外文翻譯--制造系統(tǒng)的改革

1、<p><b>　　附錄</b></p><p><b>　　附錄1</b></p><p><b>　　英文原文</b></p><p>　　The Evolutionary Rules of Production System</p><p>　　Abstract

2、: The competition among modern enterprises has been converted from products to capability. As the basis of competition, production system can’t win the market unless it takes advantage of its capability in competition. H

3、ere in this article, the evolutionary rules of production system contributing to the establishment, renovation, reform, invention and promotion of the production of modern enterprises are observed.</p><p>　　

4、Key words: production system rule evolution</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　Manufacturing industry is the cornerstone of national economy and the source of national income. Especially, sin

5、ce 1980s, with the shift in business concepts and competition patterns from products to capabilities, the production system has been focused on manufacturing. The production system is the basis of competition among enter

6、prises. It’s vital for any enterprise to pay more attention to strengthen their own capabilities and qualities so as to take the lead in competition in the Age of Knowl</p><p>　　2. The Rules of the Evolution

7、 of Production System</p><p>　　2.1 The Expansion of Functions and Direction of Market</p><p>　　In general, the production management is meant to plan, organize and control production activities

8、in order to put out qualified goods efficiently, low-costly, flexibly and punctually to serve customers. With the expansion of the function of modern production system, including the production of tangible commodities an

9、d intangible operations, like service, knowledge and information, the difference between manufacturing industry and service industry becomes dim. Most manufacturers are serving as s</p><p>　　2.2 The Variety

10、and Reasonability of Targets in Production System</p><p>　　Market investigations are performed when the production system is established, renovated and regulated in order to learn more about the demand, to s

11、et up practical goals and to regulate the specification, the output and the production speed of commodities. Some reasons for the variety and reasonability are shown as follows:</p><p>　　(1) With the develop

12、ment of economy, consumers have converted their attention to various commodities and they’re keen on peculiar ones which are efficient and fashionable;</p><p>　　Early target Transmitting ta

13、rget Modern target</p><p>　　(2) New commodities occurred as soon as old commodities lose their marker and vanished quickly. In this circle, the life spans of product are so short that many u

14、p-to-date ones have to be developed and produced in time;</p><p>　　(3) Because of the severe competition, how to increase the shares in the market becomes an important target. To take the lead, enterprises a

15、re supposed to put out more and more new commodities.</p><p>　　2.3 The Flexibility of Production System</p><p>　　The assembly line production and mass production used to be of low-cost but they

16、were limited because of the variety, changeability and short life span. So the law of “scale economy” is being challenged in its application. Single-product production system couldn’t adjust to the changes in market and

17、in the operation of enterprise. As a result, along with the shift to variety and mass production, GT (group technology), AM (Agile manufacturing), IMI (Independent Manufacturing island) and FMS (Flex</p><p>

18、　　2.4 The Automation, Integrity and Intellection of Production System</p><p>　　The automation technology, esp. information technology, computer technology and systematic technology, brought the advanced manu

19、facturing industry into prosperity which prepared well enough to meet dynamic adaptability in terms of material and technological conditions. The 5th technology revolution that began in 1970s actually was a breakthrough

20、in micro-electronic and computer technology. Generated from both of them, the advanced manufacturing technology and information technology come into bei</p><p>　　(1) In traditional patterns, it took high pri

21、ce to acquire knowledge and information, so mass production was the solution. When CIMS, MRPⅡ, ERP, Internet, Intranet among enterprisers and extranet of enterprises occurred, the information of designing and management

22、was stored in software. The cost of using and regulating information was so low that mass production wasn’t the solution any more; (2) The intellectual and automatic manufacturing equipment took up the repetitive task an

23、d work efficien</p><p>　　2.5 Emphasis on People——The Main Factor in the Production System</p><p>　　People who are in charge of manufacturing activities are faced with new requirement with regard

24、 to their role status, knowledge and capability. It’s due to the change of production means and the expansion of production activities.</p><p>　　(1) The ultimate factor in manufacturing activities——people: T

25、he automation of manufacturing system was ever the center of international manufacturing research. And “no one factory” pattern, that is, auto-operated factory was expected. The early CIMS was based on this imagination.

