。適用面較窄。</p><p>　　(3) 目前結(jié)構(gòu).控制一體化的健壯性研究僅僅考慮到集成后控制系統(tǒng)的魯棒性, 而對于結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的健壯性未做研究, 所以集成后的系統(tǒng)健壯性是一個(gè)新的且有價(jià)值的課題。</p><p>　　(4) 健壯性的概念起源于控制(魯棒性) , 后逐漸引入質(zhì)量工程, 現(xiàn)已向機(jī)械工程滲透。機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的健壯性設(shè)計(jì)是一門嶄新的學(xué)科,

31、它將對設(shè)計(jì)方法的更新產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。尤其是在當(dāng)前各學(xué)科互相滲透、互相補(bǔ)充的情況下, 機(jī)械的健壯性和結(jié)構(gòu).控制一體化健壯設(shè)計(jì)是這一領(lǐng)域的前沿課題。如何建立健壯性的評價(jià)指標(biāo), 是重要的基礎(chǔ)研究; 如何把控制中的魯棒性和機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的健壯性有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來,是理論研究的重點(diǎn)所在。這也將對智能結(jié)構(gòu)的廣泛應(yīng)用起到很大的推進(jìn)作用。</p><p>　　According to the machine design method o

32、f the haleness</p><p>　　Abstract: The concept of robustness derived from the field of cont role Engineering and cont role theory, and the concept of robust design put for ward by Taguch and used in quality e

33、ngineering get into the area of mechanical engineering in recent years. In this paper we discuss four aspects of the problem: robust design based on quality engineering; robust design based on ensitivity analysis; robust

34、 structure; structure. control synthesis robust design. Finally, the development in each aspect i</p><p>　　Keyword: Strong design; Quantity engineering; An analysis; The structure control integral whole turn

35、 ； Lead the speech</p><p>　　At the machine system design completes but enters the manufacturing and uses the stage, because of The influence of a series of indetermination factor, may appear the function up

36、the big variety, very Go to make product expired, thus cause the quantity unsteady .How make design to produce The article has the haleness, that is make the product and processes have the outside interference of holdout

37、 lead</p><p>　　Quantity of rise the ability of the motion, design the front of method to follow the topic current. Lift from here The machine concept of the strong sex design.</p><p>　　1 accordi

38、ng to strong design of the quantity engineering</p><p>　　1. One quantity engineering</p><p>　　The quantity engineering( the Q E) develops the whole process quality control and quantities to the

39、product The system engineering method of the control, include to design the total quantity engineering and the manufacturing quantity works Distance. Design the quantity engineering to mainly have: Strong sex design; Dep

40、endable sex design; Satisfy to produce</p><p>　　The article calculator of the overall quantity index sign gather turn the intelligence design; With the haleness, credibility Sex manages for the overall quant

41、ity of the point and quality control technique. Make the quantity engineering Mainly resolve to design the quantity to match the sex problem.</p><p>　　1. 2 concepts of the strong sex designs</p><

42、p>　　So-called and strong sex design, is to give the product or the process haleness, high performances And low cost design It is the function that a kind of function, quantity and costs synthesize excellent。</p>

43、<p>　　Turn to design the method, is a kind of to fix attention on in the economic performance, have a foothold in the technical quality of engineering Quantity design and management technique .This kind of design

44、method designs the square in the traditional engineering Development on the method since then of, it develop process is: Mathematics is excellent to turn → the engineering is excellent to turn( try Check the design) → a

45、method( the Tagnch imethod) of farmland → strong design.</p><p>　　The strong design can resolve the large-scale product design problem. It strengthened the farmland</p><p>　　The system design o

46、f the method, outstanding the QDF( the quantity function launch) leads to make first se.</p><p>　　1. 3 halenesses design the improvement of method</p><p>　　(1) Different form of the indeterminat

47、ion factor: A method of farmland considered only random Indetermination factor. Cultural heritage[1] discussed theindetermination factor of other forms, and point A these factors to excellent turn the target and the quan

48、tity letter to compare to have the influence, thus improved S. The N expression type.</p><p>　　(2) Other manhunt method: A method of farmland uses to experiment the method only at whole The design carries o

49、n the manhunt in the space, experimenting through just hand over of a series, can select Superior design parameter. What a method of farmland use is 23 the numbers experiment the design</p><p>　　Method, it i

50、mproves the method: Use two enter the type manhunt; At design the space usage to climb a mountain</p><p>　　Method; Can also use the random manhunt method etc..</p><p>　　(3) Control the condition

