外文翻譯---相控陣和雷達(dá)技術(shù)的突破

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）</b></p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　英文譯文1：</b></p><p>　　相控陣和雷達(dá)技術(shù)的突破</p><p>　　【摘要】 許多人認(rèn)為雷達(dá)是一個(gè)成熟的領(lǐng)域，不會(huì)發(fā)生任何新的

2、變化，這種看法存在很久了，沒有比這個(gè)看法更錯(cuò)誤的了。當(dāng)我1950年參與到雷達(dá)領(lǐng)域的時(shí)候，我也有過同樣的看法，例如，我認(rèn)為麻省理工學(xué)院的雷達(dá)叢書已經(jīng)是包羅萬象了，不需要增加任何新的內(nèi)容。然而我是多么的錯(cuò)啊，從那時(shí)起雷達(dá)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域中已經(jīng)發(fā)生了許多令人眼花繚亂的發(fā)展，雷達(dá)一直受益于Moore s定律和許多新的技術(shù)上的成果，例如，MMIC GaAs T／R組件和相控陣組件?，F(xiàn)在雷達(dá)技術(shù)發(fā)展得更快了，在這篇文章里，我將給出某些最近突破的例子。<

3、;/p><p>　　【關(guān)鍵詞】 雷達(dá)；有源相控陣；MMIC；MEMS；T／R組件；相控陣；AESA；電掃；GaAs；GaN；SiC；CMOS；數(shù)字波束形成；自適應(yīng)陣列；旁瓣對(duì)消器；超寬帶天線；金屬材料；電子管；真空電子器件；回旋管；磁控管；速調(diào)管；行波管；微波功率組件；MPM；功率放大組件；SBX；GBR—P</p><p>　　0：SEA-BASED X-波段雷達(dá)</p>&l

4、t;p>　　24層樓高的SEA-BASED X-波段相控陣?yán)走_(dá)是一個(gè)世界奇跡。</p><p>　　1：GaAs MMIC T／R模塊（單片微波集成電路）</p><p>　　在過去的十年成功和廣泛的應(yīng)用了MMIC和AESA(有源電子掃描陣)</p><p>　　2：低成本 ￥19K AESA</p><p>　　誰說AESA是非常昂貴

5、的，在DARPA（Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency美國(guó)國(guó)防部先進(jìn)研究項(xiàng)目局）的低資金￥19K資助下使35GHZ相控陣成為可能。DARPA已經(jīng)資助發(fā)展了￥10 X-band,10’smW,單T/R芯片模塊。</p><p>　　3：低成本的MEMS(微機(jī)電系統(tǒng))相控陣</p><p>　　即使我們只有一個(gè)低損耗的移相器，那么就能夠用在一個(gè)模塊

6、上安裝很多的移相而MEMS提供了這個(gè)可能。MEMS開關(guān)已經(jīng)提高了3個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)的可靠性，在2003年10月報(bào)道，開關(guān)壽命已經(jīng)達(dá)到6000億.這還有降低損耗的需要，通過4位移相器用RADANT透鏡在1維空間掃描的天線損耗是1.25dB.2維掃描需要2個(gè)鏡頭，所以2維的RADANT陣列掃描對(duì)于2路的損耗就是5Db,但是正在取得進(jìn)展。</p><p>　　4：GaN(氮化鎵，屬第三代半導(dǎo)體材料)，SIC(碳化硅)</

7、p><p>　　寬禁帶的GaN和SIC MMIC 芯片，使，在T/R模塊電源上提高1-2個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)，成為可能。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)將有可能在未來通過升級(jí)現(xiàn)有的AESA替換GaAs T/R 組件或SIC T/R與GaN模塊，提高10倍電源。這個(gè)提供了10倍的改善在搜索整個(gè)或者78%軌道范圍中。</p><p><b>　　5：SiGe</b></p><p>　　

8、SiGe具有使用Si為基質(zhì)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，對(duì)集成電路產(chǎn)業(yè)的技術(shù)，其豐富的資源，可以借鑒。它以較低的成本提供了較高的性能潛能。SiGe 在微波輸出功率和噪聲系數(shù)與GaAs競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中沒有優(yōu)勢(shì)。它提供了低成本和在單芯片上整合多種功能的能力。在一個(gè)芯片上可以增加微波功率放大器和低噪聲的數(shù)字接收機(jī)也可以是增加A/D和數(shù)字電路。</p><p>　　6：CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconduct

9、or互補(bǔ)金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體)</p><p>　　目前CMOS主要用在微波頻率，它也使用在Si基材，這個(gè)技術(shù)還廣泛使用在計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)。它擁有低成本的保證，低功耗的T/R模塊接收組件。像SiGe它有允許許多功能集成在一塊芯片上的優(yōu)勢(shì)，甚至超過SiGe.一塊芯片上可以有射頻，中頻基帶，微處理器，內(nèi)存?？烧{(diào)諧濾波器和A/D轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)在SOC（系統(tǒng)集成芯片）上。它可由GaAs或者GaN結(jié)合制作出微波功率放大器和低噪聲的數(shù)字接收

10、機(jī)。利用GaN有足夠強(qiáng)大到不受限制的優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p><p>　　7：數(shù)字波束形成（DBF）</p><p>　　DBF是被應(yīng)用在微波AESAs雷達(dá)，我們看到它被用的越來越廣泛；和模擬波束形成有許多明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。對(duì)于目前正在實(shí)施的大型陣列是指數(shù)組的水平，但最終還是會(huì)在元素級(jí)別上進(jìn)行。這樣做消除了模擬硬件相結(jié)合，模擬下變頻和所有與他們相關(guān)的錯(cuò)誤。反過來這將導(dǎo)致超低副瓣。這將允許多種光束指向不同方

11、向的實(shí)現(xiàn)，它將能夠在同一時(shí)刻用天線的不同部分實(shí)行不同的應(yīng)用程序。它允許在降低3dB發(fā)射功率的情況能夠搜索。現(xiàn)在，隨著摩爾定律規(guī)律的不斷前進(jìn)，由于增加信號(hào)處理所需的成本遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于減少3dB發(fā)射功率的獲得成本。DBF能夠減少搜索占用的空間（1/2），并且搜索精度能達(dá)到40%。DBF也將允許更好的自適應(yīng)陣列進(jìn)程。事實(shí)上，一個(gè)完全的自適應(yīng)陣列與沒有它的計(jì)算和瞬間處罰是一樣可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。這可以實(shí)現(xiàn)自調(diào)諧-自調(diào)諧陣列處理。這個(gè)涉及到干擾器是否干擾了數(shù)字

12、定位，然后指向這些干擾器束（這些光束是有效地特征波束），并利用這些作為主瓣。我們擁有10個(gè)干擾器，現(xiàn)在必須轉(zhuǎn)換為11*11的矩陣，而不是1000*1000的矩陣和瞬間時(shí)間減少100倍。傳統(tǒng)的自適應(yīng)完全陣列，不能確定干擾器的位置，我們可以很容易的確定，不至于使我們被蒙蔽。此方法等效</p><p><b>　　8：超帶寬陣列</b></p><p>　　由于有超帶寬的陣

13、列，可以使一個(gè)天線在不同的地帶有各種不同的應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　9：電子管的進(jìn)展（TUBE ADVANCEMENTS）</p><p>　　電子管取得了重大的進(jìn)展；其中有一些是因?yàn)橛袕?qiáng)大的可用的軟件，允許電子管的設(shè)計(jì)不需要實(shí)驗(yàn)和糾錯(cuò)。</p><p><b>　　10：致謝</b></p><p>　　我想謝謝Ra

14、ymond Hale 和 John DeFalco,還有Raytheon 公司提供的GaN,SiC,SiGe和CMOS。</p><p><b>　　英文原文1：</b></p><p>　　Phased-Array and Radar Breakthroughs</p><p>　　Dr．Eli Brookner Raytheon Comp&

15、lt;/p><p>　　(M／S 3—1—162 528 Boston Post Rd．，Sudbury，MA 01776</p><p>　　Te1．：978—440—4007；ELI_BROOKNER@RAYTHEON．COM)</p><p>　　【Abstract】 Many think that radar is a mature field，nothing