26、But only a few enterprises achieved what they had expected. Most of them failed in fulfilling their goals in some developed industrial countries. In comparison with the large investment, the profit was too far from bei&l

27、t;/p><p>　　2.6 The Production System Tends to Be Labor-intensive</p><p>　　To get the similar effect in production in a fixed quantity to in a large quantity, high efficiency and regional economy ar

28、e being targeted. A stable and balanced production is to eliminate ineffective work and waste, to shorten the process of producing, to lower the cost and avoid stocking too long. Labor-intensive and elastic labor organiz

29、ing should be executed soon. Consequently, the management converts from the one by individuals and departments to the whole production system based on man.</p><p>　　3. Conclusion</p><p>　　Findin

30、g out the rules of evolution production system, in a sense, contributes to the establishment, refreshment, innovation and promotion of the system itself and also support the functional target set for it and its construct

31、ion strategy. For the progress in quality and competitiveness in contingency, all the enterprises are supposed to follow the rules, in the view of production strategy and competition advantages.</p><p>　　Ref

32、erences:</p><p>　　1. Qingshan Zhang, Guoqing Jiang. Modern Production Management, Northeast University Publishing House, 1998.05</p><p>　　2. Kesheng Zhang, Songqian Zhang. The Evolution of Manuf

33、acturing Modes in US & Japan, Enterprise Management, 1998(1)</p><p>　　3. Ying Tao. The New Tendency of Foreign Enterprises Management and Its Implication, Modernization of Management, 1997(6)</p>

34、<p><b>　　中文譯文</b></p><p><b>　　制造系統(tǒng)的改革</b></p><p>　　摘要：現(xiàn)代企業(yè)之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)已轉(zhuǎn)換成產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)能力的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。以此為基礎(chǔ)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，除非它充分利用了其能力的優(yōu)勢(shì)，否則企業(yè)是不能贏得市場(chǎng)的。在這篇文章中，制造系統(tǒng)的改革有助于建立，改造，改革，發(fā)明和促進(jìn)現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)企業(yè)遵守進(jìn)化規(guī)則。</p&

35、gt;<p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng) 規(guī)則 演變</p><p><b>　　1導(dǎo)言</b></p><p>　　制造業(yè)，是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和國家收入的來源。特別是20世紀(jì)80年代以來，隨著在經(jīng)營理念和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)模式從產(chǎn)品到能力的變化，生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)已集中于制造業(yè)。生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)是企業(yè)之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。在知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)和新經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代，為了起帶頭作用，在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中更多地注意提高自身的能力

36、和素質(zhì)對(duì)任何企業(yè)來說是很重要的。二十一世紀(jì)是典型的高科技時(shí)代，在其中生產(chǎn)，擁有，分工和消費(fèi)知識(shí)意味著一切。不可避免地，制造業(yè)正面臨著挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇，這表明一場(chǎng)革命的到來。它已被證明是由經(jīng)濟(jì)和自然的法律決定的，即優(yōu)勝劣汰。我們不能肯定明天也是贏家，除非我們?yōu)槲磥碜龊脺?zhǔn)備。在這篇文章中，進(jìn)化規(guī)則在生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中的體現(xiàn)，有助于企業(yè)建立、更新、改造、發(fā)明和促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)。這是使國家經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)，順利發(fā)展的健全的方式。</p><p>

37、　　2生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)規(guī)則的演變</p><p>　　2.1擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)的職能和方向，</p><p>　　一般來說，生產(chǎn)管理是指計(jì)劃、組織和控制生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)，以便把商品的合格率，低費(fèi)用高品質(zhì)，靈活和準(zhǔn)時(shí)向客戶提供服務(wù)。隨著現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)體系功能的擴(kuò)大，包括生產(chǎn)有形和無形的商品，像服務(wù)、知識(shí)和信息，制造業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)之間的差異變得暗淡。大多數(shù)制造商都提供相應(yīng)服務(wù)。產(chǎn)品在許多工業(yè)部門，在事實(shí)上，是完整的硬件，軟件和服

