外文翻譯---電子商務(wù)技術(shù)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易發(fā)展中的應(yīng)用（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　中文3000字，1600單詞，9800英文字符</p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)出處：Burinskien? A. THE APPLICATION OF E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE[J]. Intellectual Economics, 2011, 5(1): 7–22.</p>&

2、lt;p>　　http://www.wenku1.com/news/E406E0C802DC2447.html</p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　THE APPLICATION OF E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE</p>

3、<p><b>　　Aurelija</b></p><p>　　VilniusGediminasTechnicalUniversity</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　The article discloses the application of e-commerc

4、e technologies for the development of international trade. In this paper, the problems associated with the application of e-commerce technologies in international trade are analysed. It is identified that enterprises inv

5、olved in international trade are using e-commerce technologies for selling products in different markets which, based on their openness, are closed and open. The analysis of the benefits and investments is provided herei

6、n. By usin</p><p>　　Keywords: e-commerce, international trade, efficiency, benefit, multi-period investments.</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　A huge dynamism is characteristic to int

7、ernational trade: it undergoes multiple and rapid alterations, therefore one needs to react single-mindedly to new challenges and tackle more complicated problems. For the past several decades, by developing internationa

8、l trade, the possibilities to increase efficiency have been re-examined. Since the development level of information technologies is growing, the needs are perceived in a new way, which appear in the practice of e-commerc

9、e. Apparently, the i</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易There are several ways to develop international trade by applying e-commerce technologies:</p><p>　　- An Internet shop. The consumer can visit the e-shop a

10、nd choose an item from a wide range of goods;</p><p>　　- A producer on the Internet. Consumers can easily find, choose and even make a ―purchase-sale‖ deal with a direct producer online. This encourages more

11、 and more consumers to buy goods directly;</p><p>　　- Trade with the help of an e-network. More and more permanent business partners use e-networks to receive orders, transfer the documents of payment and tr

12、ansport. Data received via e-networks are integrated into the information systems of enterprises.</p><p>　　E-commerce is distinguishable because of certain peculiarities: a customer can get purchases in any

13、country worldwide; expenditure of trade transactions, when ecommerce technologies are used, are usually lower than expenditure of traditional trade transactions due to the fact that costs of operations are lower; however

14、, there is a growth of expenditure which appears as a result of implementation and maintenance of e-commerce technologies and goods delivery.</p><p>　　The above-mentioned peculiarities determine that e-comme

15、rce is usually more efficient than common trade forms. Therefore, there is a demand to create and use in international trade such instrumentation for the evaluation of efficiency concerning the usage of e-commerce techno

16、logies that would be used to identify reasonably those cases when the traditional technologies of international trade are worth changing into e-commerce technologies and when e-commerce can help to increase the amounts o

17、f in</p><p>　　In this paper, the complex application of e-commerce technologies in international trade are examined, and a model, which can be applied to evaluate efficiency when e-commerce technologies are

18、used in international trade, is formulated, while empirical assessment, which shows that a formulated theoretical model can be applied, is undertaken. The methods of comparative, statistical, and financial analysis have

19、been mainly applied in the paper.</p><p>　　E-commerce conception and its refection in scientific works</p><p>　　E-commerce is the purchase and sale of goods and services by using e-networks (ope

20、n and close e-networks) (Bidgoli, 2004). E-commerce is an activity when e-networks are used in order to reach customers, sell goods, services and pay for them. Such practice is also related to advertising, purchase deliv

21、ery, etc. (Bergendahl, 2005).</p><p>　　Talking about e-commerce, M. Khosrowpour (2006) and other authors use the term ―e-commerce technologies‖; these technologies are used during trade transactions.</p&g

22、t;<p>　　Enterprises expect that expenditure of item sale on the Internet is lower than expenditure, which a company incurs selling goods traditionally. Moreover, they think that sale on the Internet is determined

23、by price, quality and delivery conditions. According to K. L. Kraemer’s data (2006), enterprises which sell items on the Internet increase their income, improve client service, reduce expenditure and reach a higher effic

24、iency level.</p><p>　　E-commerce can be based on two major business models:</p><p>　　- Business model ―business to business‖;</p><p>　　- Business model ―business to consumer‖.</p

25、><p>　　―Business to business‖ often means transactions among companies. Several more enterprises trade on the basis of such a model. This has been the most common e-commerce model in the whole world since e-com

26、merce technologies appeared.</p><p>　　The business model ―business to business‖ also reflects the form of wholesale when goods are ordered online. Due to this, one should also have the customers’ database, w

27、here information about discounts for each customer is preserved.</p><p>　　E-commerce provides more opportunities to conduct transactions and encourage the development of new forms of international trade. M.