51、al design: A method of farmland is under the condition of have no stipulation Usage of, if the existence control, can make use of to control to search the method, will control to turn at first Change for all rate form. A

52、nother method is an usage definition the method of the boundary, settle a Divide a function. Can also use the Monte2 Carlo method to solve. Cultural heritage[2] pointed out a method of farmland at handle to control and

53、many target problem square</p><p>　　Shortage of face, developped a method of farmland, make it be able to handle to control and many target of Problem.The usage in text statisticses the analytical ANOVA conc

54、ept to certain excellent turn the target The importance of each factor in the function, expeled the influence of the of no account factor, get only An of can go the superior solution.</p><p>　　Cultural herit

55、age[3] make use of monotonous sex analysis technique and will have the haleness of the stipulation successfully Sex design problem simplification for have no control excellent turn the problem, let up the amount of calc

56、ulation with this. Text</p><p>　　Dedicate[4] put forward an according to analytical method of monotone, solve or help to solve Following problem: Find out the design changes the value of measure the x, make

57、can't control arbitrarily the parameter F to</p><p>　　The function characteristic y= the f(x, F) influence is minimum, namely to can't control the variation of factor of</p><p>　　The sen

58、sitivity is minimum, completing the strong design with this. This kind of method and farmland methods compare Lie in it and don't need to statistics to experiment, but according to the function characteristic functio

59、n y= f( x,F) Of monotonous sex.</p><p>　　1. 4 according to strong design of the quantity engineering</p><p>　　Cultural heritage[5,6] put forward a kind of path of strong design: Turn smallest fr

60、om the voice of Factor( can't control the factor) and can control the variation that factor cause. the strong design The origin reason is a result that passes to make variation result in minimum but need not remove w

61、hat it produce Source, raise the product quantity with this. Can is divided into the two major type to the problem from here:</p><p>　　Is output the variation of a factor (can't control the parameter) to

62、 function</p><p>　　Of influence let up the lowest limit: Will be able to control the variation of the factor(the design changes the quantity) output to function ofThe influence lets up the lowest limit.</

63、p><p>　　The ChenWei point out that oscular" the parameter design" of farmland is from the é problem hair The exhibition is since then, and put forward process that resolves two strong design prob

64、lems of include with</p><p>　　Next three and main step:</p><p>　　(1) The usage responds to face the method, establishment and all important can control and voice ，because of</p><p>

65、　　The son is relevant of respond to and face model.</p><p>　　(2) Aim at the different type of strong design problem, deduce to respond to of all be worth And function that square differ.</p><p>

66、　　(3) Make use of the compatible decision support problem( DSP) solution method, beg the haleness to establish Account the solution.</p><p>　　This kind of method that the ChenWei put forward has the followi

67、ng advantage: Can lead into the work The distance control, designing the well balanced between target to have to many very greatly vivid; Can Use to respond to face the model to reflect to match and not line result, comp

68、are the line of the farmland Sex model is more accurate; Responding to face model can be the fast nalytical mold piece apply in not In the strong design problem of the of the same kind type.But this kind of method ha<

69、/p><p>　　The function peace treaty tie the square distance is to use to experiment the covariance of design and special two times model Carry on look like of, for the height not the line model and two rank mode

70、ls the application is still not enough Be satisfied with; Deduce in the formula convenient arrived some assumptions, accurate sex of the influence model. The Park inson[7-9] is divided into the haleness of the engineerin

71、g model two type: Can the degree of the line Haleness and work properly A halen</p><p>　　M in f i (x , p ) i = 1, 2, .., q</p><p>　　s. t. The g j( x, p) ≤ bj j=1,2,.., q (1)</p><

72、p>　　The x in type changes the quantity( it is worth between the top and bottom limit) for the design and is to control to change the quantity; P for can't the control parameter, if error margin etc.. The Park in s

73、on points out that the core of strong design is an excellent turn the problem, strong The variation that a key concept design is to change the quantity and parameters deliver to the design letter Number, make the target

74、peace treaty tie produce all variation. The covariance that changes the</p><p>　　Aim at the engineering model, the Park inson discussed following seven kinds of strong design squareses</p><p>　　

75、Method: (1) Deliver the variation method( M ethod of T ransm it ted V ariat ion, M TV ) ; ( 2) Excellent turn analytical behind( Po st Op t imality A nalysis- POA ) ; (3) The parameter control( Paramet ric Const rains- P

