外文翻譯--在高速潮濕機械加工條件下后刀面表層磨損機理

1、<p><b>　　CHAPTER V</b></p><p>　　TOOL WEAR MECHANISMS ON THE FLANK SURFACE OF CUTTING INSERTSFOR HIGH SPEED WET MACHINING</p><p>　　5.1 Introduction</p><p>　　Almost

2、every type of machining such as turning, milling, drilling, grinding..., uses a cutting fluid to assist in the cost effective production of parts as set up standard required by the producer [1]. Using coolant with some c

3、utting tools material causes severe failure due to the lack of their resistance to thermal shock (like AL2O3 ceramics), used to turn steel. Other cutting tools materials like cubic boron nitride (CBN) can be used without

4、 coolant, due to the type of their function. The aim </p><p>　　Extending the cutting tool life achieved by reducing heat generated and as a result less wear rate is achieved. It will also eliminate the heat

5、from the shear zone and the formed chips.</p><p>　　Cooling the work piece of high quality material under operation plays an important role since thermal distortion of the surface and subsurface damage is a r

6、esult of excessive heat that must be eliminated or largely reduced to produce a high quality product.</p><p>　　Reducing cutting forces by its lubricating effect at the contact interface region and washing an

7、d cleaning the cutting region during machining from small chips. The two main reasons for using cutting fluids are cooling and lubrication.</p><p>　　Cutting Fluid as a Coolant:</p><p>　　The flui

8、d characteristics and condition of use determine the coolant action of the cutting fluid, which improves the heat transfer at the shear zone between the cutting edge, work piece, and cutting fluid. The properties of the

9、coolant in this case must include a high heat capacity to carry away heat and good thermal conductivity to absorb the heat from the cutting region. The water-based coolant emulsion with its excellent high heat capacity i

10、s able to reduce tool wear [44].</p><p>　　Cutting Fluid as a Lubricant:</p><p>　　The purpose is to reduce friction between the cutting edge, rake face and the work piece material or reducing the

11、 cutting forces (tangential component). As the friction drops the heat generated is</p><p>　　dropped. As a result, the cutting tool wear rate is reduced and the surface finish is improved.</p><p&g

12、t;　　Cutting Fluid Properties</p><p>　　Free of perceivable odor</p><p>　　Preserve clarity throughout life</p><p>　　Kind and unirritated to skin and eyes.</p><p>　　Corros

13、ion protection to the machine parts and work piece.</p><p>　　Cost effective in terms off tool life, safety, dilution ratio, and fluid life. [1]</p><p>　　5.1.1 Cutting Fluid Types</p><

14、p>　　There are two major categories of cutting fluids</p><p>　　Neat Cutting Oils</p><p>　　Neat cutting oils are poor in their coolant characteristics but have an excellent lubricity. They are

15、applied by flooding the work area by a pump and re-circulated through a filter, tank and nozzles. This type is not diluted by water, and may contain lubricity and extreme-pressure additives to enhance their cutting perfo

16、rmance properties. The usage of this type has been declining for their poor cooling ability, causing fire risk, proven to cause health and safety risk to the operator [1].</p><p>　　® Water Based or Wate

17、r Soluble Cutting Fluids</p><p>　　This group is subdivided into three categories:</p><p>　　Emulsion ` mineral soluble' white-milky color as a result of emulsion of oil in water. Contain from

18、 40%-80% mineral oil and an emulsifying agent beside corrosion inhibitors, beside biocide to inhibit the bacteria growth.</p><p>　　Micro emulsion `semi-synthetic' invented in 1980's, has less oil con

19、centration and/or higher emulsifier ratio 10%-40% oil. Due to the high levels of emulsifier the oil droplet size in the fluid are smaller which make the fluid more translucent and easy to see the work piece during operat

20、ion. Other important benefit is in its ability to emulsify any leakage of oil from the machine parts in the cutting fluid, a corrosion inhibitors, and bacteria control.</p><p>　　Mineral oil free `synthetic&#

21、39; is a mix of chemicals, water, bacteria control, corrosion inhibitors, and dyes. Does not contain any mineral oils, and provides good visibility</p><p>　　.23 to the work piece. bare in mind that the lack

22、of mineral oil in this type of cutting</p><p>　　fluid needs to take more attention to machine parts lubrication since it should not leave an oily film on the machine parts, and might cause seals degradation

