外文翻譯--重型卡車主減速器

1、<p><b>　　附 錄A</b></p><p>　　Truck Main Reduction Gear</p><p>　　In the highly competitive period following the energy crisis of the early 1970's, the automotive industry had

2、to shift attention increasingly towards improvement of the quality of the product, yet still keeping its prices as low as possible. Prior to that GKN Axles Ltd, to take optimum advantage of economies of scale, had been p

3、roducing at highly competitive prices a standard range of axles of different types and sizes, from which all customers' needs could be satisfied. Because vehicle manufact</p><p>　　Since the 1970s, howeve

4、r, in common with virtually all other suppliers to the high volume producers in the motor industry, GKN has radically modified its approach to suit the prevailing conditions as they change through the 1980s and on into t

5、he 1990s. Its aim now is at supplying complete axle assembles, including, for example, the brakes, all designed and fully developed for and integrated, as a matter of course, into specific vehicle designs including, in p

6、articular, those for the specialist m</p><p>　　For off-road operation, the duty cycles may be entirely different in both torsional and beam loading-denpending on the application. For example, some types of v

7、ehicle spend a considerable proportion of their running time at high torque in low gear. In most circumstances, the terrain may be such that the tyres tend to slip more readily than on tarmac; in others, however, for exa

8、mple in fairly firm sandy screes, it may allow tyres to bite into it, and thus lead to torsional fatigue loading signifi</p><p>　　Pair of level host reduction gear is compared with single stage , the gap may

9、 be 7 ~12 transmission ratio , i0 each other at the same time in swear to be away from a field 12. But the dimension , mass are without exception bigger , cost is higher. It applies to middle, heavy type freight train ,

10、go-anywhere vehicle and motor bus mainly go ahead.</p><p>　　Dyadic overall pair of level host reduction gear has the various structure scheme: First order is a cone gear wheel , the second stage is a column

11、gear wheel; First order is a cone gear wheel , the second stage is epicyclic gear; First order is epicyclic gear , the second stage is a cone gear wheel; First order is a column gear wheel , the second stage is a cone ge

12、ar wheel.</p><p>　　Horizontal , askew, face and droop over to the three kinds to first order for the cone gear wheel , the second stage are that pair of column gear wheel level betokens reduction gear, but h

13、as direction arrangement scheme.</p><p>　　Direction level arrangement can use the assembly drooping over to outline dimension diminution , reducing the automobile quality heart altitude thereby, makes the di

14、rection dimension increase by but , that the use on long distance between shafts automobile but appropriate diminution transmission shaft length, is harmful for short distance between shafts automobile's to put arran

15、gement together but, may make a transmission shaft short , leads to a universal transmission shaft intersection angle e</p><p>　　When assigning a transmission ratio in pair of level host reduction gear havin

16、g the cone gear wheel and the column gear wheel, the column gear wheel is 1.4 ~ like the ratio auxiliary and boring subsidiary gear wheel transmission ratio 2.0, and the cone gear wheel is 1.7 ~ like subsidiary transmiss

17、ion ratio 3.3, such axial loading may diminish a cone when the gear wheel is engaged and effect loading on the driven cone gear wheel and the column gear wheel, may make the active cone gear wheel tooth</p><p&

18、gt;　　For modern axles, choice of gear lubricant can be critical. In cars operating at high speeds on motorways, axle oil temperature can ultimately rise even higher than 130℃,so venting of the casing is important. In pri

19、nciple, the oil in the base of the casting is swept around over the crownwheel and then forwards through the two bearings that carry the pinion. Consequently, both the shapes and dimensions of the clearances between the

20、crownwheel and casing can be critical, and adequate drainage has </p><p>　　That the cone gear wheel tooth goes over width face to face can not enhance gear wheel intensity and life-span , is able to lead to

21、tooth ditch unexpected turn of events small end because of cone gear wheel gear teeth on the contrary narrow the cutting knife the top of the head face width arousing is too narrow and the point of a knife round angle is

22、 too small. Like this , not only, have diminished the tooth radical circle radius , have enlarged strain all together, life time having reduced a cu</p><p>　　For the running-in improving the new gear wheel,