76、C) ; (4) Mr. A method( To lerance Box App roach- TBA ) ; (5) Random excellent turn (Stochast icOp tm izat ion - SO ) ; (6) A method of farmland; (7) Related Other method. Use for the merit and shortcoming of each method

77、the solid example carried on comparison.</p><p>　　Have some other developments in the near future: Regulate the parameter method; Lead to go in to become Relativity; Processing not the positive distributes

78、the method of the parameter; The indetermination of other formsSex.</p><p>　　2 according to an analytical strong design</p><p>　　Cultural heritage[10] studied excellent turn the problem in the i

79、ntelligent degree of the parameter, put forward to work properly A concept that leads the number. Speak from mathematics, the intelligent degree lead the number to mean the target function and The design changes the quan

80、tity to beg to lead to the parameter study. The Jaro slaw[10] inquiried into how from A control excellent turn the equation that the problem acquires the intelligent degree to lead the number( a square distance), St</

81、p><p>　　The use of The target function and designs change the outwardly put of the quantity value; Many targets are excellent to turn;Predict the variety of control the appearance; Greatly excellent turn the pr

82、oblem decomposition as some sub- problems.</p><p>　　Cultural heritage[11] fore the foundation of the text up, studied the function quality of the organization system Quantity and permit the bad intelligent d

83、egree, put forward the system function quantity to permit bad assurance of the intelligent degree Method and judge in general use method to permit the bad least impressionable and strong design. Usage That method, can m

84、ake sure that be subjected to the strong organization that the size permits bad influence least, at the same time Can acquire</p><p>　　Belegundu[11] defined first two the types change the quantity: The desig

85、n changes to measure the b and not indeed</p><p>　　Change to measure the x certainly, respond to machine or structures expression of F is</p><p>　　F = F (b, x ) (2)</p><p>　　Deduce

86、from here to design the format of problem according to the haleness of the minimum and intelligent degree. Text The medium method did not suppose to change the quantity all the rate distribute, but two axiomses that put

87、 forward, certificate</p><p>　　Understand if the indetermination changes the quantity consideration to become have all the rate distribute of change the quantity random,</p><p>　　The so intellig

88、ent degree lowers and then mean the expiration all the rate let up.Its conclusion is: Work properly</p><p>　　The degree of is more small, the safety is more high.</p><p>　　3 rightnesses of stron

89、g and structural researches</p><p>　　The farmland puts forward the strong design from the angle of the quantity engineering in 1986 thisConcept later, the scholars of the mechanical engineering realm try the

90、 concept of the haleness Lead into the mechanical engineering realm. The livings etc.[13-15] studied is excellent to turn according to an analytical structure</p><p>　　Design, put forward certainly intellige

91、nt degree of sex and certainly sex is excellent to turn the concept of design, give settleIs excellent to turn the in general use calculate way of design[13].Expand this kind of calculate way again thereafter many eyes&l

92、t;/p><p>　　The mark is excellent to turn, and defined three kinds of misty languages" small"," the no rmal", " Large", installed the misty son to gather for them, the son concentra

93、tion included long-lost turn of The design changes the quantity.</p><p>　　Cultural heritage[14] makes use of the cultural heritage[13] conclusion, put forward a kind of make use of to have already know of Si

94、mple excellent turn the conclusion of design to solve the complicated problem certainly sex the square of the intelligent degree Method. Cultural heritage[15] puts forward the application to experiment the result and cer

95、tainly intelligent degree of sex come to actual Of design object carry on certainly sex is excellent to turn to design the method, making design as</p><p>　　The definition of the strong structure of is: In s

96、pite of internal parameter still an exterior environment of structure Of fluctuation, all attain to the influence of the structure minimum, and put forward the strong structure design The format of the problem.</p>

97、<p>　　Cultural heritage[17] developped the concept of the strong structure, making it expand to from the narrow sense Broad sense, was juxtaposed to raise in the strong structure of the broad sense, some target fu

98、nctions are possible Take the method. Still the strong structure concept of the applied broad sense, carried on to calculate an analysis, get Of conclusion is: The strong structure of broad sense uses for big and parts o

99、f problems within the static state problem all Very valid, but the result</p><p>　　The point is to look for the better function index sign to be the target function.</p><p>　　Cultural heritage[1

100、8] extend strong structure from the static state dynamic state, put forward the broad sense Of dynamic state strong structure of concept and the broad sense dynamic state strong structure of design method. Its important

101、point is to make use of an analysis technique, vibrating freely with the structure of The characteristic value is the target function, as to it's carry on the intelligent degree to turn the analysis smallest, thus be