23、due the lack of protection.</p><p>　　5.1.2 Cutting Fluid Selection</p><p>　　Many factors influence the selection of cutting fluid; mainly work piece material, type of machining operation, machin

24、e tool parts, paints, and seals. Table 5-1 prepared at the machine tool industry research association [2] provides suggestions on the type of fluid to be used.</p><p>　　5.1.3 Coolant Management</p>&l

25、t;p>　　To achieve a high level of cutting fluids performance and cost effectiveness, a coolant recycling system should be installed in the factory. This system will reduce the amount of new purchased coolant concentrat

26、e and coolant disposable, which will reduce manufacturing cost. It either done by the company itself or be rented out, depends on the budget and management policy of the company [1]. </p><p>　　Table 5-1 Guid

27、e to the selection of cutting fluids for general workshop applications.</p><p>　　Note: some entreis deliberately extend over two or more columns, indicating a wide range of possible applications. Other entri

28、es are confined to a specific class of work material.</p><p>　　Adopted from Edward and Wright [2]</p><p>　　5.2 Wear Mechanisms Under Wet High Speed Machining</p><p>　　It is a common

29、 belief that coolant usage in metal cutting reduces cutting temperature and extends tools life. However, this research showed that this is not necessarily true to be generalized over cutting inserts materials. Similar re

30、search was carried out on different cutting inserts materials and cutting conditions supporting our results. Gu et al [36] have recorded a difference in tool wear mechanisms between dry and wet cutting of C5 milling inse

31、rts. Tonshoff et al [44] also exhibited differ</p><p>　　5.3 Experimental Observations on Wear Mechanisms of Un-Coated Cemented Carbide Cutting Inserts in High Speed Wet Machining</p><p>　　In thi

32、s section, the observed wear mechanisms are presented of uncoated cemented carbide tool (KC313) in machining ASTM 4140 steel under wet condition. The overall performance of cemented carbide under using emulsion coolant h

33、as been improved in terms of extending tool life and reducing machining cost. Different types of wear mechanisms were activated at flank side of cutting inserts as a result of using coolant emulsion during machining proc

34、esses. This was due to the effect of coolant in reduci</p><p>　　Figure 5-1 shows the flank side of cutting inserts used at a cutting speed of 180m/min. The SEM images were recorded after 7 minutes of machini

35、ng. It shows micro-abrasion wear, which identified by the narrow grooves along the flank side in the direction of metal flow, supported with similar observations documented by Barnes and Pashby [41] in testing through-co

36、olant-drilling inserts of aluminum/SiC metal matrix composite. Since the cutting edge is the weakest part of the cutting insert geometry,</p><p>　　27 shape on the side of cutting tool. To investigate further

37、, a zoom in view was taken at</p><p>　　the flank side with a magnification of 1000 times and presented in Figure 5-2A. It shows clear micro-abrasion wear aligned in the direction of metal flow, where the cob

38、alt binder was worn first in a higher wear rate than WC grains which protruded as big spherical droplets. Figure 5-2B provides a zoom-in view that was taken at another location for the same flank side. Thermal pitting re

39、vealed by black spots in different depths and micro-cracks, propagated in multi directions as a result of using </p><p>　　Figure 5-3A was taken for a cutting insert machined at 150mlmin. It shows a typical m

40、icro-adhesion wear, where quantities of chip metal were adhered at the flank side temporarily. Kopac [53] exhibited similar finding when testing HSS-TiN drill inserts in drilling SAE1045 steel. This adhered metal would l

41、ater be plucked away taking grains of WC and binder from cutting inserts material and the process continues. In order to explore other types of wear that might exist, a zoom-in view with magnific</p><p>　　Fi

42、gure 5-1 SEM image of (KC313) showing micro abrasion and micro-adhesion (wet).</p><p>　　SEM micrographs of (KC313) at 180m/min showing micro-abrasion where cobalt binder was worn first leaving protruded WC s

43、pherical droplets (wet).</p><p>　　SEM micrographs of (KC313) at 180m/min showing thermal pitting (wet).</p><p>　　Figure 5-2 Magnified views of (KC313) under wet cutting: (a) SEM micrographs of (

44、KC313) at 180mlmin showing micro-abrasion where cobalt binder was worn first leaving protruded WC spherical droplets (wet ), (b) SEM micrographs of (KC313) at 180.m/min showing thermal pitting (wet ).</p><p>

