工程管理外文翻譯----淺談工程索賠的預(yù)防與處理

1、<p>　　Talking about the project </p><p>　　claim the prevention and treatment</p><p>　　Abstract：In project management, construction claim is a complex business management. Today's domest

2、ic project contracting market is becoming more competitive, successful low-cost has become a regular operation, the operating contractor for the construction of the claim is very important to achieve the goal. The signif

3、icance of the claim and described the concept for today's domestic construction projects in claims management problems were analyzed and the corresponding countermeasures and sugges</p><p>　　Key words: e

4、ngineering claim prevention deal with</p><p>　　1. The definition and classification of claims</p><p>　　Claim the project is the fulfillment of the contract, the contract due to the other part

5、y did not fulfill its obligations under the contract and this led to losses, other demands for compensation or the right to compensation. The incidence of claims is a two-way, as long as the contract side of the responsi

6、bility and obligation not to achieve contract, or to provide the conditions inconsistent with the contractual status, there are claims that may arise. It is also a kind of a right, under norma</p><p>　　1.1 T

7、he purpose of their claims can be divided into two categories: construction claims and claims costs.</p><p>　　Claim Construction Engineering refers to, as a result of non-responsibility of the contractor cau

8、ses delay in the construction process for approval of the contract extended period of the claim. Construction units of the purpose of the claim period is usually two: first, removed or have been shirking its responsibili

9、ty to extend the duration of the contract responsibility, so that they do not pay as much as possible or not to extend the time limit to pay fines; II is due to extension of the perio</p><p>　　2. The ca

10、use of the project claim</p><p>　　2.1 Engineering design arising from claims.</p><p>　　As the construction drawings in error or defective, working drawings and the actual construction site in ge

11、ology, environment, or the difference between the design drawings and specifications does not match the description of expression is not tight construction, equipment, materials, the name of the model specifications that

12、 Or the wrong amount of work is not clear and many other aspects of the flaws and omissions, resulting in rework. Inevitable in order to produce in the period, the labor, ma</p><p>　　2.2 Do not close the sig

13、ning of the contract arising from claims</p><p>　　The contract is a contract agreement, the tender documents, tender, contract-specific provisions, general provisions of the contract, drawings, BOQ and to f

14、ulfill the contract in the course of a series of supplementary agreements such as the composition of the document, the contracts signed between the two sides in accordance with the law The entry into force, legally bindi

15、ng, either party may change or dissolve the non-performance of the contract or the powers and duties. However, due to constr</p><p>　　2.3 The risk of accidents and unforeseen factors such as changes in the c

16、onditions of the claim</p><p>　　During the construction process, changes in the conditions of the construction site of the project cost and impact, such as earthquakes, typhoons, war, rebellion, radioactive

17、pollution and nuclear hazards, such as force majeure risks and natural disasters as well as the construction of sand mud emerged, geological Fault, natural cave, subsidence and underground structures or objects on the gr

18、ound floor, and other unknown obstacles, often leading to the changes caused by the construction claim. I</p><p>　　2.4 Project construction contracts management changes in the claim.</p><p>　　Th

19、e current construction market, the project construction contracts have a total package, sub-, sub-designate, contract labor, equipment, materials supply contract and a series of contract, so as to enable the project cons

20、truction contracts and management has become complicated by the difficulty Great. When any of the contracts can not perform well or poorly managed, will affect the project construction period, the quality and quantity, s

21、parking the project, quality, quantity and economic aspect</p><p>　　3 Works to prevent and deal with the claims. </p><p>　　3.1 The project Prevention claims</p><p>　　Of

22、 the above factors in the analysis of the project claim, the claim works, as owners of the management of the main square in the prevention and treatment efforts must be dealt with the principles and specific ways to deal

23、 with, making a reasonable claim for compensation evidence to ensure the progress of the construction project, quality, the cost of a virtuous circle. Should do the following specific areas:</p><p>　　3.1.1&#

24、160;To strengthen the claim of forward-looking prevention. As owners, supervision engineers and contractors must use their experience and the relevant regulations, to take active measures to prevent foreseeable claims th

25、e incident occurred. Such as strengthening the management of the contract, to strengthen preparatory work to strengthen the design review, and so on. However, if the claim is indeed taken place, should take active measur