16、 new to happen，it having been around a long time. Nothing can be further from the truth．When I entered the field in the 50`s I thought the same thing．The MIT Radiation </p><p>　　Lab．Series was the definitive

17、 volume and there was to be nothing more．How wrong 1 was．Since then many amazing new developments have taken place，radar having benefiting from Moore`s law and the incorporation of new technology developments such as MMI

18、C GaAs T／R modules and electronically steered phased array．Things are moving even faster now. In this paper I shall give examples of some of the recent breakthroughs．The topics to be covered are indicated in Fig．1． </

19、p><p>　　【Key words】 Radar，active—phased arrays；MMIC；MEMS；T／R module；phased array；AESA；electronic scanning；GaAs；GaN；SiC；SiGe；CMOS；digital beam forming；adaptive arrays；sidelobe canceler；Ultra—Wideband Antenna；me

20、tal materials；tube；Vacuum Electron Device；gyroklystron；gyrotwystron；magnetron；klystron；traveling wave tube； T；microwave power modules；MPM；power amplifier module(PAM)；SBX；GBR—P</p><p>　　0 SEA—BASED X—BAND RA

21、DAR</p><p>　　The Sea Based X—Band(SBX)24 story high phased array radar shown is a new wonder of the world．</p><p>　　GaAs MMIC T／R MODULES</p><p>　　The last decade has seen the succe

22、ssful and extensive application of Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICS) to active electronically steered arrays (AESAs).</p><p>　　LOW COST，$19K，AESA</p><p>　　Who said AESAs have to b

23、e expensive．On DARPA funding the feasibility of a low cost，$19 K．35 GHz array was demonstrated ；see Figs．6 and 7．DARPA has also funded the development of a $10 X-band．10`smW ，single chip T／R module.</p><p>

24、　　LOW COST MEMS PHASED ARRAYS</p><p>　　If only we had a low loss phase shifter．Then we could go back to the passive architecture electronic scanned phased array with one module feeding many </p><p

25、>　　phase shifters，like 10．This could potentially reduce the cost of an electronically scanned phased array by a factor of nearly ～ 10． Micro-ElctroMechanical systems (MEMS)offer this promise．MEMS swi

26、tches have improved their reliability by 3 orders of magnitude over what was reported Oct．2003 in to a life of 600 billion switches．There is still need for improvement in the loss． The loss through a 4 bit phase shifter

27、used in a 1-D scanned RADANT space-fed lens antenna is ～1．25 dB. T</p><p><b>　　GaN,SIC</b></p><p>　　Wide bandgap GaN and SiC MMIC chips offer the potential of one to two orders incre

28、ase in T／R module power；see Fig．8．This technology would make it possible in the future to upgrade an existing AESA by replacing the GaAs T／R modules with GaN or SiC T／R modules having 10 times the et．3his provides either

29、 a 10 times improvement in search volume or a 78％ increase in track range．</p><p><b>　　SiGe</b></p><p>　　SiGe has the advantage of using Si as a substrate，the technology of the integ

30、rated circuit industry and whose extensive resources can draw upon．It offers the potential of higher performance at low with GaAs with respect to </p><p>　　cost．SiGe does not compete microwave output power o

31、r noise figure．It offers low cost and the ability to integrate many functions on a single chip．On one chip in addition to microwave power amplifiers and low noise figure receiv- </p><p>　　er it can have A／Ds

32、 and digital circuitry．Fig．9 shows a moekup of an AESA radar using SiGe T／R modules having a 1 W peak output power．</p><p><b>　　CMOS</b></p><p>　　CMOS now operates at microwave frequ

33、encies．It too uses a Si subtrate and is the technology widely used in the computer industry．It holds the promise of low cost and low power for the receiver parts of T／R modules．Like SiGe it has the advantage of allowing

34、the integration of many functions on a single chip，even more so than SiGe．One chip can have RF，IF，baseband，microprocessor，memory,tuneable filters and A／Ds—a system on a chip(SOC)．It can be combined with GaAs or GaN for

35、the microwave power ampl</p><p>　　7 DIGITAL BEAM FORMING(DBF)</p><p>　　DBF is here for microwave AESAs radars．We see it being used more and more； It provides many significant advantages over ana

