外文翻譯--稻草到能源--它可能是個(gè)有價(jià)值的嘗試

1、<p>　　稻草到能源--它可能是個(gè)有價(jià)值的嘗試</p><p>　　一項(xiàng)華盛頓州立大學(xué)的研究已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)華盛頓東部的小麥、大麥和草生產(chǎn)的播種栽培者依靠農(nóng)作物殘?jiān)磕昕梢约ぐl(fā)電力的大約 400-425個(gè)百萬(wàn)瓦電力; 比Snake River上的任何一個(gè)大壩的能量都要多。但是來(lái)自稻草生產(chǎn)的能源比水電和核子更貴，不過(guò)綜合考慮所制定的價(jià)格、環(huán)境的利益和不穩(wěn)定的電力市場(chǎng)，顯然稻草能源更具有吸引力。 </p&

2、gt;<p>　　長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)，世界各個(gè)區(qū)域的研究人員都在尋找一種能替代野外燃燒稻草的處理方法來(lái)減少污染。盡管有許多種可供選擇的使用方法，但是能源部門(mén)對(duì)于潛在的能夠消耗大量的稻草這個(gè)市場(chǎng)表現(xiàn)的非?？捎^。在一些區(qū)域，比如說(shuō)加利福尼亞州，現(xiàn)存的產(chǎn)生能源的設(shè)備是隨著稻子的生產(chǎn)而產(chǎn)生的，使他們吸引人利用稻草。</p><p>　　不幸的是，當(dāng)谷粒收獲時(shí)的稻草如果在傳統(tǒng)的發(fā)電廠點(diǎn)燃將會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種含有矽石和鉀的的渣，

3、稻草中的氯進(jìn)入火爐和煮器也會(huì)加速腐蝕。鉀和氯會(huì)迅速的和來(lái)自包括稻草在內(nèi)的生物中的水一起被過(guò)濾。當(dāng)?shù)静荼槐┞对谟晁袝r(shí)，這種過(guò)濾自然就發(fā)生了。過(guò)濾也能通過(guò)各種機(jī)械的處理方法產(chǎn)生。無(wú)論如何， 對(duì)于能夠得出在燃燒中能導(dǎo)致的較高的灰熔性溫度和較低的堿和鹵素的揮發(fā)，這一結(jié)果本身就是一個(gè)顯著的進(jìn)步。通過(guò)過(guò)濾燃燒稻草這種進(jìn)步已經(jīng)成功的在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里得到證明。</p><p>　　華盛頓東部的栽培者生產(chǎn)小麥、大麥和草種子等豐富農(nóng)作物

4、。依照這樣下來(lái)，他們生產(chǎn)了數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的大量的稻草。多余的農(nóng)作物殘?jiān)軐?dǎo)致農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量減少,繁殖更多對(duì)農(nóng)作物有害之物, 而且為種植下一輪農(nóng)作物形成一個(gè)障礙。多余的農(nóng)作物殘?jiān)奶幚?尤其在田地最多的鄉(xiāng)村中，確實(shí)是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　秸稈焚燒,過(guò)去大多數(shù)的解決方法, 不再被社會(huì)所接受。 </p><p>　　西北能源計(jì)劃委員會(huì)的報(bào)告表明，在過(guò)去的十年內(nèi),能量的需求在華盛頓、奧勒岡州和

5、愛(ài)達(dá)荷州已經(jīng)增加了 24% 但是當(dāng)?shù)氐哪芰康漠a(chǎn)量增加只有區(qū)區(qū)4 %。 當(dāng)要求已經(jīng)超過(guò)補(bǔ)給的時(shí)候用于購(gòu)買(mǎi)能源的費(fèi)用已經(jīng)急速增長(zhǎng)。結(jié)果，地方稅納稅人已經(jīng)在用電的帳單中看到了費(fèi)用的增加。加利福尼亞州的能源危機(jī)已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了西北地區(qū)的能源供給短缺。依靠著有利的天氣情況，華盛頓和奧勒岡州從加利福尼亞進(jìn)口和出口能源。 2001年的暖濕氣流留下的低強(qiáng)度的雪層補(bǔ)給了水源增加了水電站的發(fā)電能力。</p><p>　　利用秸稈的燃燒而

6、從中獲取能量也并不是什么新技術(shù)。 在美國(guó)還沒(méi)有一套秸稈燃燒設(shè)備的時(shí)候，一些歐洲的國(guó)家,包括丹麥、英國(guó)和西班牙, 已經(jīng)開(kāi)始使用那些又大又有效果的植物, 每年燃燒二百萬(wàn)噸的稻草用來(lái)獲取能量。在1998年春天，從圣克里門(mén)托山谷的兩個(gè)商業(yè)區(qū)收集的100公噸干稻草，在雨中暴露7個(gè)月之后，這堆稻谷高度縮減717毫米。67公噸稻草被壓縮后放到糧倉(cāng)里。取一半這種材料與基線(xiàn)木材燃料混合，在一個(gè)司爐中燃燒。另一半與農(nóng)業(yè)/都市的木材混合并在一張液體循環(huán)床中燃

