機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯----高速銑削

1、<p><b>　　英文資料</b></p><p>　　High-speed milling</p><p>　　High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spind

2、le speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteris

3、tics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made signific</p><p>　　1 One of the advantages of high-speed

4、machining</p><p>　　High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has pl

5、agued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.</p><p>　　1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nat

6、ure of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be com

7、pleted rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the pr</p><p>　　1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface q

8、uality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, an

9、d high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40

10、.6um, pieces o</p><p>　　1.3 Cutting reduce the heat Because the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece co

11、ntacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing too

12、l in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high tem</p><p>　　1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled parts</p><p>　　High-speed cutting of s

13、mall cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the company's employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. Fo

14、r our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We mus

15、t first clear strategy for the developmen</p><p>　　1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processing</p><p>　　High-speed cutting

16、a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of a hardened tool steel processing forming, effectively

17、avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-s

18、peed machining replace the traditional me</p><p>　　2 High-speed milling </p><p>　　High-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one

19、 of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is th

20、e prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements. 2.1 Hi</p><p>　　General use of highly flexib

21、le high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the ma

22、in characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the

23、following areas:</p><p>　　General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spi

24、ndle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-spe

25、ed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas: High-speed</p><p>　　2.2 High-speed machining tool </p><p>　　High-speed machining tool is the most active

26、 one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, frict

27、ion, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of t

28、he factors. High</p><p>　　2.3 High-speed processing technology High-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-s

29、peed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fully play its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling

30、 cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased</p><p>　　3 Die in high-speed milling processing of Milling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of th

31、e new method,in </p><p>　　Mould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 ~ 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-s

32、peed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 ~

33、0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.</p><p>　　High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in

34、 the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the pe

35、ople respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, nu</p><p>　　4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and c

36、ountermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-te

37、ch industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting</p&g

38、t;<p><b>　　英文翻譯對照</b></p><p><b>　　高速銑削</b></p><p>　　高速切削加工是一種先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)，不同于傳統(tǒng)加工方式。它的主軸轉(zhuǎn)速高、切削進(jìn)給速度高、切削量小，單位時間內(nèi)的材料切除量卻增加3～6 倍。它以高效率、高精度和高表面質(zhì)量為基本特征，在汽車工業(yè)、航空航天、模具制造和儀器儀表等行業(yè)

39、中獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用，取得了重大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，是當(dāng)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的重要應(yīng)用。長期以來，人們對模具的加工一直采用銑削一磨削或者電火花(EDM)加工、打磨、拋光的方法。雖然電火花可加工硬度很高的工件，但較低的生產(chǎn)率使它的應(yīng)用受到制。隨著高速加工技術(shù)的發(fā)展，采用高速切削取代磨削拋光和電加工進(jìn)行模具加工已成為可能。使加工周期大為縮短，加工質(zhì)量得到可靠保證，加工成本降低。</p><p>　　1 高速切削加工的優(yōu)勢</p

40、><p>　　高速切削加工作為模具制造中集高效、優(yōu)質(zhì)、低耗于一身的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)。在常規(guī)切削加工中備受困擾的一系列問題，通過高速切削加工的應(yīng)用得到了解決。</p><p><b>　　1.1 提高生產(chǎn)率</b></p><p>　　高速切削的主軸轉(zhuǎn)速、進(jìn)給速度與傳統(tǒng)切削加工相比，發(fā)生了本質(zhì)性的飛躍，其金屬切除率提高了30%~40%，切削力降低了30%

41、，刀具的切削壽命提高了70%。還可加工淬硬零件，許多零件一次裝夾可完成粗、半精和精加工等全部工序，對復(fù)雜型面也能達(dá)到零件表面質(zhì)量要求，進(jìn)而提高了加工生產(chǎn)率和產(chǎn)品的市場競爭力。</p><p>　　1.2 改善加工精度和表面質(zhì)量</p><p>　　高速機(jī)床普遍具備高剛性和高精度等特點，加工時切削深度小，而進(jìn)給速度較快，切削力低，工件熱變形減少，而加工精度很高，表面粗糙度很小。高速銑削可獲得