23、prevent the person from dying in working to Model T wear appear on initial stage , bruising , gluing together or barking, cone gear wheel bonderizing being 0.005 ~ 0.020 mm in heat treatment and finish machining aftercro

24、p, thickness handles or the copper facing , the tin plating handle. The ball carrying out strain on the flank of a tooth gushing is sold at reduced prices , may improve 25%'s gear wheel life-span. To the high speed g

25、ear wheel slidi</p><p><b>　　附 錄B</b></p><p><b>　　重型卡車主減速器</b></p><p>　　在能源競爭激烈的二十世紀(jì)七十年代初，汽車業(yè)不得不將注意力越來越多地定格在改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量上，但仍然維持其價(jià)格盡可能低。在此之前，吉?jiǎng)P恩車橋有限公司占據(jù)最佳經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模的優(yōu)勢，在

26、價(jià)格允許范圍內(nèi)生產(chǎn)極具競爭力的不同類型車軸，使所有客戶的需求可以得到滿足。但由于汽車制造商并沒有經(jīng)歷過這樣一個(gè)非常注重燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性的時(shí)期，因此，對重量輕的要求，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)車軸似乎可滿足所有條件，滿足各種各樣的應(yīng)用。現(xiàn)在汽車制造商需要車軸設(shè)計(jì)和開發(fā)的具體應(yīng)用。軸設(shè)計(jì)正變得越來越專業(yè)化，在性能的可靠性方面，客戶越來越多地提高自己的期望。出于這個(gè)原因，他們在找一個(gè)能提供各種車輛軸的公司。</p><p>　　然而自二十世紀(jì)

27、七十年代以來，在幾乎所有其他汽車行業(yè)供應(yīng)商的技術(shù)里， GKN從根本上改變了它的辦法，以適應(yīng)當(dāng)前的條件，他們在二十世紀(jì)八十年代和九十年代的生產(chǎn)目的是提供完整的輪軸安裝，其中包括，剎車、所有的設(shè)計(jì)和整合、具體的汽車設(shè)計(jì)，以及為專業(yè)市場特別設(shè)計(jì)的。    現(xiàn)在的重點(diǎn)是合理化的材料，方法和內(nèi)容?？偟母母锸潜匾模瑢τ趶?fù)雜性很大的現(xiàn)代汽車，考慮總體效率，緊湊，重量輕，可靠性，耐用性，完善和免維護(hù)運(yùn)行。另一個(gè)領(lǐng)域，GKN提

28、供的車軸是擴(kuò)大了供應(yīng)的部件和組件，如限滑差速器，球關(guān)節(jié)，齒輪和某些類型的懸掛架。  對于越野車，某些車輛設(shè)計(jì)公司花費(fèi)了相當(dāng)多的時(shí)間在較低齒輪但高扭矩的設(shè)計(jì)上。在大多數(shù)情況下，地形可能使這樣的輪胎打滑。例如，在相當(dāng)堅(jiān)硬的沙質(zhì)路面，它可能允許輪胎咬進(jìn)去，從而使扭轉(zhuǎn)疲勞顯著大于在平穩(wěn)的道路行駛。雖然在大程度上這取決于速度，但縱向和橫向打滑時(shí)將更嚴(yán)重。沖擊負(fù)荷也會影響剎車和加速扭矩，這種影響是取決于速度的。</p>

29、<p>　　準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪傳動(dòng)是錐齒輪傳動(dòng)中的普遍形式，螺旋錐齒輪是它的一種特殊情況。他們的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是齒輪的具體比例較大，其嚙合區(qū)較大，而且低噪音,他們本質(zhì)上是更強(qiáng)大，更持久和更耐用。</p><p>　　主減速器的作用是用來降低傳動(dòng)軸傳來的轉(zhuǎn)速而增大旋轉(zhuǎn)扭矩，并將扭矩改變傳動(dòng)方向，經(jīng)差速器傳給半軸。主減速器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式主要是根據(jù)齒輪類型、減速器形式不同而不同。主減速器的齒輪主要有螺旋錐齒輪、雙曲面齒輪、圓柱