38、務(wù)。經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和技術(shù)在后工業(yè)社會(huì)和信息時(shí)代提出的要求，在市場(chǎng)越來越缺少穩(wěn)定。因此，大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的地位在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中日益下降。多變的要求確定以客戶為主體的模式，大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)已發(fā)展成為多品種和小規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)。</p><p>　　2.2生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中品種和合理的目標(biāo)</p><p>　　市場(chǎng)調(diào)查執(zhí)行時(shí)，建立，翻新和規(guī)范生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，以便更多地了解客戶，設(shè)立實(shí)際的目標(biāo)和規(guī)范的規(guī)格，提高產(chǎn)量和加快產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)速度。

39、幾個(gè)品種和合理的原因如下顯示：</p><p>　?。?）隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，消費(fèi)者已將注意力轉(zhuǎn)移到各種商品和他們熱衷于那些奇特的有效率及時(shí)髦的東西;</p><p>　　早期的目標(biāo) 轉(zhuǎn)遞的目標(biāo) 現(xiàn)代的目標(biāo)</p><p>　　(2)新商品的產(chǎn)生造成舊商品失去了他們市場(chǎng)和被迅速淘汰。在這

40、圈子，產(chǎn)品的壽命周期是非常短的，許多產(chǎn)品必須及時(shí)更新和生產(chǎn)；</p><p>　　(3)由于嚴(yán)重的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，如何增加在市場(chǎng)上的股份成為一個(gè)重要的因素。要起帶頭作用，企業(yè)必須生產(chǎn)更多的新商品。</p><p>　　2.3生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的靈活性</p><p>　　裝配線生產(chǎn)和大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)曾經(jīng)是低成本，但因?yàn)樵撈贩N，多變性和短期的壽命，他們受到了限制。因此，“規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)”的法律在其申

41、請(qǐng)時(shí)受到挑戰(zhàn)。在運(yùn)作的企業(yè)，單一產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)無法適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)的變化進(jìn)行調(diào)整。因此，隨著轉(zhuǎn)向品種和大量生產(chǎn)，GT， FMS，IMI，AM和柔性制造系統(tǒng)式很容易適應(yīng)的。特別是，鞏固制造業(yè)離島的基礎(chǔ)上，就整體而言，集成制造系統(tǒng)與計(jì)算機(jī)和IMI的技術(shù)，增加了靈活性和應(yīng)變性。</p><p>　　2.4生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的自動(dòng)化和完整性 </p><p>　　物質(zhì)和技術(shù)條件準(zhǔn)備充足的自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，電除塵器，信息技術(shù)

42、，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和系統(tǒng)技術(shù)，帶來了先進(jìn)制造業(yè)的繁榮。第5次技術(shù)革命的開始，在20世紀(jì)70年代，在微型電子技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)上其實(shí)是一個(gè)突破。從他們兩個(gè)開始，意味著先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和信息技術(shù)的誕生。這樣一來，原材料和燃料的低成本，以及高效率和適應(yīng)性，在現(xiàn)代企業(yè)中成了可能。從理論上講，利潤來源，規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。</p><p>　　(1)在傳統(tǒng)的模式中，花了高昂的代價(jià)，以獲得知識(shí)和信息，因此，大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)是解決問題的方法。

43、當(dāng)計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)，如MRP的ⅱ ， ERP系統(tǒng)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，內(nèi)聯(lián)網(wǎng)之間企業(yè)信息的交流，，軟件存儲(chǔ)信息設(shè)計(jì)和管理。成本的使用和規(guī)范的信息是如此之低，大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)是不解決任何更多問題。</p><p>　　(2)智力和自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的矛盾意味著不一定能提高工作效率。效率，如果只以下的順序，從中央計(jì)算機(jī)。累積的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并不意味著很多在這里，所謂的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和學(xué)習(xí)過程將不再存在。</p><p>