26、es to control claims costs to a minimum.</p><p>　　3.1.2 In market economy conditions, the contract is binding both A and B criterion of economic behavior. As the owner's managers should pay attentio

27、n to fully and strictly carry out the contract. Before signing the contract should be repeated, as appropriate, the terms of the contract, pay attention to the strict letter of the contract documents, in order to prevent

28、 the implementation of the contract process as a result of loopholes in the text caused by the opportunity to claim, resulting in ad</p><p>　　In the design of management should strive to obtain the contract

29、by design drawings, data, and units designed to improve the quality of design, conditions permitting the introduction of the design competition, designed to improve the quality of service. 〖JP2〗through the design of the

30、credibility of the tender selection, design, management capacity in areas such as better design of the unit, designed to reduce as much as possible the reasons for increase in the risk of project cost, the latter de</

31、p><p>　　3.1.3 In the supply of materials, equipment and materials should be done on time and the supply, quality volume. As far as possible to avoid the supply of material specifications of the type, variety an

32、d not caused by the drawings of alternative materials. </p><p>　　3.1.4 The price may rise to the claim by the construction tender will be taken to increase the risk of a package as a death order to guar

33、d against the practice, that is, in business contracts, according to the length of period, the market price trend forecast, the two sides to agree on a cost risk To the contractors and contract during the construction of

34、 national and local government policy documents are no longer the implementation of price adjustment.</p><p>　　3.2 Engineering claims. </p><p>　　3.2.1 Should be based on a contract basis to dea

35、l with claims must be reasonable; have to pay attention to data collection, information truthfulness, reliability, and after that must deal with claims in a timely manner; in dealing with the specific claims process, we

36、must A close examination of the period when the claims should be given, should be given when the cost of claims. For example: an extremely bad weather conditions, we have exceeded the expected normal rain and snow, serio

37、usly hamperi</p><p>　　3.2.2 To deal with claims in the event of limitations should be carried out inspection, the building of China's construction contracts (GF-1999-2001) in the light of international c

38、ommon FIDIC conditions of contract claim against the statute of limitations provides as follows: "The claim occurred within 28 days of Engineers to issue a claim Notice; issued a notice of claim within 28 days to ra

39、ise additional engineers to extend the duration of the contract price or the claims report and related i</p><p>　　3.2.3 Should clearly define the responsibilities, strict examination fees. The claim of actua

40、l events are often responsible for both contracts, which should identify the reasons, clearly define responsibilities and in accordance with the terms of the contract's pricing review to determine the contract that b

41、oth sides should bear the cost.</p><p>　　3.2.4 Should work to strengthen the control of the initiative, works to reduce the claim. This requires the owners in project management, as far as possible the

42、work should be made in advance, to reduce the incidence of claims. This will enable the project to carry out more smoothly, reducing investment projects to reduce the construction period. To sum up, the claim for the pre

43、vention and management of investment projects to control play an important role in the international engineering constr</p><p>　　References  [1]  Wu Yuan, Wu Yin, China's construction industry, claims

44、 the status quo and countermeasures [J]. Economist, 2006, (3).  [2]  Xu Wei, Jin Fu, Chen Lianjie. Standardize the implementation of the construction project supervision Manual [M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Pr

45、ess, 2001.  [3]  Dong Cheng Hai, Zhang Jiansheng. Analysis of Construction Contract Management Problems and Solutions [J]. Modernization construction management, 2001, (1). [4] Cheng Hu. Encyclopedia of</p>&l

46、t;p>　　淺談工程索賠的預(yù)防與處理</p><p><b>　　摘要：</b></p><p>　　在工程項(xiàng)目管理中,施工索賠是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜的經(jīng)營管理工作。當(dāng)今國內(nèi)工程項(xiàng)目承包市場競爭日趨激烈,低價中標(biāo)已成為規(guī)律性的操作方式,施工索賠對于承包商經(jīng)營目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)非常重要。 對索賠的意義和概念進(jìn)行了闡述，對當(dāng)今國內(nèi)施工項(xiàng)目索賠管理中存在的問題進(jìn)行了分析，并提出了相應(yīng)的對策