7、燒。剩余的33公噸被壓縮后和稻谷殼混合后在一個(gè)中間點(diǎn)燃的煮器中燃燒。便于比較，測(cè)試也在使用的每個(gè)設(shè)備中放有不含稻草的混合基線(xiàn)燃料。因?yàn)橹兄裹c(diǎn)燃的煮器存在問(wèn)題，一些實(shí)驗(yàn)在這個(gè)設(shè)備中實(shí)行。在另外兩個(gè)設(shè)備中，混合稻草的單一實(shí)驗(yàn)沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。在測(cè)試期間, 燃料的樣品，底部灰和飛行灰是在固定的間隔收集。</p><p>　　司爐爐篦煮器是提供蒸氣的三個(gè)的煮器之一通常產(chǎn)生器總計(jì)供應(yīng)為50 MWe 的用網(wǎng)絡(luò)輸出。 CFB 煮器

8、用這 25 MWe 網(wǎng)輸出是一單位。 中止點(diǎn)燃的煮器也是一選出單位用這 26.5 MWe 網(wǎng)輸出。 測(cè)試在定格的負(fù)荷下被實(shí)行除了中止點(diǎn)燃單位的情況。 在那情況, 那的問(wèn)題就在上次稻草測(cè)試避免在 20 MWe 上操作。 所有的測(cè)試,包括基線(xiàn), 在 20 MWe被修理了之后被固定。因此火爐出口瓦斯溫度 (FEGT)比在最高負(fù)荷還要低。在測(cè)試期間沒(méi)有發(fā)生煤煙吹制。</p><p>　　車(chē)床探測(cè)器顯示當(dāng)燃燒稻草時(shí)沉淀物的

9、特定比率會(huì)減少。 這個(gè)比率表明在以鐵為基礎(chǔ)上除去因腐蝕率和不同量的探針導(dǎo)致的不一致的效果。 雖然</p><p>　　可獲得的稻草數(shù)量是有限, 而且測(cè)試的期間很短 (5-7 h) 、觀察的過(guò)熱器和沒(méi)有改變的沉淀物是一致的。稻草/木材混和沈淀率方面的減少為是可觀的, 而且伴隨著沉淀物中堿的減少。</p><p>　　一項(xiàng)華盛頓州大學(xué)研究正在嘗試確定可以利用的稻草量是多少,并計(jì)算出了從田地里面

10、焚燒秸稈所能消耗的所有費(fèi)用; 建立和操作這種燃燒這種電站的費(fèi)用, 和制定由此生產(chǎn)的電力的收支平衡的價(jià)格。 </p><p>　　研究發(fā)現(xiàn)那些華盛頓谷粒栽培者每年能生產(chǎn)大約三百萬(wàn)噸經(jīng)濟(jì)上可以利用的稻草。這些稻草具有每年能生產(chǎn)大約有 400-425個(gè)百萬(wàn)瓦的能量的潛能。</p><p>　　所需要的電的費(fèi)用大約每 kwh 大約 8.5 分。綜合考慮制定的價(jià)格、環(huán)境的利益和不穩(wěn)定的能

11、源市場(chǎng)各方面因素，稻草到能源的想法依然值得商榷，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)價(jià)格仍然比水電和核能發(fā)電要高很多。</p><p>　　電力生產(chǎn)者需要考慮價(jià)格因素來(lái)給他們的產(chǎn)品定價(jià)。雖然從稻草中獲得的能量在經(jīng)濟(jì)上處于邊緣劣勢(shì), 但是必須同時(shí)考慮到它的來(lái)源的費(fèi)用是相當(dāng)?shù)偷?可能使它在經(jīng)濟(jì)上能實(shí)行, 尤其是在低成本的能源被限制和處于短缺之中時(shí)。能源市場(chǎng)的近期不穩(wěn)定可能提供另外的激勵(lì)。 </p><p>　

12、　研究人員最后得出結(jié)論，要開(kāi)始這種從稻草到能源的轉(zhuǎn)變需要適當(dāng)?shù)纳虡I(yè)組織提供合作。這樣的話(huà)，那些種植稻子的人不僅僅受益于處理這種副產(chǎn)品所帶來(lái)的收益，還會(huì)受益于出售稻草以及管理/所有權(quán)分離的農(nóng)場(chǎng)企業(yè)的收益</p><p>　　Straw-to-Energy? It Might Be Worth A Try</p><p>　　A Washington State University stud