44、　　(3)在傳統(tǒng)的模式，專門和有效率的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備和工具，是適合大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，以增加生產(chǎn)力和降低成本。但現(xiàn)代設(shè)備的，往往不是多功能的。他們是許多制造業(yè)相適應(yīng)的程序，確保高生產(chǎn)力，沒有大規(guī)模生產(chǎn); （ 4 ）在現(xiàn)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)，生產(chǎn)一種商品在一定量的費(fèi)用幾乎高達(dá)同樣數(shù)量的其他品種，但在同一個(gè)工廠制造它的成本比在不同的工廠會(huì)少得多; （ 5 ）與技術(shù)的CAE技術(shù)，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)， CAPP系統(tǒng)， CAM和柔性制造系統(tǒng)，設(shè)計(jì)和制造的新商品，可于短期

45、內(nèi)完成并隨著質(zhì)量的提高交付期限也在縮短。</p><p>　　2.5在生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中側(cè)重于人的主要因素 </p><p>　　負(fù)責(zé)制造業(yè)的人在活動(dòng)中對(duì)于他們的作用，地位，知識(shí)和能力正面臨著新的要求。這是由于改變生產(chǎn)方式和擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的原因。</p><p>　　(1)在制造業(yè)活動(dòng)中的最終因素-人：自動(dòng)化制造系統(tǒng)是曾經(jīng)國際制造中心的研究“沒有人的工廠”模式，即自動(dòng)操作的工

46、廠。估計(jì)早期的計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)是在此基礎(chǔ)上想象的。但只有少數(shù)企業(yè)達(dá)到了他們的預(yù)期。在一些發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國家，他們大多未能在履行達(dá)到他們的目標(biāo)。在比較大的投資，利潤也遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能令人滿意。最后， CIMS在許多國家已淘汰。人的作用，在現(xiàn)代制造系統(tǒng)不是削弱了而是加強(qiáng)。它引起了不同尋常的關(guān)注，許多發(fā)達(dá)國家培養(yǎng)能主管這個(gè)行業(yè)技術(shù)工人和行政人員。因此，甚至是一套為工人和行政人員的更高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);</p><p>　　(2)加強(qiáng)人們的知

47、識(shí)和能力：從綜合技術(shù)上發(fā)展現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)。它的特點(diǎn)是多學(xué)科，所以技術(shù)是為了有一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的專業(yè)，不只是專業(yè)知識(shí)，但也有很多的知識(shí)，關(guān)注先進(jìn)的研究。在同一時(shí)間內(nèi)，了解所涉及的科目，以及擴(kuò)大來看，刷新知識(shí)和接受新觀念是非常重要的。倡議的定義和能力的完整性，是被預(yù)計(jì)的。</p><p>　　2.6生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)往往是勞動(dòng)力密集型的</p><p>　　獲得類似的效果，在生產(chǎn)，從一個(gè)固定的數(shù)量到大量，高效率和

48、區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)是目標(biāo)。一個(gè)穩(wěn)定和均衡的生產(chǎn)是為了消除無效的工作和浪費(fèi)，以縮短生產(chǎn)過程，降低成本，并避免囤積過久。勞動(dòng)密集和彈性的勞動(dòng)組織，應(yīng)盡快執(zhí)行。因此，基于一個(gè)人，管理的轉(zhuǎn)換，是從一個(gè)由個(gè)人和部門到整個(gè)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)。</p><p><b>　　3結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　找出生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的規(guī)則演變，在某種意義上，有助于制度本身的建立，創(chuàng)新和推廣也支持功能所定的目標(biāo)，為

49、它和它的建設(shè)策略，為進(jìn)步的素質(zhì)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力應(yīng)變，在生產(chǎn)策略和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)上，所有企業(yè)要遵守規(guī)則。</p><p><b>　　參考文獻(xiàn)： </b></p><p>　　[1] 張青山,姜國慶.現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)管理.東北大學(xué)出版社， 1998</p><p>　　[2] 張聲.美國和日本的演變的制造模式.企業(yè)管理 1998年 </p><p