45、;　　SEM image showing micro-adhesion wear mechanism under 150m/min (wet).</p><p>　　SEM image showing micro-thermal cracks, and micro-abrasion.</p><p>　　Figure 5-3 Magnified views of (KC313) at 15

46、0m/min (wet): (a) SEM image showing micro-adhesion wear mechanism under 150m/min (wet), (b) SEM image showing micro-fatigue cracks, and micro-abrasion (wet).</p><p>　　Wear at the time of cutting conditions o

47、f speed and coolant introduction. Therefore, micro-fatigue, micro-abrasion, and micro-adhesion wear mechanisms are activated under wet condition, while high levels of micro-abrasion were observed under dry one.</p>

48、<p>　　Next, Figure 5-4A was taken at the next lower speed (120m/min). It shows build up edge (BUE) that has sustained its existence throughout the life of the cutting tool, similar to Huang [13], Gu et al [36] and

49、 Venkatsh et al [55]. This BUE has protected the tool edge and extended its life. Under dry cutting BUE has appeared at lower speeds (90 and 60 m/min), but when introducing coolant BUE started to develop at higher speeds

50、, This is due to the drop in shear zone temperature that affected the chi</p><p>　　To explore the possibility of other wear mechanisms a zoom-in view with a magnification of 3500 times was taken and shown in

51、 Figure 5-4B. Micro- fatigue is evident by propagated cracks in the image similar to Deamley and Trent [27] finding. Furthermore, Figure 5-4B shows indications of micro-abrasion wear, revealed by the abrasion of cobalt b

52、inder and the remains of big protruded WC grains. However, the micro-abrasion appeared at this speed of 120m/min is less severe than the same type of micro-</p><p>　　SEM image of (KC313) showing build up edg

53、e under 120m/min (wet).</p><p>　　SEM image of (KC3 13) showing micro-fatigue, and micro-abrasion (wet).</p><p>　　Figure 5-4 SEM images of (KC313) at 120m/min (wet), (a) SEM image of (KC313). sho

54、wing build up edge, (b) SEM image of (KC313) showing micro-fatigue and micro-abrasion</p><p>　　33 Figure 5-5 is for a cutting tool machined at 90m/min, that presents a good</p><p>　　capture of o

55、ne stage of tool life after the BUE has been plucked away. The bottom part of the flank side shows massive metal adhesion from the work piece material. The upper part of the figure at the edge shows edge fracture. To sta

56、nd over the reason of edge fracture, the zoom-in view with magnification of 2000 times is presented in Figure 5-6A. The micro-fatigue crack image can be seen as well as micro-attrition revealed by numerous holes, and sup

57、ported with Lim et al [31] observations on HSS-T</p><p>　　Figure 5-5 SEM image showing tool edge after buildup edge was plucked away. </p><p>　　SEM image showing micro-fatigue crack, and micro-a

58、ttrition.</p><p>　　SEM image showing micro-abrasion.</p><p>　　Figure 5-6 SEM images of (KC313) at 90m/min:(a) SEM image showing micro-fatigue crack, and micro-attrition, (b) SEM image showing mi

59、cro-abrasion.</p><p>　　5.4 Experimental Observations on Wear Mechanisms of Coated Cemented Carbide with TiN-TiCN-TiN Coating in High Speed Wet Machining</p><p>　　Investigating the wear mechanism

60、s of sandwich coating under wet cutting is presented in this section starting from early stages of wear. Figure 5-7 shows early tool wear starting at the cutting edge when cutting at 410m/min. Edge fracture can be seen,

61、it has started at cutting edge due to non-smooth contact between tool, work piece, micro-abrasion and stress concentrations. To investigate further the other possible reasons behind edge fracture that leads to coating sp

62、alling, a zoom-in view with </p><p>　　Both abrasion wear and stress concentration factor leave a non-uniform edge configuration at the micro scale after machining starts. Later small metal fragments started

63、to adhere at the developed gaps to be later plucked away by the continuous chip movement as shown in Figure 5-8A. Another view of edge fracture was taken of the same cutting tool with a magnification of 2000 times as sho

64、wn in Figure 5-8B. It presents fracture and crack at the honed tool edge. A schematic figure indicated by Figur</p><p>　　Figure 5-7 SEM image of (KC732) at 410m/min showing edge fracture and micro-abrasion (

65、wet).</p><p>　　SEM image showing edge fracture.</p><p>　　SEM image showing fracture and crack at the honed insert edge.</p><p>　　Figure 5-8 SEM of (KC732) at 410m/min and early wear

