外文翻譯--設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)電網(wǎng)知識(shí)的可視化

1、<p>　　中文3000字,1690單詞，9600英文字符</p><p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　學(xué) 院： 信息工程學(xué)院 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù) </p><p>　　姓 名：

2、 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)： </p><p>　　外文出處 Knowledge Acquisition and Modeling, 2009. KAM'09. </p><p>　　Second International Symposium on. IEEE, 2009, 1:

3、 442-445. </p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 </p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)電網(wǎng)知識(shí)的可視化</p><p>　　Zhaoyang Qu, Junzhou Liu</p><p>　　摘要：正確高效率的電網(wǎng)工作狀態(tài)是電力系統(tǒng)

4、運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定性的保障。如今，電網(wǎng)知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)方式不直觀，不生動(dòng)，且效率不高。本文提出了電網(wǎng)知識(shí)可視化的概念，使用基于PFCM（概率模糊認(rèn)知地圖）電網(wǎng)可視化技術(shù)，設(shè)計(jì)了電網(wǎng)知識(shí)的可視化平臺(tái)。在VR（虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)）技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上，以圖形模式的方法來展示知識(shí)，可以很容易理解和分析。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：知識(shí)可視化;電網(wǎng)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)顯示; PFCM，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí);SOA</p><p><b>　　1

5、．引言</b></p><p>　　電網(wǎng)的數(shù)據(jù)和運(yùn)行條件信息是復(fù)雜和實(shí)時(shí)的。如何展示使其能夠有效地被人們學(xué)習(xí)接受是研究的熱點(diǎn)。“一張圖片勝過千言萬語！”這句話反映了電網(wǎng)的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)顯示的關(guān)鍵是可視化。通過圖形顯示模式，可視化向我們展示了電網(wǎng)的運(yùn)行數(shù)據(jù)。人類比起計(jì)算機(jī)來說，在邏輯對(duì)比分析中具有令人難以置信的能力和優(yōu)勢。計(jì)算機(jī)安全事故的發(fā)生比人類快10000倍[1]，當(dāng)從一個(gè)圖片發(fā)現(xiàn)趨勢或者深刻含義時(shí)，人類

6、的直覺往往比計(jì)算機(jī)更靈敏。然而，目前的電網(wǎng)的運(yùn)行條件顯示系統(tǒng)面臨的一個(gè)普遍問題需要解決：</p><p>　　基于二維或三維的電網(wǎng)運(yùn)行條件顯示方面有他們的缺點(diǎn)。例如，顯示的數(shù)據(jù)量太小，缺乏顯示使用和深層次的抽象信息，“看不清楚，看不明白，無法看透！”等缺點(diǎn)導(dǎo)致人們的學(xué)習(xí)能力降低，不能為潛在的安全威脅做出正確的決策和警告，所以前者的方法不能滿足生動(dòng)的視覺需求[2]。</p><p>　　鑒于

7、上述問題，提出了基于電網(wǎng)知識(shí)可視化平臺(tái)的電網(wǎng)運(yùn)行條件的顯示方法。</p><p>　　2.電網(wǎng)知識(shí)可視化平臺(tái)架構(gòu)</p><p>　　電網(wǎng)知識(shí)可視化可以被定義為隱性知識(shí)，如電網(wǎng)實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)與知識(shí)提取技術(shù)的顯性知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化過程，知識(shí)推理和虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)等；當(dāng)然也包括數(shù)據(jù)和信息提取、數(shù)據(jù)和信息的創(chuàng)新的處理。</p><p>　　基于SOA（面向服務(wù)的架構(gòu)）的平臺(tái)架構(gòu)如圖1所示。鏈接表