36、log beam forming． For large arrays it is presently being implemented at the sub—array level but eventually it will be done at the element leve1．Doing so eliminates the analog combining hard．． ware，analog down-converting

37、and all the errors associated with them．This in turn will lead to ultra—low side— lobes．It will allow the implementation of multiple beams pointing in differ</p><p>　　8 ULTRA WIDEBAND ARRAYS </p>&

38、lt;p>　　Ultra wideband arrays are here．These will allow the use of one antenna for many different applications at different bands.</p><p>　　TUBE ADVANCEMENTS</p><p>　　Tubes are making major ad

39、vances. Some of these are because of the powerful software that permits the design of availability of tubes without the need for trial and error.</p><p>　　ACKNOWLEDGEMENT</p><p>　　1 would like t

40、o thank Raymond Hale and John DeFalco，both of the Raytheon Company for their inputs on GaN，SiC，SiGe and CMOS.</p><p><b>　　英文譯文2</b></p><p>　　發(fā)射KU-波段的相控陣天線在FSS通信系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用</p><

41、p>　　【摘要】 波音公司已經(jīng)開發(fā)了一個(gè)主動(dòng)發(fā)射的相控陣，應(yīng)用在14-14.5GHZ頻譜的FSS(衛(wèi)星固定業(yè)務(wù))。該陣列包括254個(gè)主動(dòng)控制的線性極化的變量輻射元素。瞄準(zhǔn)測(cè)量EIRP（等效全向輻射功率）在波束寬度角度為6時(shí)是41dBW。從固定的或者移動(dòng)的平臺(tái)，天線能夠跟蹤衛(wèi)星，利用角跟蹤率優(yōu)于30度/秒和柵瓣掃描角從60度到90度。在與波音公司的商業(yè)化使用1515元素的KU頻段接收陣列天線，提供給移動(dòng)用戶通信鏈路，利用地球靜止的固

42、定通信衛(wèi)星。</p><p>　　【介紹】 為了滿足移動(dòng)用戶通信日益增長(zhǎng)的需求，和利用大量的可利用的頻段寬度為（下限11.7-12.2GHZ,上限14.0-14.5GHZ）衛(wèi)星商業(yè)資源，波音公司已經(jīng)推出了商用的接收相控陣天線及相控陣天線發(fā)射的原型。兩個(gè)發(fā)射天線已經(jīng)建成，其中之一被交付給NASA（美國(guó)宇航局）John H. Glenn研究所，正在用來研究探索下一代空中交通管制系統(tǒng)。其他發(fā)射天線是為波音公司內(nèi)部使用。

43、這些系統(tǒng)允許高數(shù)據(jù)率（通常大于20Mbps）的移動(dòng)衛(wèi)星上行到移動(dòng)平臺(tái)（如飛機(jī)），和較低的利率從移動(dòng)衛(wèi)星回程的平臺(tái)，用一個(gè)固定的地面接收站。</p><p>　　天線設(shè)計(jì)：發(fā)射天線架構(gòu)結(jié)合了眾多相控陣通信功能。射頻能量的分布由一家能量網(wǎng)絡(luò)企業(yè)整合成一個(gè)多層線路板（MLWB）。MLWB還分布有直流和邏輯信號(hào)線到254元的位置。垂直連接器（稱為“fuzzbutton”）使電和熱加入到MLWB的每個(gè)模塊。該模塊連接到圓波

44、導(dǎo)散熱器，這是緊密排列間距16*16的矩形陣列元素。</p><p>　　每個(gè)模塊包含了多層陶瓷密封封裝，設(shè)有一個(gè)專用集成電路硅相位緩沖器和兩個(gè)砷化鎵器件，該器件提供增益和確定適當(dāng)?shù)南辔坏絉F信號(hào)。該移相器的緩沖連接到波束控制器移相器模塊，傳入的射頻信號(hào)被分成兩個(gè)通道相。每個(gè)通道都分配四個(gè)相位信息，擴(kuò)增通過兩個(gè)階段，聯(lián)合經(jīng)由Lange型耦合器。并通過正交波導(dǎo)輻射探測(cè)器竊入到一個(gè)圓波導(dǎo)介質(zhì)。變化的相位偏移，使兩移相