66、 stage (wet): (a) SEM image showing edge fracture, (b) SEM image showing fracture and crack at the honed insert edge.</p><p>　　radius to improve coating adhesion, and its wear resistance, might be also a top

67、ic for future work.</p><p>　　Figure 5-1.0A was taken after tool failure at a speed of 410m/min. It shows completely exposed substrate and severe sliding wear at the flank side. The coating exists at the crat

68、er surface and faces less wear than the flank side. Therefore it works as an upper protector for the cutting edge and most of the wear will take place at the flank side as sliding wear. Figure 5-10B is a zoom-in view wit

69、h magnification of 3500 times, and shows coating remaining at the flank side. Nonetheless, micro-abras</p><p>　　Figure 5-11 was taken at early stages of wear at a speed of 360m/min. It shows sliding wear, co

70、ating spalling and a crack starting to develop between TiN and TiCN coating at honed tool edge. Figure5-12A shows nice presentation of what had been described earlier regarding the development of small fragments on the t

71、ool edge. The adhered metal fragments work along with micro-abrasion wear to cause coating spalling.</p><p>　　SEM image showing sliding wear.</p><p>　　SEM image showing micro-abrasion and tensil

72、e fracture.</p><p>　　Figure 5-10 SEM images of (KC732) at 410m/min after failure (wet): (a) SEM image showing sliding wear, (b) SEM image showing micro-abrasion and tensile fracture.</p><p>　　Fi

73、gure 5-11 SEM image at early stage of wear of 360m/min (wet) showing coating and spalling developing crack between TiN and TiCN layers.</p><p>　　The size of the metal chip adhered at the edge is almost 15g.

74、Since it is</p><p>　　unstable it will be later plucked away taking some fragments of coatings with it and the process continues. Another zoom in view with a magnification of 5000 times for the same insert is

75、 shown in Figure 5-12B indicating a newly developed crack between the coating layers.</p><p>　　Figure 5-13A is taken of the same insert after failure when machining at 360m/min and wet condition. Coating spa

76、lling, and sliding wear can be seen and indicated by narrow grooves. In addition, initial development of notch wear can be seen at the maximum depth of cut.</p><p>　　Further investigation is carried out by t

77、aking a zoom in view with a magnification of 2000 times as shown in Figure 5-13B. A clear micro-abrasion wear and micro-fatigue cracks were developed as shown, which extended deeply through out the entire three coating l

78、ayers deep until the substrate. Therefore, in comparison with dry cutting, micro-fatigue crack, less tensile fracture, less micro-abrasion wear were activated at wet cutting. While micro- fatigue crack, high levels of mi

79、cro-abrasion, and h</p><p>　　Next, Figure 5-14A is taken for cutting tools machined at 310m/min. The results are similar to the previous inserts machined at 360m/min, where adhesion of metal fragments occurr

80、ed at the tool edge, sliding wear and coating spalling. In addition, the black spot appeared at the top of the figure on the crater surface is a void resulting from imperfections in the coating process. At this condition

81、, the crater surface will be worn faster than the flank surface.</p><p>　　SEM image showing adhered metal fragments at tool edge.</p><p>　　SEM image showing developed crack between coating layer

82、s.</p><p>　　Figure 5-12 SEM image of (KC732) at early wear 360m/min (wet): (a) SEM image showing adhered metal fragments at tool edge, (b) SEM image showing developed crack between coating layers.</p>

83、<p>　　SEM image showing coating spalling and sliding wear after tool failure</p><p>　　SEM image showing micro-abrasion, and micro-fatigue cracks developed between coating layers</p><p>　　F

84、igure 5-13 SEM image of KC732 after failure machined at 360m/min</p><p>　　(wet): (a) SEM image showing coating spalling and sliding wear after tool failure, (b) SEM image showing micro-abrasion, and micro-fa

85、tigue cracks developed between coating layers.</p><p><b>　　翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　章節(jié)V</b></p><p>　　在高速潮濕機械加工條件下后刀面表層磨損機理</p><p><b>　　5.1 介紹<