47、和建議工程索賠與反索賠是合同雙方經(jīng)營活動不可缺少的組成部分。本文通過對工程索賠因素的分析，論述了在合同執(zhí)行中關(guān)于工程索賠相應(yīng)的處理原則及具體的處理方式。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：工程；索賠；預(yù)防；處理</p><p>　　1 索賠的定義及分類</p><p>　　索賠是指在工程承包合同履行中，合同當(dāng)事人一方由于另一方未履行合同所規(guī)定的義務(wù)而致使本方遭受損失時

48、，要求對方給予賠償或補(bǔ)償?shù)臋?quán)利。索賠的發(fā)生是雙向的，只要合同中一方的責(zé)任和義務(wù)未按合同約定實(shí)現(xiàn)，或出現(xiàn)提供的條件與合同約定狀態(tài)不一致，都有可能出現(xiàn)索賠。它既是一種權(quán)利也是一種行為，通常情況下，索賠是指承包商在合同實(shí)施過程中，對非自身原因造成的工程延期、費(fèi)用增加而要求業(yè)主給予補(bǔ)償損失的一種權(quán)利要求。而業(yè)主對于屬于施工單位應(yīng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任造成的，且實(shí)際發(fā)生了損失，向施工單位要求的賠償，稱為反索賠。</p><p>　　1.

49、1 索賠按其目的可分為兩類：工期索賠和費(fèi)用索賠。</p><p>　　工期索賠是指在工程施工中，由于非承包人責(zé)任的原因而導(dǎo)致施工進(jìn)程延誤，要求批準(zhǔn)順延合同工期的索賠。施工單位提出工期索賠的目的通常有兩個：一是免去或推卸自己對已產(chǎn)生的工期延長的合同責(zé)任，使自己不支付或盡可能不支付工期延長的罰款；二是進(jìn)行因工期延長而造成的費(fèi)用損失的索賠。如果工期延緩責(zé)任不是由施工單位造成，而建設(shè)單位已認(rèn)可施工單位工期索賠，則施工單位

50、還可以提出因采取加速措施而增加的費(fèi)用索賠。費(fèi)用索賠是以補(bǔ)償實(shí)際損失為原則，其目的是要求經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償。當(dāng)現(xiàn)實(shí)的條件與合同約定不一致，導(dǎo)致承包商增加開支，要求對超出計劃成本的附加開支給予補(bǔ)償，  以挽回不應(yīng)由他承擔(dān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。</p><p>　　2 工程索賠的發(fā)生原因 </p><p>　　2.1要程設(shè)計方面引起的索賠</p&

51、gt;<p>　　由于施工圖紙中存在缺陷或錯誤，施工圖與現(xiàn)場實(shí)際施工在地質(zhì)、環(huán)境等方面的差異或是設(shè)計的圖紙與規(guī)范要求不符，施工說明表達(dá)不嚴(yán)密，對設(shè)備、材料的名稱、規(guī)格型號表示不清楚或工程量錯誤等諸多方面的遺漏和缺陷，造成返工。從而不可避免的產(chǎn)生如在工期、人工、材料等方面的索賠要求。</p><p>　　2.2合同簽訂不嚴(yán)密引起的索賠</p><p>　　合同是由合同協(xié)議書、招

52、標(biāo)文件、投標(biāo)書、合同專用條款、合同通用條款、圖紙、工程量清單及合同履行過程中的補(bǔ)充協(xié)議等一系列的文件所組成的，經(jīng)承發(fā)包雙方依法簽訂生效，具有法律約束力，任何一方不得擅自變更或解除或不履行合同賦予的權(quán)力和義務(wù)。但由于工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)的復(fù)雜性和施工工期以及自然環(huán)境、氣候、周期長等因素的限制，加上合同中用詞嚴(yán)密性不強(qiáng)、文件之間的相互矛盾等，都有可能使雙方在簽訂施工合同時不能充分考慮和明確各種因素對工程建設(shè)的影響，從而引起施工索賠。</p&g