45、器生成任意方向的線性極化。多層廣角阻抗匹配（WAIM）的基板是用來提供環(huán)境保護(hù)和優(yōu)化掃描性能。</p><p>　　總結(jié)：波音公司已經(jīng)成功開發(fā)了主動(dòng)控制發(fā)射的天線原型，能夠用在FSS的頻段。該天線提供一個(gè)有效全向輻射功率（EIRP）36-41dBW,超過一個(gè)圓錐掃描量120度。變量線性極化率和角跟蹤率超過30/秒。該設(shè)計(jì)是基于一個(gè)成功的，低成本的商業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，為了使天線的開發(fā)很實(shí)惠。它可以很容易擴(kuò)大規(guī)模，以適應(yīng)用戶巨

46、大的需求。當(dāng)用于補(bǔ)充波音飛機(jī)接收相控陣天線時(shí)，這種發(fā)送/接收天線系統(tǒng)為用戶提供具有高度功能的移動(dòng)通信解決方案。</p><p>　　致謝：作者在此感謝D. N. Rasmussen在天線傳輸范圍和近場(chǎng)掃描儀設(shè)備上的工作。</p><p><b>　　英文原文1：</b></p><p>　　Ku-Band Transmit Phased Arr

47、ay Antenna for use in FSS Communication Systems</p><p>　　(S . A. Raby, R. Y. Shimoda, P. T. Heisen, D. E. Riemer, B. L. Blaser, G. R. Onorati Boeing Phantom Works</p><p>　　P.O. Box 3999, Seatt

48、le, WA 98124)</p><p>　　【Abstract】Boeing has developed an active transmit phased array for use in the 14-14.5 GHz Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) spectrum. The array consists of 254 actively contr

49、olled elements that radiate variable linear polarization. Measured boresight EIRP is 41 dBW with a beamwidth of 6”. Cross- polarization isolation is better than 25 dB at boresight. The antenna can track a satellite fr

50、om a fixed or moving platform with angular tracking rates better than 30 degrees/sec and at grati</p><p>　　【Introduction】To meet the growing demands of mobile communications users, and to utilize the large

51、number of resources available in the commercial satellite FSS band (1 1.7-12.2 GHz downlink, 14.0-14.5 GHz uplink), Boeing has introduced a commercially available receive phased array antenna and a prototype

52、 transmit phased array antenna. Two transmit antennas have been built; one of which was delivered to NASA John H. Glenn Research Center for use in their ongoing </p><p>　　【Antenna Design】T

53、he transmit antenna architecture combines features of many of the communication phased arrays that Boeing has developed [ 11-[4] and is shown in Figure 1. RF energy is distributed by a corporate feed network integrate

54、d into a multilayer wiring board (MLWB). The MLWB also distributes </p><p>　　dc and logic signals to the 254 element locations. Vertical connectors (termed ‘fuzzbuttons’) electrically and thermally join th

55、e MLWB to each module. The modules are connected to circular waveguide radiators that are tightly spaced in a triangular lattice and form a 16x16 element rectangular array.</p><p>　　Each module contains a mu

56、ltilayer hermetic ceramic package which houses a silicon ASIC phase shifter buffer and two GaAs devices that provide gain and define appropriate phase to the RF signal. The phase shifter buffer interfaces the beam steer

57、ing controller to the module phase shifters. The incoming RF signal is split in-phase into two channels. Each channel is assigned four-bit phase information, amplified through two stages, combined via a Lange-type coupl

58、er, and radiated by orthogonal wave</p><p>　　【Conclusion】Boeing has successfully developed a prototype actively controlled transmit phased array antenna for use in the commercial FSS frequency band. The

59、antenna offers an EIRP of 36-41 dBW over a conical scan volume of greater than 120”, variable linear polarization and angular tracking rates in excess of 30°/sec. The design is based on a successful, low cos

60、t commercial architecture making future development of the antenna very affordable. It can be easily scaled to accomm</p><p>　　【Acknowledgments】The authors would like to thank D. N. Rasmussen for his