86、;/b></p><p>　　幾乎每類型用機器制造譬如轉(zhuǎn)動, 碾碎, 鉆井, 研..., 使用切口流體協(xié)助零件的有效的生產(chǎn)當設(shè)定標準由生產(chǎn)商[ 1 ] 需要。 使用蓄冷劑以一些切割工具物質(zhì)起因嚴厲失敗由于缺乏他們的對熱沖擊的抵抗(如AL2.O3 陶瓷), 過去經(jīng)常轉(zhuǎn)動鋼。 其它切割工具材料象立方體硼氮化物(CBN) 可能被使用沒有蓄冷劑, 由于類型他們的作用。 使用CBN 的目標將提高工件 的溫度對上流因此

87、它變?nèi)岷秃彤數(shù)乜赡苋菀椎赜脵C器制造。 原因在使用切削液之后可能被總結(jié)如下。</p><p>　　. 延長切割工具壽命由減少達到熱量引起和結(jié)果較少磨損率達到。 它從剪區(qū)域和被形成的芯片并且將散熱。</p><p>　　. 冷卻高質(zhì)量材料工作片斷在操作之下充當一個重要角色從表面的熱量畸變并且表層下?lián)p傷是必須被消滅或主要使到產(chǎn)物一個高質(zhì)量產(chǎn)品降低過熱的結(jié)果。</p><p&g

88、t;　　. 減少切削力由它潤滑的作用在聯(lián)接口區(qū)域和清潔切削區(qū)在用機器制造從小芯片期間。 二個主要原因至于使用切口流體冷卻和潤滑。</p><p><b>　　切削液作為蓄冷劑:</b></p><p>　　用途的可變的特征和情況確定切口流體的蓄冷劑行動, 哪些改進熱傳遞在剪區(qū)域在先鋒之間, 工作片斷, 并且切口流體。 蓄冷劑的物產(chǎn)必須在這種情況下包括高熱容量使熱和好導(dǎo)

89、熱性失去控制吸收熱從切口區(qū)域。 水基的蓄冷劑乳化液以它的優(yōu)秀高熱容量能減少工具穿戴[ 44 ] 。</p><p><b>　　切削液作為潤滑劑:</b></p><p>　　目的將減少摩擦在先鋒之間, 傾斜面孔和工作片斷材料或減少切口力量(正切組分) 。 當摩擦下降熱引起下降。 結(jié)果, 切割工具穿戴率被減少并且表面結(jié)束被改進。</p><p>

90、;<b>　　切削液物產(chǎn)</b></p><p><b>　　免于可感知的氣味</b></p><p><b>　　保存清晰在生活中</b></p><p><b>　　種類和 表層和孔。</b></p><p>　　腐蝕保護對機器零件和工作編結(jié)。<

91、/p><p>　　有效用術(shù)語工具生活, 安全, 稀釋比率, 并且可變的生活。 [ 1 ]</p><p>　　5.1.1 切削液類型</p><p>　　切削液有二個主要類別</p><p><b>　　清潔的切削液</b></p><p>　　清潔的切削液是窮的在他們的蓄冷劑特征是很好的潤滑液。 他

92、們由充斥應(yīng)用工作區(qū)域由泵浦和被重新傳布通過過濾器, 坦克和噴管。 這型由水不稀釋, 并且可以包含潤滑和極壓力添加劑提高他們的切口表現(xiàn)。 這型用法降低他們的冷卻的能力, 避免火災(zāi)危險, 保證操作員健康與安全風(fēng)險 [ 1 ] 。</p><p>　　. 水基于的或水溶切削液</p><p>　　這個小組被細分入三個類別:</p><p>　　1.乳化液` 礦物可溶解&

93、#39; 白色乳狀顏色由于油乳化液在水中。 包含從40%-80% 礦物油和一種乳化劑在腐蝕抗化劑旁邊, 在生物殺傷劑旁邊禁止細菌成長。</p><p>　　2.微乳化液` 半合成' 發(fā)明了在80 年代之內(nèi), 有較少油含量和或更高的乳化劑比率10%-40% 油。 由于使流體更加透亮和容易看工作片斷在操作期間的高水平乳化劑油小滴大小在流體更小。 其它重要好處是在它的能力乳化油任一漏出從機器零件在切口流體,

94、腐蝕抗化劑, 并且細菌控制。</p><p>　　3.礦物油自由` 合成物質(zhì)' 是化學(xué)制品的混合, 水, 細菌控制, 腐蝕抗化劑, 并且染料。 不包含任何礦物油, 并且提供好可見性</p><p>　　流動性需要采取對機器零件潤滑的更多注意因為它不應(yīng)該留下油膜在機器零件, 并且可能導(dǎo)致密封嚴</p><p>　　5.1.2 切削液選擇</p>