13、y has found that crop residue produced by Eastern Washington wheat, barley, and grass seed growers could fuel the generation of about 400-425 megawatts of electricity annually; more than that produced by any one of our c

14、urrent Snake River dams. While energy production from straw is more expensive than hydro and nuclear, blend pricing, environmental benefits, and the volatile electricity market make it attractive. </p><p>

15、;　　In many areas of the world to reduce air pollution. Although there are many alternative uses, the energy sector represents a substantial market with the potential of consuming large quantities of straw. In some areas,

16、 such as in California, existing power generation facilities are with rice production, making them attractive utilization sites for straw.</p><p>　　Alternatives to the open burning disposal of rice straw hav

17、e long been sought Unfortunately, rice straw, as it is available immediately following grain harvest, contains a combination of silica and potassium that leads to heavy slogging and fouling if fired in conventional combu

18、stion power plants. Chlorine in straw also accelerates corrosion in furnaces and boilers. Potassium and chlorine are readily leached with water from biomass including straw .Such leaching occurs naturally when straw is e

19、x</p><p>　　Eastern Washington growers produce abundant crops of wheat, barley, and grass seed. In doing so, they produce millions of tons of straw. Excess crop residue can serve to reduce yields, propagate

20、 crop pests, and pose an obstacle for planting the next crop. Disposal of excess crop residue, especially in the highest yielding counties, is a problem. Field burning, the historical and most economical solution is no

21、 longer a socially acceptable. </p><p>　　Over the past decade, power demand in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho has risen 24 percent while the region’s capacity to generate power has increased by only fou

22、r percent, according to the Northwest Power Planning Council. Costs of buying energy when demand has exceeded supply have skyrocketed for utilities. And as a result, ratepayers have seen an escalation in electric bills

23、. The energy crisis in California exacerbated already short supplies in the Northwest. Depending on the season, Washin</p><p>　　The stoker-fired traveling grate boiler was one of three identical boilers pr

24、oviding steam to a common header supplying three turbo-generators totaling 50 MWe net output. The CFB boiler was a single unit with a 25 MWe net output. The suspension-fired boiler was also a</p><p>　　single

25、 unit with a 26.5 MWe net output. The tests were carried out under rated load conditions with the exception of the suspension-fired unit. In that case, problems with the bag just before the first straw test prevented ope

26、rating above 20 MWe. All tests, including baseline, were conducted at 20 MWe even after the bag was fixed. The furnace exit gas temperature (FEGT) was therefore lower than at peak load. No soot blowing occurred during te

27、sting.</p><p>　　Deposit probes show that the specific rate of deposit formation decreased when firing straw. The rates are expressed on an iron free basis to remove the effects of differing corrosion rates a

28、nd different amounts of probe steel in the deposits. Although the amount of straw available was limited, and the duration of the tests were short (5 to 7 h), visual observations of the heater are consistent with probe re

29、sults in that no change in the existing deposits occurred. The decrease in deposition rat</p><p>　　The technology for burning straw for power is not new. While no straw-burning electrical generating facilit

30、ies exist in the United States, several European countries, including Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Spain, do have large, efficient plants, burning 2 million tons of straw per year.</p><p>　　What Has Been

31、 Done</p><p>　　A Washington State University study attempted to determine how much straw is available, the total cost of getting straw from the field to point of incineration; the most cost-effective methods

32、 of doing that; the costs of building and operating a straw-power electrical co-generating plant, and the break-even pricing of electrical power produced. </p><p><b>　　Impact</b></p>

33、<p>　　The study found that Eastern Washington grain growers produce about 3 million tons of straw that is economically feasible to harvest. That much straw has the potential for producing 400-425 megawatts of ener

34、gy each year.</p><p>　　While the cost of electrical production – about 8.5 cents per kwh. – would be considerably higher than either hydro or nuclear sources, blend pricing, environmental benefits and the vo

35、latile energy market still make straw-to-energy worth considering.</p><p>　　Blend pricing refers to how electricity suppliers price their products. Though power produced from straw may be uneconomical when

36、priced at the margin, blended with lower-cost sources, such as hydro and nuclear, may make it economically feasible, especially when energy supplies from lower-cost sources are limited and in short supply. The recent vo

37、latility of the energy market may provide additional incentive. </p><p>　　Researchers concluded that cooperatives might provide the appropriate organizational form of business needed to initiate this s

38、traw-to-energy conversion. As such, those producing the straw would not only benefit from the disposal of this by-product, but would stand to benefit from the sale of the straw and the management/ownership of the result

39、ant off-farm enterprise.</p><p>　　Preliminary full scale experiments with leached rice straw were carried out successfully in a stoker-fired traveling grate boiler. This paper describes the results of additi