28、A. Hitt (2002) thinks that the main reasons encouraging enterprises to develop e-commerce are extra income, smaller administration expenditure, higher activity efficiency and better financial results.</p><p>

29、;　　Implementation of e-commerce technologies gives many new opportunities. However, enterprises have to accept new challenges of international trade and make appropriate decisions. This means that the usage of e-commerce

30、 technologies is the main factor, determining the perspectives of international trade development. </p><p>　　The concept of international trade and its refection in literature</p><p>　　Internati

31、onal trade is a broad term and is defined differently in different sources. International trade by World Trade Organization (WTO) is defined as ―the flow of goods, carriage of goods within the territorial borders.‖ The U

32、nited Nations Organization (UNO) defines international trade as ―the international sale of goods.‖ In the documents of Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), international trade is defined as import

33、 and export activities and their results are measur</p><p>　　The successful and purposeful development of international trade has to be based on such scientific knowledge of circumstances and such scientific

34、ally-proved solutions. Solutions, which are oriented to efficiency of international trade and the increase of practice competition of various economy subjects in international trade, usually exploit in one or another way

35、 the opportunities provided by e-commerce technologies.</p><p>　　The inadequate and inappropriate usage of e-commerce technologies affects development of international trade. The development of instrumentati

36、on that allows evaluating the perspectives and opportunities of the application of e-commerce technologies is an important precondition in the development of international trade. </p><p>　　The comparison of

37、enterprises involved in trade.</p><p>　　It has been revealed that the international trade turnover of enterprises of production and trade amounts to 82% of international trade. The analyse of practice of men

38、tioned enterprises shows that production enterprises are more active by selling goods in international markets than trade ones; that the activity of production enterprises is important to assess opportunities in the deve

39、lopment of international trade.</p><p>　　The practice of enterprises has been examined. The results of such study show that enterprises passively apply e-commerce technologies in the development of internati

40、onal trade. It has been established that production companies are more active by doing trade in foreign countries, trade companies—by applying e-commerce technologies in national country. Research shows that in order to

41、activate the application of e-commerce technologies in international trade it is necessary to invest into ecommerc</p><p>　　It is necessary to consider that companies which engage in traditional trade can al

42、so apply and e-commerce technologies, but as there is a problem to obtain more thorough data, while comparing more common data to describe the above mentioned enterprises is used (note: assessing research results it is i

43、mportant to remember that in production enterprises—32%, in wholesale enterprises—19.2% of all sale income makes sale income when goods are ordered, using e-commerce technologies (it is estimated b</p><p>　　

44、Conclusions</p><p>　　The analysis of the application features of e-commerce technologies showed that enterprises involved in e-commerce have 2.25 times more sales per employee. It has been established that g

45、enerally in enterprises which apply e-commerce technologies there are more sales than in traditional trade enterprises. In addition enterprises can achieve substantial changes in costs devoted to operations of internatio

46、nal trade.</p><p>　　For the activation of the usage of e-commerce technologies in international trade, it is appropriate to apply the proposed model which helps to evaluate efficiency when e-commerce technol

47、ogies are used by the sellers of goods, which at the same time can be stable business partners. In the model various levels of economic evaluation are released, the costs of implementation and the usage of e-commerce tec

48、hnologies, in particular—investments and the results reached by the deployment of such techno</p><p>　　Undertaken empirical assessment has shown that formulated theoretical model, can be applied to evaluate

49、efficiency when investments into e-commerce is one-off and manifold, when the technologies of ―business to business‖ and ―business to consumer‖ are applied, when international trade is conducted in open-market and close