95、<p>　　許多因素影響切削液的選擇; 主要工作材料片段, 類型機器的操作, 機械工具零件, 油漆, 并且密封。 表5-1 準備在機械工具產(chǎn)業(yè)研究協(xié)會提供建議在類型流體被使用。</p><p>　　5.1.3 蓄冷劑管理</p><p>　　達到一個高水平切削液表現(xiàn)和成本實效, 蓄冷劑回收系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該被安裝在工廠。 這個系統(tǒng)將減少相當數(shù)量新被購買的蓄冷劑集中和蓄冷劑一次性, 哪些將

96、減少制造費用。 它或者由公司做或被租賃, 取決于公司預(yù)算和管理方針。</p><p>　　表5-1 指南對于切口流體的選擇為一般車間應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　注: 一些詞條故意地延伸二個或更多專欄, 表明可能大范圍的應(yīng)用。 其它詞條被限制對工作材料具體組。</p><p><b>　　采用愛德華和懷特</b></p><p

97、>　　5.2 機器磨損在濕高速用機器制造之下</p><p>　　這是共同的信仰, 蓄冷劑用法在金屬切口減少切口溫度和延長工具生活。 但是, 這研究表示, 這不一定是真實的被推斷在切口插入物材料。 相似的研究被執(zhí)行了對不同的切口插入物材料和切口情況支持我們的結(jié)果。 顧?等[ 36 ] 記錄了在工具磨損機制上的一個區(qū)別在C5 干燥和濕切口碾碎的插入物之間。 Tonshoff（人名） 等[ 44 ] 并且陳列了

98、不同的穿戴機制在AL2.O3/TiC 插入物在用機器制造ASTM 5115, 當使用蓄冷劑乳化液與干燥切口比較了。 另外, Avila 和Abrao [ 20 ] 體驗了在穿戴機制上的區(qū)別被激活在側(cè)面邊, 當使用不同的蓄冷劑在測試AL2.O3lTiC 工具在用機器制造AISI4340 鋼。磨損機制和切口插入物的行為被學(xué)習(xí)在這研究在濕上流速度用機器制造的(WHSM) 情況下不充分地被了解。 所以, 這是這研究嘗試集中于貢獻在涂層發(fā)展和最近

99、被開發(fā)的材料涂層技術(shù)為了升級他們的表現(xiàn)在堅韌用機器制造的情況。 這可貴的研究提供在有利的洞察入生產(chǎn)省時和增量。在競爭全球性經(jīng)濟中成本的降低是根本的解決方法; 這樣保護了地方市場和尋找新的市場。</p><p>　　5.3 實驗性觀察在未上漆的用水泥涂的碳化物切口插入物穿戴機制在高速濕用機器制造</p><p>　　在這個部分, 被觀察的穿戴機制被提出未上漆的用水泥涂的碳化物工具(KC313

100、) 在用機器制造ASTM 4140 鋼在潮濕情況下。 用水泥涂的碳化物整體表現(xiàn)在使用乳化液蓄冷劑之下被改進了根據(jù)延伸的工具生活和減少用機器制造的費用。 不同的類型穿戴機制被激活了在切口插入物的側(cè)面邊由于使用蓄冷劑乳化液在用機器制造的過程期間。 這歸結(jié)于蓄冷劑的作用在減少切割工具邊緣和剪區(qū)域的平均溫度在用機器制造期間。 結(jié)果磨蝕穿戴被減少了主導(dǎo)的更長的工具生活。 切割工具材料不同地表現(xiàn)對蓄冷劑由于他們對熱沖擊的各種各樣的抵抗。 以下觀察記

101、錄了用水泥涂的碳化物行為在高速用機器制造期間在濕切口之下。</p><p>　　圖5-1 展示切口插入物的側(cè)面邊被使用以180m/ 的切口速度分鐘。 SEM 圖象被記錄了在7 分鐘用機器制造以后。 它顯示微磨蝕穿戴, 哪些由狹窄的凹線辨認沿側(cè)面邊在金屬流程的方向, 支持以相似的觀察由巴恩斯和Pashby（人名） [ 41 ] 提供在鋁里測試的通過蓄冷劑鉆井插入物SiC 金屬矩陣綜合。 因為先鋒是切口插入物幾何的最