8、示邏輯層，業(yè)務(wù)邏輯層，客戶端層，底層數(shù)據(jù)庫與該服務(wù)總線技術(shù)的交互，以便處理電網(wǎng)的可視化和客戶端層獲得了知識(shí)可視化平臺(tái)中客戶端和服務(wù)器的鏈接。在平臺(tái)中它包括所有的系統(tǒng)的客戶端或設(shè)備。這些設(shè)備可以通過提供的API服務(wù)的平臺(tái)進(jìn)行連接;表示邏輯層是對(duì)取得的知識(shí)可視化的核心處理，提取出電網(wǎng)實(shí)時(shí)資料和可視化的知識(shí)，通過Servlet和JSP單元實(shí)現(xiàn)，與此同時(shí)封裝了所有知識(shí)可視化服務(wù)和訪問系統(tǒng)中電網(wǎng)和客戶端的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯。業(yè)務(wù)邏輯層提供各種所需的平臺(tái)客戶

9、端中電網(wǎng)知識(shí)可視化的服務(wù)，包括平臺(tái)運(yùn)行配置客戶端所有可視化的表示邏輯，并支持插件模式，平臺(tái)控制臺(tái)、底部渲染功能；通過平臺(tái)服務(wù)總線數(shù)據(jù)API的連接和SCADA，DMS的數(shù)據(jù)庫，底層數(shù)據(jù)庫提供所需的電網(wǎng)知識(shí)可視化的實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p>　　圖1.可視化平臺(tái)架構(gòu)</p><p><b>　　3.電網(wǎng)知識(shí)提取</b></p><p>　　電網(wǎng)知識(shí)

10、可視化需要三個(gè)步驟。第一步：挖掘電網(wǎng)知識(shí)和建立可視化過程所需的知識(shí)單元;第二步：通過知識(shí)單元實(shí)現(xiàn)建立知識(shí)圖形的推理模型;第三步：通過OPENGL函數(shù)模型輸出，最后以餅狀圖和柱狀圖的形式顯示。</p><p>　　例如，我們選取局部電網(wǎng)中的運(yùn)行情況，以此來詳細(xì)的討論怎樣實(shí)現(xiàn)電網(wǎng)知識(shí)的可視化。假設(shè)本地電網(wǎng)設(shè)備有8個(gè)，其中，我們以x，y和z分別顯示斷路器，過流保護(hù)和距離保護(hù)的數(shù)量。</p><p&g

11、t;　　1.1創(chuàng)建電網(wǎng)屬性列表的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)狀態(tài)及相關(guān)矩陣</p><p>　　首先選擇一個(gè)示例，根據(jù)電網(wǎng)實(shí)時(shí)操作信息集，以斷路器，過流保護(hù)和距離保護(hù)條件屬性中的動(dòng)作信息，創(chuàng)造條件屬性列表S，條件是屬性列表中包括數(shù)N（N= X + Y+ Z）的實(shí)時(shí)操作。</p><p>　　表1中為信息樣本，我們在其中列出斷路器CB1，CB2... CB（x），距離保護(hù)RR1，RR2... RR（y）時(shí)，過電流保

12、護(hù)器為CO1，CO2... CO（Z），其中所述值的條件屬性是“0”或“1”，“1”表示關(guān)閉修改斷路器及保護(hù)動(dòng)作，“0”表示斷路器修改或復(fù)位動(dòng)作的值。</p><p>　　表一 電網(wǎng)屬性列表操作條件</p><p>　　創(chuàng)建等差矩陣，以響應(yīng)該包括n個(gè)樣本中的決策表，可以得到命令-N*N的矩陣所示為圖2：</p><p><b>　　圖2 可辨矩陣</

13、b></p><p>　　2.1創(chuàng)建電網(wǎng)知識(shí)操作單元</p><p>　　首先判斷識(shí)別矩陣MD的單一屬性，并分別為各矩陣元素建立分離表達(dá)式;然后進(jìn)行計(jì)算，結(jié)合所有分離表達(dá)式，使之成為析取范式，以字母k加入析取表達(dá)式，逐個(gè)結(jié)合;最后，通過判斷結(jié)合的結(jié)果，發(fā)現(xiàn)知識(shí)單元Rmai[3]，過程和詳細(xì)說明如圖3。</p><p>　　圖3.電網(wǎng)知識(shí)單元建設(shè)進(jìn)程</p