53、t;<p>　　2.3 意外風(fēng)險和不可預(yù)見因素等條件的變化引起的索賠</p><p>　　在施工過程中，施工現(xiàn)場條件的變化對工期和造價影響很大，如地震、臺風(fēng)、戰(zhàn)爭、叛亂、放射性污染、核危害等人力不可抗拒的自然災(zāi)害和風(fēng)險以及在施工中出現(xiàn)流沙泥、地質(zhì)斷層、天然溶洞、沉陷和地下文物或構(gòu)筑物等地下不明障礙物，常常導(dǎo)致工程變更，引起施工索賠。如在挖方工程中由于發(fā)現(xiàn)地下構(gòu)筑物和文物等，圖紙上并未說明，確屬施工單

54、位難以合理預(yù)見的人為障礙，如處理則必然導(dǎo)致工程費(fèi)用的增加，施工單位即可提出索賠。</p><p>　　2.4 工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)承發(fā)包管理模式變化引起的索賠</p><p>　　當(dāng)前的建筑市場，工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)承發(fā)包有總包、分包、指定分包、勞務(wù)承包、設(shè)備、材料供應(yīng)承包等一系列的承包方式，使工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)承發(fā)包變得復(fù)雜和管理模式難度增大。當(dāng)任何一個承包合同不能順利履行或管理不善時，都會影響工程

55、項(xiàng)目建設(shè)的工期、質(zhì)量和數(shù)量，繼而引發(fā)在工期、質(zhì)量、數(shù)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)等方面的索賠。如設(shè)備、材料供應(yīng)商不按工程項(xiàng)目的施工進(jìn)度和設(shè)計要求按時按質(zhì)提供設(shè)備、材料，工程也就不能按業(yè)主的要求和設(shè)計的質(zhì)量規(guī)格以及有關(guān)規(guī)范要求進(jìn)行施工，從而影響工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)的進(jìn)度和質(zhì)量，最終導(dǎo)致業(yè)主、總包方、分包方、設(shè)備材料供應(yīng)商相互間的索賠。</p><p>　　3 工程索賠的預(yù)防及處理</p><p>　　3.1工程索賠的預(yù)

56、防</p><p>　　通過以上對工程索賠因素的分析，對于工程索賠，作為業(yè)主方的管理主要是在預(yù)防和處理方面下功夫，必須要有相應(yīng)的處理原則及具體的處理方式，使得索賠合理，賠償有據(jù)，以確保建設(shè)工程項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)度、質(zhì)量、費(fèi)用的良性循環(huán)。具體應(yīng)做好以下幾方面：</p><p>　　1)加強(qiáng)索賠的前瞻性預(yù)防。作為業(yè)主、監(jiān)理工程師和承包商，都要借助自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和有關(guān)規(guī)定，采取積極的措施防止可以預(yù)見的索賠事件

57、的發(fā)生。如加強(qiáng)合同管理、加強(qiáng)前期準(zhǔn)備工作、加強(qiáng)對設(shè)計方案的審查等等。但如果索賠確實(shí)發(fā)生了，應(yīng)積極采取措施，把索賠費(fèi)用控制在最小范圍之內(nèi)。</p><p>　　2)在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，合同是約束甲乙雙方經(jīng)濟(jì)行為的準(zhǔn)繩。作為業(yè)主方的管理人員應(yīng)注意全面、嚴(yán)格地履行合同。合同在簽約前應(yīng)反復(fù)斟酌合同條款，注重合同文件文字的嚴(yán)密性，以防止在實(shí)施合同過程中因文字漏洞而造成索賠機(jī)會，從而導(dǎo)致額外投資。</p><

58、;p>　　在設(shè)計管理方面應(yīng)努力做到按合同規(guī)定索要設(shè)計圖紙、資料，并要求設(shè)計單位提高設(shè)計質(zhì)量，在條件允許的情況下引入設(shè)計競爭機(jī)制，提高設(shè)計服務(wù)質(zhì)量。〖JP2〗通過設(shè)計招標(biāo)選擇在信譽(yù)、設(shè)計水平、管理能力等方面較好的設(shè)計單位，盡可能地減少因設(shè)計原因增加工程造價的風(fēng)險，提高設(shè)計后期服務(wù)質(zhì)量。</p><p>　　3)在物資供應(yīng)方面，應(yīng)做到設(shè)備和材料供應(yīng)按時，保質(zhì)保量。盡量避免因材料供應(yīng)的規(guī)格型號、品種與圖紙不符而造