42、無銑痕的加工表面，使零件表面質(zhì)量大大提高。加工鋁合金時可達(dá)Ra0.40.6um，加工鋼件時可達(dá)Ra0.2～0.4um。</p><p>　　1.3 減少切削產(chǎn)生的熱量</p><p>　　因為銑床主軸高速旋轉(zhuǎn)，切削加工是淺切削，同時進(jìn)給速度很快，刀刃和工件的接觸長度和接觸時間非常短，減少了刀刃和工件的熱傳導(dǎo)。高速切削采用干銑或油一氣(油霧)潤滑系統(tǒng)，避免了傳統(tǒng)加工時在刀具和工件接觸處產(chǎn)生大

43、量熱的缺點，保證刀具在溫度不高的條件下工作，延長了刀具的使用壽命。</p><p>　　1.4 有利于加工薄壁零件</p><p>　　高速切削時的切削力小，有較高的穩(wěn)定性，可加工高質(zhì)量同本公司內(nèi)部員工相比可能是非常優(yōu)秀的，但是同其他的公司的員工相比工作績效可能算不了優(yōu)秀。就我們中國實際來說，我們使用標(biāo)桿分析法來確定員工培訓(xùn)需求是簡單有效的。這種學(xué)習(xí)標(biāo)桿對象可以是外部的，也可以是內(nèi)部和外部

44、的結(jié)合。首先要明確企業(yè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。通過對企業(yè)內(nèi)外部環(huán)境和組織資源等分析，明確企業(yè)未來發(fā)展的目標(biāo)和業(yè)務(wù)重點。根據(jù)企業(yè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略尋找可以比照的標(biāo)桿企業(yè)，通過比較分析，最后確定標(biāo)桿企業(yè)。在確定標(biāo)桿企業(yè)后，有一項，是了解其發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，還是其市場占有率和市場增長率，還是員工各方面的情況等等，這要根據(jù)本企業(yè)的實際情況來確定。由于企業(yè)在不同的發(fā)展時期，其著力點是不同的，即企業(yè)需要投入的物力人力財力的重點是不同的。所以在一定的時期內(nèi)，企業(yè)要準(zhǔn)確地選定其跟

45、標(biāo)桿企業(yè)比較的部門和崗位，這樣更加具有實際意義，因為標(biāo)桿企業(yè)并不是處處都好，而且有些方面進(jìn)行比較沒有多少實際意義，再者這樣可以更充分地集中利用企業(yè)的有限資源。確定標(biāo)桿企業(yè)后，然后拿本企業(yè)的相應(yīng)的部門和員工同標(biāo)桿企業(yè)進(jìn)行比較，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者在工作績效的差距，比較分析，尋找原因，根據(jù)本企業(yè)的實際，最后確定培訓(xùn)</p><p>　　1.5 可部分替代某些工藝，如電火花加工、磨削加工</p><p>

46、;　　高速切削的一大特點，高速切削已可加工硬度達(dá)HRC60 的零件。采用帶涂層的硬質(zhì)合金刀具加工模具，直接將淬硬工具鋼一次安裝加工成形，有效地避免了零件多次安裝造成的裝夾誤差，提高了零件的幾何位置精度。在傳統(tǒng)加工模具的工藝中，對熱處理硬化后的工件需進(jìn)行電火花加工，用高速切削加工替代傳統(tǒng)切削的加工方法，可以省去模具制造工藝中的電火花加工，簡化了加工工藝和投資成本。</p><p>　　高速銑削加工可在專用的CNC

47、機(jī)床或加工中心上進(jìn)行，也可在加裝高速主軸的普通機(jī)床上進(jìn)行。后者不僅具有普通機(jī)床的加工能力，而且還可進(jìn)行高速銑削，減少了設(shè)備投資，增加了機(jī)床柔性。高速切削可以使加工效率提高、質(zhì)量提高、工序簡化，機(jī)床投資和刀具投資及維護(hù)費用上升，但綜合比較，可以顯著提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。</p><p><b>　　2 高速銑削加工</b></p><p>　　高速銑削加工的主要技術(shù)高速切削技術(shù)