30、齒輪和蝸輪蝸桿等形式。</p><p>　　雙級主減速器與單級相比，在保證離地間隙相同時(shí)可得到大的傳動(dòng)比，i0一般為7～12。但是尺寸、質(zhì)量均較大，成本較高。它主要應(yīng)用于中、重型貨車、越野車和大客車上。</p><p>　　整體式雙級主減速器有多種結(jié)構(gòu)方案：第一級為錐齒輪，第二級為圓柱齒輪；第一級為錐齒輪，第二級為行星齒輪；第一級為行星齒輪，第二級為錐齒輪；第一級為圓柱齒輪，第二級為錐齒輪

31、。</p><p>　　對于第一級為錐齒輪、第二級為圓柱齒輪的雙級主減速器，可有縱向水平、斜向和垂向三種布置方案。</p><p>　　縱向水平布置可以使總成的垂向輪廓尺寸減小，從而降低汽車的質(zhì)心高度，但使縱向尺寸增加，用在長軸距汽車上可適當(dāng)減小傳動(dòng)軸長度，但不利于短軸距汽車的總布置，會使傳動(dòng)軸過短，導(dǎo)致萬向傳動(dòng)軸夾角加大。垂向布置使驅(qū)動(dòng)橋縱向尺寸減小，可減小萬向傳動(dòng)軸夾角，但由于主減速器

32、殼固定在橋殼的上方，不僅使垂向輪廓尺寸增大，而且降低了橋殼剛度，不利于齒輪工作。這種布置可便于貫通式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的布置。斜向布置對傳動(dòng)軸布置和提高橋殼剛度有利。</p><p>　　在具有錐齒輪和圓柱齒輪的雙級主減速器中分配傳動(dòng)比時(shí)，圓柱齒輪副和錐齒輪副傳動(dòng)比的比值一般為1.4～2.0，而且錐齒輪副傳動(dòng)比一般為1.7～3.3，這樣可減小錐齒輪嚙合時(shí)的軸向載荷和作用在從動(dòng)錐齒輪及圓柱齒輪上的載荷，同時(shí)可使主動(dòng)錐齒輪的齒數(shù)

33、適當(dāng)增多，使其支承軸頸的尺寸適當(dāng)加大，以改善其支承剛度，提高嚙合平穩(wěn)性和工作可靠性。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代車橋中，齒輪潤滑油的選擇是至關(guān)重要的。汽車運(yùn)行在高速公路上，車橋油溫可以最終上升，甚至高于130℃ ，所以車橋外殼通風(fēng)是很重要的。通過兩個(gè)軸承攜帶的小齒輪來達(dá)到改善的目的。因此，形狀和尺寸之間的間隙，套管等可能都是至關(guān)重要的，足夠的排水必須提供的潤滑油的流向，通過渠道流入小齒輪軸承座，再回到套管。<

34、/p><p>　　在齒輪軸承中，圓錐滾子軸承普遍應(yīng)用在齒輪。他們有大量的承載能力，通過穩(wěn)定的、準(zhǔn)確定位。法蘭密封的齒輪對于抗高溫和相對較高的速度是至關(guān)重要的。</p><p>　　錐齒輪齒面過寬并不能增大齒輪的強(qiáng)度和壽命，反而會導(dǎo)致因錐齒輪輪齒小端齒溝變窄引起的切削刀頭頂面寬過窄及刀尖圓角過小。這樣，不但減小了齒根圓半徑，加大了應(yīng)力集中，還降低了刀具的使用壽命。此外，在安裝時(shí)有位置偏差或由于制

35、造、熱處理變形等原因，使齒輪工作時(shí)載荷集中于輪齒小端，會引起輪齒小端過早損壞和疲勞損傷。另外，齒面過寬也會引起裝配空間的減小。但是齒面過窄，輪齒表面的耐磨性會降低。</p><p>　　為改善新齒輪的磨合，防止其在運(yùn)行初期出現(xiàn)早期的磨損、擦傷、膠合或咬死，錐齒輪在熱處理及精加工后，作厚度為0.005～0.020mm的磷化處理或鍍銅、鍍錫處理。對齒面進(jìn)行應(yīng)力噴丸處理，可提高25％的齒輪壽命。對于滑動(dòng)速度高的齒輪，可