50、market.</p><p>　　The conducted empirical study of theoretical model has shown that the offered model can be applied for the evaluation of efficiency when e-commerce technologies are used in international tra

51、de. During empirical estimation, it has been established that a seller receives the biggest economic benefit due to income increase.</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　電子商務(wù)技術(shù)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易發(fā)展中的應(yīng)用<

52、/p><p><b>　　奧瑞利嘉</b></p><p>　　維爾紐斯格季米納斯科技大學(xué)</p><p>　　摘要：這篇文章揭露了電子商務(wù)技術(shù)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易的應(yīng)用情況。在本文中，主要是對(duì)電子商務(wù)技術(shù)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的應(yīng)用方面的相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行了分析。電子商務(wù)技術(shù)被認(rèn)為是參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的企業(yè)的有利的工具，可以增強(qiáng)企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。在不同的市場(chǎng)，這些企業(yè)可以基于開放的

53、原則進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品的銷售活動(dòng)。于此同時(shí)，本文也提供了電子商務(wù)投資和收益的分析。通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)金流模型可用于評(píng)估電子商務(wù)技術(shù)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易發(fā)展中的效率。本文提出了現(xiàn)金流模型用來評(píng)估電子商務(wù)技術(shù)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)中的應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞:電子商務(wù)、國(guó)際貿(mào)易、效率、效益、多階段的投資</p><p><b>　　引言</b></p><p>　　國(guó)

54、際貿(mào)易的一大特征就是具備巨大的活力，它經(jīng)歷了多種快速地改變，因此企業(yè)需要專心致志地應(yīng)對(duì)新的挑戰(zhàn)以及解決更復(fù)雜的問題。在過去的幾十年中，通過開發(fā)國(guó)際貿(mào)易，所有能夠提高效率的可能性因素都已經(jīng)被企業(yè)重新審視。由于信息技術(shù)水平的不斷發(fā)展，有一種新的需求出現(xiàn)在了電子商務(wù)的實(shí)踐中。顯然，電子商務(wù)技術(shù)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展中的重要性是巨大的，并且其重要性還在不斷地增加的趨勢(shì)，在現(xiàn)代全球化的情況下，信息和通信技術(shù)的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)成為國(guó)際貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一個(gè)至關(guān)重要

55、的因素。</p><p>　　有幾種方法可以通過電子商務(wù)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用來發(fā)展國(guó)際貿(mào)易:</p><p>　　網(wǎng)絡(luò)商店。消費(fèi)者可以訪問網(wǎng)絡(luò)商店并從網(wǎng)店琳瑯滿目的商品中選擇自己所需要購買的商品；</p><p>　　網(wǎng)絡(luò)制造商。消費(fèi)者可以很容易的找到、選擇、甚至做出購買將決策，直接與制造商進(jìn)行聯(lián)系溝通。這鼓勵(lì)越來越多的消費(fèi)者直接在網(wǎng)上購買商品。</p><

56、;p>　　正在電子商務(wù)的幫助下，貿(mào)易得到了更好地發(fā)展。越來越多的永久的業(yè)務(wù)合作伙伴使用電子商務(wù)技術(shù)直接在網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行訂單的接收、轉(zhuǎn)移支付、以及文件的在線發(fā)送。通過在線網(wǎng)絡(luò)來接收數(shù)據(jù)，并將數(shù)據(jù)整合到企業(yè)的信息系統(tǒng)中。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)因其獨(dú)有的特性，所以是很容易區(qū)分的: 一個(gè)客戶，不論在全球任何一個(gè)國(guó)家都可以在網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行購買行為，得益于電子商務(wù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中使用電子商務(wù)技術(shù)，通?？梢垣@得比傳統(tǒng)貿(mào)易