59、成材料代用。</p><p>　　4）對于物價上漲可能引起的索賠，可以通過施工招標(biāo)、采取將漲價作為風(fēng)險一次包死的作法來加以防范，即在商簽合同時，根據(jù)工期長短、市場物價走勢的預(yù)測，雙方商定一個風(fēng)險費(fèi)用給承包商，并在合同中規(guī)定建設(shè)期間國家、地方政府的政策性調(diào)價文件一律不再執(zhí)行。</p><p>　　3.2 工程索賠的處理</p><p>　　1）應(yīng)以合同為依據(jù)

60、，處理索賠時必須做到有理有據(jù)；必須注意資料的收集、對資料的真實(shí)性、可信度，必須認(rèn)定后及時地處理索賠；在具體處理索賠的過程中，一定要仔細(xì)分析，什么時候應(yīng)該給工期索賠，什么時候應(yīng)該給費(fèi)用索賠。比如：天氣條件極其惡劣，已超出了我們預(yù)想的正常雨雪天氣，嚴(yán)重阻礙了工程的進(jìn)展，這個時候，施工單位可以要求，業(yè)主也可以批準(zhǔn)延長工期，即工期索賠成立，但不應(yīng)出現(xiàn)費(fèi)用索賠。再比如，在工程的全面展開時期，部分工程發(fā)生變更，施工單位對變更已完部分及等待圖紙時該部

61、分的施工人員及機(jī)械要求索賠，此時，對于已完部分的索賠，應(yīng)該全部給付，其中包括成本和利潤，但對于停滯的人員和機(jī)械，由于正值施工旺季，完全可以先把此部分人員、機(jī)械調(diào)到別處使用，所應(yīng)賠付的應(yīng)該只是更換工作地點(diǎn)及工種的工效降低費(fèi)。</p><p>　　2）在處理索賠事件時應(yīng)進(jìn)行時效檢查，我國建設(shè)工程施工合同文本(GF— 1999—2001)參照國際上通用的FIDIC合同條件對索賠的時效作了如下規(guī)定：“索賠發(fā)生28天內(nèi)，向

62、工程師發(fā)出索賠意向通知；發(fā)出索賠意向通知后28天內(nèi)，向工程師提出追加合同價款或延長工期的索賠報告及有關(guān)資料；工程師在收到承包商送交的索賠報告和有關(guān)資料后，于28天內(nèi)給予簽復(fù)，或要求承包商進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充索賠理由和證據(jù)。工程師在28天內(nèi)未給予答復(fù)或未對承包商作進(jìn)一步要求，視為該項(xiàng)索賠已經(jīng)認(rèn)可”。對于超出規(guī)定時效期限的索賠，視具體情況有權(quán)拒絕。同時對有效索賠應(yīng)及時處理。</p><p>　　3）應(yīng)分清責(zé)任，嚴(yán)格審核費(fèi)用。對

63、實(shí)際發(fā)生的索賠事件，往往是合同雙方均負(fù)有責(zé)任，對此要查明原因，分清責(zé)任，并根據(jù)合同規(guī)定的計價方式進(jìn)行審核，以確定合同雙方應(yīng)承擔(dān)的費(fèi)用。</p><p>　　4）應(yīng)在工作中加強(qiáng)主動控制，減少工程索賠。這就要求業(yè)主在工程管理過程中，應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量將工作做在前面，減少索賠事件的發(fā)生。這樣能夠使工程更順利地進(jìn)行，降低工程投資，減少施工工期。</p><p>　　綜上所述，索賠的預(yù)防和處理對于工程投資控制

64、起著相當(dāng)重要的作用，在國際工程中一般施工索賠額都要達(dá)到合同價款的10—15％，個別情況甚至更多。為更好地處理好建設(shè)工程中的索賠問題，須從加強(qiáng)工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)施工計劃和施工合同管理、加強(qiáng)人員培訓(xùn)等方面入手，積極探索、實(shí)踐。</p><p>　　參 考 文 獻(xiàn)［1］鄔媛，殷煥武，我國建筑行業(yè)索賠現(xiàn)狀及對策分析［J］.經(jīng)濟(jì)師，2006,(3).［2］徐偉, 金福安, 陳連杰.建設(shè)工程監(jiān)理規(guī)范實(shí)施手冊［M］.北京：