48、是切削加工技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向之一，它隨著C N C 技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、新材料和新工藝等技術(shù)的發(fā)展而邁上更高的臺階。高速機(jī)床和高速刀具是實現(xiàn)高速切削的前提和基本條件，在高速切削加工中對高速機(jī)床的性能和刀具材料的選擇有嚴(yán)格的要求。</p><p>　　2.1 高速銑削加工機(jī)床為了實現(xiàn)高速切削加工</p><p>　　一般采用高柔性的高速數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心，也有的采用專用的高速銑、鉆床。機(jī)床同時具有

49、高速主軸系統(tǒng)和高速進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)，高的主軸剛度特性，高精度定位功能和高精度插補(bǔ)功能，特別是圓弧高精度插補(bǔ)功能。高速切削加工對機(jī)床的工藝系統(tǒng)提出了更高的要求，主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：</p><p>　　高速銑削機(jī)床必須具有高速主軸，主軸的轉(zhuǎn)速10000~100000m/min，功率大于15kW。還應(yīng)具有快速升速、在指定位置快速準(zhǔn)停的性能。主軸的軸向間隙不大于0 .0 0 0 2 m m 。高速主軸常采用液體靜壓軸承式、

50、空氣靜壓軸承式、混合陶瓷軸承、磁懸浮軸承式等結(jié)構(gòu)形式。主軸冷卻一般采用內(nèi)部水冷或氣冷。</p><p>　　高速加工機(jī)床的驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)應(yīng)能夠提供40～60m/min 的進(jìn)給速度，具有良好的加速度特性，能夠提供0.4m/s2 到10m/s2的加速度和減速度。為了獲得良好的加工質(zhì)量，高速切削機(jī)床必須具有足夠高的剛度。機(jī)床床身材料采用灰鑄鐵，還可以在底座中添加高阻尼特性的混凝土，以防止切削時刀具顫振影響加工質(zhì)量。具有高速數(shù)

51、據(jù)傳輸率，能夠自動加減速。加工工藝有利于切削加工和提高刀具壽命。目前高速機(jī)床的廠家，通常在普通機(jī)床上進(jìn)行低速、大進(jìn)給的粗加工，然后進(jìn)行熱處理，最后在高速機(jī)床上進(jìn)行半精加工和精加工，在提高精度和效率的同時盡可能地降低加工成本。</p><p>　　2.2 高速切削加工刀具</p><p>　　刀具是高速切削加工中最活躍重要的因素之一，它直接影響著加工效率、制造成本和產(chǎn)品的加工精度。刀具在高速

52、加工過程中要承受高溫、高壓、摩擦、沖擊和振動等載荷，因此其硬度和耐磨性、強(qiáng)度和韌性、耐熱性、工藝性能和經(jīng)濟(jì)性等基本性能是實現(xiàn)高速加工的關(guān)鍵因素之一。高速切削加工的刀具技術(shù)發(fā)展速度很快，應(yīng)用較多的如金剛石(P C D)、立方氮化硼(C B N)）、陶瓷刀具、涂層硬質(zhì)合金、(碳)氮化鈦硬質(zhì)合金T I C (N)等。立方氮化硼具有很高的硬度、極強(qiáng)的耐磨性和良好的導(dǎo)熱性，與鐵族元素之間有很大的惰性，在1300℃也不會發(fā)生顯著的化學(xué)作用，還具有良

53、好的穩(wěn)定性。實驗表明，用CBN 刀具切削硬度HRC35～67 的淬火鋼可以達(dá)到很高速度。陶瓷材料具有良好的耐磨性和熱化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性，其硬度、韌性低于C B N ，可用于加工硬度H R C < 5 0 的零件。硬質(zhì)合金刀具耐磨性好，但硬度比立方氮化硼和陶瓷低。采用刀具涂層技術(shù)，可以提高刀具硬度和切削加工的速度，適合切削硬度在HRC40～50 之間的工件?？捎糜谀蜔岷辖?、鈦合金、高溫合金、鑄鐵、純鋼、鋁合金及復(fù)合材料的高速切削，應(yīng)用最為廣