14、><p><b>　　電網(wǎng)知識(shí)推理</b></p><p>　　創(chuàng)建電網(wǎng)操作知識(shí)單元是建立在數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上的，然而知識(shí)單元是挖掘原始數(shù)據(jù)密鑰中的信息。并且不能以人類視覺形式為接受的方式來展示。創(chuàng)建出基于VR技術(shù)顯示方式的知識(shí)單元[4]的認(rèn)知地圖，那么整個(gè)過程中就可以完成實(shí)現(xiàn)和應(yīng)用知識(shí)的可視化。</p><p>　　1.1創(chuàng)建基于PFCM的數(shù)學(xué)模型&l

15、t;/p><p>　　使用PFCM（概率模糊認(rèn)知圖）概念能夠有效地解決專家知識(shí)和不確定推理或問題之間的不確定性所產(chǎn)生的因果關(guān)系。因果關(guān)系的不確定性通過PFC和PFC來融合。而FCM增強(qiáng)了模擬因果關(guān)系FCM的能力[5]。數(shù)學(xué)模型為：</p><p><b>　　(1)</b></p><p>　　在式（1）中，n代表所有的概念數(shù)量，Vcj(t+1)代

16、表概念Cj狀態(tài)值在t+1內(nèi)的時(shí)間，Vci（t）代表狀態(tài)值時(shí)間t的推理，Vcm（t）代表相關(guān)概念Cm狀態(tài)值在t內(nèi)的時(shí)間。Wij（t）代表在強(qiáng)度t內(nèi)概念Ci和概念Cj之間的因果關(guān)系，r代表這一時(shí)刻狀態(tài)值對(duì)下一時(shí)刻狀態(tài)值反應(yīng)時(shí)間的影響因素，F(xiàn)（x）代表概念Cj的閾值函數(shù)。</p><p>　　2.1創(chuàng)建基于PFCM知識(shí)推理模型：</p><p>　　基于PFCM的知識(shí)推理模型：假設(shè)一個(gè)知識(shí)單元包

17、含n個(gè)信息點(diǎn)，那么PFCM模型應(yīng)該包含n個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)，然后建立狀態(tài)矩陣C是，建立關(guān)系的權(quán)重矩陣W是：</p><p><b>　　（2）</b></p><p><b>　?。?）</b></p><p>　　狀態(tài)矩陣：C1，C2，C3，，Cn是n個(gè)信息點(diǎn)的狀態(tài)的值。其狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換函數(shù)：</p><p>　　

18、Y=C*W （4）</p><p>　　然后，得到的每一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的狀態(tài)輸出：</p><p><b>　?。?）</b></p><p>　　yj是基于關(guān)系權(quán)重作用于信息點(diǎn)j和狀態(tài)Cj的知識(shí)動(dòng)作[7]。這樣的信息點(diǎn)

19、狀態(tài)輸出函數(shù)可以得到一個(gè)結(jié)果，就是信息點(diǎn)j的新狀態(tài)。</p><p><b>　?。?）</b></p><p>　　矩陣計(jì)算和狀態(tài)輸出函數(shù)對(duì)知識(shí)單元的狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變中的每一步進(jìn)行推理[8]。假設(shè)n=6，x=3，y=1，z=2，則它可以基于PFCM上獲得知識(shí)的推理模型的關(guān)系得到的權(quán)重矩陣w。矩陣和PFCM如圖4所示：</p><p>　　圖4 關(guān)系權(quán)

20、重矩陣W和PFCM</p><p><b>　　VR展示</b></p><p>　　知識(shí)推理模型計(jì)算后可以得到結(jié)果值。結(jié)果值示于表‖：5次計(jì)算，每次間隔時(shí)間為1秒。</p><p>　　圖5中，平臺(tái)的VR是基于三維坐標(biāo)所顯示的數(shù)據(jù)和其他數(shù)據(jù)的系統(tǒng)。通過旋轉(zhuǎn)z周圍360度的坐標(biāo)軸，可以觀察到，信息分別被連接到x和y坐標(biāo)軸。平臺(tái)建立了三維模型和一