54、泛。精密加工有色金屬或非金</p><p>　　2.3 高速加工工藝</p><p>　　高速切削的工藝技術(shù)也是進(jìn)行高速切削加工的關(guān)鍵。切削方法選擇不當(dāng)，會使刀具加劇磨損，達(dá)不到高速加工的目的。只有高速機(jī)床和刀具沒有好的工藝技術(shù)指導(dǎo)，高速切削加工設(shè)備也不能充分發(fā)揮作用。在高速切削加工中，應(yīng)盡量選用順銑加工，順銑時刀具切入工件的切屑厚度為最大，隨后逐漸減小。高速切削加工適于淺的切深，切削深度

55、不超過0.2mm，可避免刀具的位置偏差，確保加工零件的幾何精度。保證工件上的切削載荷恒定，以獲得好的加工質(zhì)量。高速切削采用單一路徑順銑切削模式，盡量不中斷切削過程和刀具路徑，減少刀具的切入切出次數(shù)，以獲得相對穩(wěn)定的切削過程。減少刀具的急速換向，在換向時NC機(jī)床必須立即停止或降速，再執(zhí)行下一步操作。由于機(jī)床的加速度限制，易造成時間浪費，而且急?；蚣眲訒茐谋砻婢?。在模具的高速精加工中，在每次切入、切出工件時，進(jìn)給方向的改變應(yīng)盡量采用圓弧

56、或曲線轉(zhuǎn)接，避免采用直線轉(zhuǎn)接，以保持切削過程的平穩(wěn)性。</p><p>　　3 高速銑削在模具加工中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　高速銑削作為高效切削加工的新方法，在模具制造中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。在常規(guī)生產(chǎn)連桿鍛模時，用電火花加工型腔需12～15h，電極制作2h。改用高速銑削后，采用高速立銑刀對硬度H R C 6 0 的淬硬工具鋼進(jìn)行加工。整個鍛模加工只需3h20min，工效提高4～5 倍，加工

57、表面粗糙度達(dá)Ra0.5～0.6m ，質(zhì)量完全符合要求。</p><p>　　高速切削技術(shù)是切削加工技術(shù)的主要發(fā)展方向之一，目前主要應(yīng)用于汽車工業(yè)和模具行業(yè)，尤其是在加工復(fù)雜曲面、工件本身或刀具剛性要求較高的加工領(lǐng)域等，是多種先進(jìn)加工技術(shù)的集成，其高效、高質(zhì)量為人們所推崇。它不僅涉及到高速加工工藝，而且還包括高速加工機(jī)床、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、高速切削刀具及C A D / C A M 技術(shù)等。模具高速加工技術(shù)目前已在發(fā)達(dá)國家的

58、模具制造業(yè)中普遍應(yīng)用，而在我國的應(yīng)用范圍及應(yīng)用水平仍有待提高，由于其具有傳統(tǒng)加工無可比擬的優(yōu)勢，仍將是今后加工技術(shù)必然的發(fā)展方向。</p><p>　　4 數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢及對策裝備工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和現(xiàn)代化程度決定著整個國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的水平和現(xiàn)代化程度，數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備是發(fā)展新興高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)（如信息技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空、航天等國防工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)）的使能技術(shù)和最基本的裝備。馬克思曾經(jīng)說過“各種經(jīng)濟(jì)

59、時代的區(qū)別，不在于生產(chǎn)什么，而在于怎樣生產(chǎn)，用什么勞動資料生產(chǎn)”。制造技術(shù)和裝備就是人類生產(chǎn)活動的最基本的生產(chǎn)資料，而數(shù)控技術(shù)又是當(dāng)今先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和裝備最為核心的技術(shù)。當(dāng)今世界各國制造業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術(shù)，以提高制造能力和水平，提高對動態(tài)多變市場的適應(yīng)能力和競爭能力。此外，世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家還將數(shù)控技術(shù)及數(shù)控裝備列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物資，不僅采取重大措施來發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)，而且在“高精尖”數(shù)控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和裝備方面對我國實行封鎖和限制政