21、般的動(dòng)態(tài)交互系統(tǒng)，為用戶提供交互式窗口和工具。</p><p>　　以SF6斷路器CB1為例：x軸包括屬性有“設(shè)備名稱”，“設(shè)備規(guī)格”，“設(shè)備制造商”，“設(shè)備備注”;y軸包括屬性有“運(yùn)行狀態(tài)”，“工作日志”，“維修記錄”。</p><p>　　移動(dòng)鼠標(biāo)到屬性欄中可以查看特定的屬性。Y軸“工作日志”和運(yùn)行狀態(tài)”向我們展示以圖形形式的知識(shí)形式。并且可以選擇看到另外的圖形顯示方式，如“折線圖”，

22、“餅狀圖”，“直方圖”，等等。</p><p>　　當(dāng)CB1存在問題時(shí)，平臺(tái)的虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)顯示系統(tǒng)可以給用戶顯示CB1的哪部分有問題。從圖5中，可以看出用紅色標(biāo)記出了斷路器斷電。平臺(tái)的虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)顯示系統(tǒng)向我們展示了故障原因是由于天然氣泄漏率SF6的超標(biāo)而發(fā)生的。超標(biāo)能夠通過檢查運(yùn)行狀態(tài)和工作日志查明原因。當(dāng)問題出現(xiàn)時(shí)，點(diǎn)擊“維修記錄”斷電模式，以檢查和編輯其歷史的維護(hù)和維修記錄。然后將鼠標(biāo)移動(dòng)到x軸和檢測設(shè)備的特定屬性

23、，按照“設(shè)備規(guī)格”、“設(shè)備制造商”與設(shè)備制造商聯(lián)系進(jìn)行維修并做出維修計(jì)劃。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　本文提出了電網(wǎng)運(yùn)行條件顯示的新方法-電網(wǎng)知識(shí)可視化。這種方法通過轉(zhuǎn)變電網(wǎng)操作單元所獲取知識(shí)中的信息。通過基于PFCM與VR技術(shù)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，和顯示推理模型建立知識(shí)可視化的推理模型。然后通過VR顯示并實(shí)現(xiàn)電網(wǎng)知識(shí)的可視化。電網(wǎng)運(yùn)行條件的

24、最終顯示的結(jié)果是圖形形式，使用戶可以生動(dòng)直觀的觀察，理解，做出更有效正確的決策。</p><p><b>　　表2 計(jì)算結(jié)果值表</b></p><p><b>　　附件2：外文原文</b></p><p>　　Design and Realization of Power Gird Knowledge Visualiza

25、tion</p><p>　　Abstract—The correct, high efficiency power gird operating condition display is guarantee of the power system operating stability.Now, power gird operating condition display is not intuitive,vi

26、vid ,and efficiency is not high.The paper proposes the concept of power grid knowledge visualization,designs power gird visualization platform.Using power grid visualization technology based on PFCM(Probabilistic Fuzzy C

27、ognitive Map),power grid operating fundamental data can be transform into power grid op</p><p>　　Keywords-knowledge visualization; power grid operating condition display; PFCM, virtual reality; SOA</p>

28、<p>　　1. INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　Data and information of power grid operating condition is complex and real-time.How to display it and make it can be accepted effectively is research hotspot." A Pi

29、cture is worth a thousand words!" This sentence reflects that the key of power grid operating condition display is visualization. By the graphic display mode, visualization shows us power grid operating data. Human

30、has an advantage over computer since human have unbelievable ability of logical contrastive analysis. Computer security i</p><p>　　Power grid operating condition display based on two-dimensional or three-dim

31、ensional has disadvantages.For example, display Data Quantity is too small, lack of display usage and high-level abstractions information," can't see clearly, don't understand, can't see through!",

32、Disadvantages lead to human's perception ability low, and can't make correct decisions and warning for potential security threats, so the former methods can't satisfy the vivid and visual requirements [2].<

33、;/p><p>　　In view of the above problems, this paper proposes a power grid operating condition display method based on power grid knowledge visualization platform. </p><p>　　2. POWER GRID KNOWLEDGE

34、VISUALIZATION PLATFORM ARCHITECTURE </p><p>　　Power grid knowledge visualization can be defined as the process that transform the tacit knowledge such as power grid real-time data to explicit knowledge with

35、the technology of knowledge extraction, knowledge reasoning and virtual reality, ect;Also the process of data and information extraction and data and information innovation.</p><p>　　Platform architecture as

36、 shown in Figure 1 which is based on SOA (Service Oriented Architecture). Link the presentation logic layer, business logic layer, the client layer, the bottom database to each other with the service bus technology, in o

37、rder to deal with the visualization of the power grid the client layer achieved the connection of the knowledge visualization Platform Client and server.It includes all the system client or equipment of the platform.Thes

38、e devices can be connected through t</p><p>　　processing it extract the power grid real-time datas as knowledge,than visualize the knowledge,achieve the element by Servlet and JSP,At the same time, it encaps

39、ulates all the the presentation logic of visualization of the power grid and client of service and access system.The business logic layer provides kinds of the power grid knowledge visualization business services needed

40、by platform client,Including the platform running configuration, the model supporting plug-ins, the platform console fe</p><p>　　3. THE POWER GRID KNOWLEDGE EXTRACTION</p><p>　　The power grid kn

41、owledge visualization requires three steps. Step one is to extract in the power grid knowledge mining and the knowledge unit required to establish the visualization process; Step two : the knowledge unit is to implement

42、the knowledge inferring model by establishing knowledge graph; Step three: the model output through the OPENGL function, can display in the form of pie charts and histograms.</p><p>　　Taken the running situa

43、tion of local power grid equipment for example, the detailed realization of the power grid knowledge visualization was discussed.</p><p>　　Suppose the local power grid equipment consists of 8, the form in wh

44、ich we show the number of breaker, overcurrent protection and distance protection are x,y and z respectively.</p><p>　　1.1 Create the operating condition of power grid attribute list and related identifiable

45、 matrix </p><p>　　It firstly selects the sample set according to power grid real-time operation information, then taking the action message of breaker, overcurrent protection and distance protection as condi

46、tion attributes, and creates the condition attributes list S. The condition attributes list consists of the number of n(n=x+y+z) real-time operation </p><p>　　Figure 1. Visualization platform architecture &

47、lt;/p><p>　　information samples as shown as table 1, the attribute in which we show the breaker CB1 CB2…CB(x), distance protection RR1 RR2…RR(y) overcurrent protection CO1 CO2…CO(z) the value of the condition a

48、ttributes is "0" or "1", the value of "1" express breaker from shut modification to cut and protection action, and the value of "0" express breaker unmodification or reset action.

49、</p><p>　　TABLE I. THE OPERATING CONDITION OF POWER GRID ATTRIBUTE LIST </p><p>　　Create the decision table of discernible matrix , in response to the decision table consists of n samples, can

50、be get order-N*N discernible matrix as shown as Figure 2: </p><p>　　Figure 2. Discernible matrix </p><p>　　2.1 Create the power grid knowledge operating unit </p><p>　　It firstly ma

51、ke a single attribute judgment of the discernible matrix MD, and build up the disjunctive expression for all matrix element respectively; then carry out conjunction calculations for all disjunctive expression and turn it

52、 into disjunctive normal form, the elements in set K join the disjunctive expression in order to conjunction one by one;finally, by judging the conjunction result and so the knowledge unit Rmai was found[3]. The processe

53、s are described in detail within </p><p><b>　　Figure 3.</b></p><p>　　4. THE POWER GRID KNOWLEDGE REASONING </p><p>　　Creation of the power grid operating knowledge unit

54、is for establish a data basis but the effect of knowledge unit is original data key information mining.Knowledge unit is not be displayed in manner of visual forms that can be accepted by human.Creat the cognitive map us

55、ing knowledge unit[4],and show the cognitive map in VR technology,then the whole realization and application of knowledge visualization process is completed. </p><p>　　1.1 Create the mathematical model based

56、 on PFCM</p><p>　　Using PFCM (probabilistic fuzzy cognitive map) can effective resolve uncertainty of experts' knowledge and uncertain reasoning or issue of the causal relationship between the concepts.

57、Uncertainty of causality is blent into FCM by PFCM.PFCM enhance FCM's abilities that simulate causality[5].The mathematical model is: </p><p><b>　　（1）</b></p><p>　　In the formula

58、(1),n is quantity of all concepts, Vcj(t+1) stand for state value of result concept cj at the time of t+1, Vci(t) stand for state value of reason concept ci at the time of t, Vcm(t) stand for state value of relevant con

59、cept cm at the time of t[6]. Wij(t) stand for causal relation Intensity between concept ci and concept cj at the time of t,r stand for impact factors that state value of this moment react on the next moment, f(x) stand f

60、or threshold function of concept Cj. </p><p>　　Figure 3. Power grid knowledge unit building process </p><p>　　2.1 Create the knowledge reasoning model based on PFCM:</p><p>　　The k

61、nowledge reasoning model based on PFCM is:suppose a knowledge unit contains n information points,so the PFCM model should contains n nodes,then establish state matrix c that is and establish relationship weight matrix W

62、 that is : </p><p><b>　?。?）</b></p><p>　　In the state matrix: c1,c2,c3, ,cn are state value of n information points.Its state transition function is: </p><p>　　Y=C*W

63、 (4)</p><p>　　Then it gets status output of every node:</p><p><b>　?。?）</b></p><p>　　yj is knowledge acti

64、on union of all forward information points based on relationship weights act on state Cj of information point j[7].So a state output function of information point can obtain a result that is the new state of information

65、point j.</p><p><b>　?。?）</b></p><p>　　State transition of knowledge unit is reasoning,matrix calculation and state output function carry out each step of reasoning[8].Suppose n=6,x=3

66、,y=1,z=2,then it can get a result of knowledge reasoning model's relationship weight matrix W based on PFCM. Matrix and PFCM is shown in Figure 4: </p><p>　　Figure 4. Relationship weight matrix W and PF

67、CM </p><p>　　VR DISPLAY</p><p>　　It can get result value after calculation of knowledge reasoning model.The reslut values is shown in TableII: 5 times calculation, 1 second distance every time.

68、</p><p>　　As shown in Figure 5,Platform's VR display system is based on three-dimensional coordinate, knowledge value that is displaied and other data need to be classified. The classification is connect

69、ed to the X and y coordinate axis.It can be observed for around 360 degrees through rotate z coordinate axis.Platform build three-dimensional model and general dynamic interactive system, providing interactive windows an

70、d tools for users. </p><p>　　Take a SF6 breaker CB1 for example: x axis includes attributes" equipment name"," equipment specifications","equipment manufacturer"," equipmen

71、t remarks"; y axis includes attributes" operating state"," operating log"," maintenance records". </p><p>　　Move mouse to attributes column can check specific attributes. y

72、 axis's "operating log"and" operating state"show us knowledge value in graphic form.It can be choosen to see in many forms,like" line charts"," pie chart","histogram"

73、,etc. </p><p>　　When there is a problem with CB1, platform's VR display system can show users which part of CB1 has a problem.From the Figure 5, it can be seen arc extinguish </p><p>　　chamb

74、er that broken down is marked with red color. Platform's VR display system show us the fault reason that is gas-leakage-rate of SF6 exceeded standards.The reason that exceeded standards can be deduced by checking ope

75、rating state and operating log. When the problem appears, click the "maintenance records" of breaker model to check its historical maintenance and edit its maintenance log.Also move the mouse to x axis's an

76、d check equipment specific attributes, make maintenance plan according to</p><p>　　6. CONCLUSION </p><p>　　This paper proposes a new method of power grid operating condition display - power grid

77、 knowledge visualization. This method fetches power grid information with the knowledge, and transform the information into power grid operating unit. It establish reasoning model after establish the mathematical model o