57、交易更低的交易成本支出，而且其運(yùn)營(yíng)成本也較低，電子商務(wù)目前有一個(gè)不斷增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)，更多的產(chǎn)品購買及交付都會(huì)通過電子商務(wù)技術(shù)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　上述特點(diǎn)決定了電子商務(wù)通常比常見的貿(mào)易形式更具有效率。因此，要大力推動(dòng)電子商務(wù)技術(shù)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的應(yīng)用，提高貿(mào)易的效率，使用電子商務(wù)可以帶來更多的國(guó)際貿(mào)易訂單。</p><p>　　在本文中，電子商務(wù)技術(shù)在傳統(tǒng)貿(mào)易中的應(yīng)用情況，可以通過一個(gè)模型

58、來評(píng)估，這種評(píng)估是一種實(shí)證的評(píng)估方法，它表明了傳統(tǒng)的理論模型也可以被用于及逆行評(píng)估。在本文中，研究方法主要為比較分析、統(tǒng)計(jì)和財(cái)務(wù)分析法。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)的概念及相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)，簡(jiǎn)單說，就是通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)購買和出售商品和服務(wù)。電子商務(wù)是一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)交易活動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)的銷售和商品的支付。這樣電子商務(wù)交易行為通常也與廣告、購買交付等等相關(guān)。</p>

59、<p>　　談到電子商務(wù)，克斯羅蓬和其他作者在2006年使用“電子商務(wù)技術(shù)”，這些技術(shù)都被廣泛地應(yīng)用于國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中。</p><p>　　企業(yè)預(yù)計(jì)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)交易上的成本低于傳統(tǒng)公司的貨物銷售成本。此外，他們認(rèn)為在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行銷售，銷售情況是由價(jià)格、質(zhì)量和交貨條件等決定的。根據(jù)克雷默于2006年的分析數(shù)據(jù)，企業(yè)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上出售物品能夠顯著地增加銷售收入、改善客戶服務(wù)水平、減少開支、可以達(dá)到一個(gè)更高效率的產(chǎn)

60、品銷售及客戶服務(wù)水平。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)可以基于兩個(gè)主要的商業(yè)模式:</p><p>　　——B2B商業(yè)模式;</p><p><b>　　——B2C商業(yè)模式</b></p><p>　　B2B商業(yè)模式企業(yè)通常意味著企業(yè)之間的互相交易。主要為企業(yè)間的貿(mào)易模式。自電子商務(wù)采用以來，這也成為整個(gè)世界貿(mào)易中最常見的

61、電子商務(wù)模式。 B2B電子商務(wù)模式也反映了批發(fā)的基本形式，即貨物可以在網(wǎng)上訂購和批發(fā)。因此，分銷商應(yīng)該擁有客戶的數(shù)據(jù)信息。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)作為國(guó)際貿(mào)易的一種新的途徑和形式，為企業(yè)提供了更多的機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行交易，電子商務(wù)也推動(dòng)了國(guó)際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。希特(2002)認(rèn)為：鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)發(fā)展電子商務(wù)的主要原因是可以獲得額外的收入，較小的成本支出，以及更高的效率和更好的財(cái)務(wù)回報(bào)。電子商務(wù)技術(shù)的實(shí)施催生了很多新的機(jī)會(huì)。然而，

62、企業(yè)不得不接受新的國(guó)際貿(mào)易挑戰(zhàn)，并做出正確的決策。電子商務(wù)技術(shù)的使用是推動(dòng)國(guó)際貿(mào)易發(fā)展的主要因素。</p><p>　　國(guó)際貿(mào)易的概念及相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)</p><p>　　國(guó)際貿(mào)易是一個(gè)廣泛使用的術(shù)語，根據(jù)不同的來源，定義也不同。世界貿(mào)易組織(WTO) 將國(guó)際貿(mào)易定義為“跨國(guó)境的商品和貨物流動(dòng)。聯(lián)合國(guó)則將它定義國(guó)際間的貨物銷售。經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織(經(jīng)合組織)將國(guó)際貿(mào)易定義為進(jìn)出口活動(dòng)，商品的國(guó)

63、際流動(dòng)，最終到客戶手中。</p><p>　　成功和有目的性的國(guó)際貿(mào)易開發(fā)，要基于科學(xué)的知識(shí)，這樣的方案才是科學(xué)的解決方案。它以提高國(guó)際貿(mào)易效率為導(dǎo)向，以及為了在激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中保持有利地位，通常就是利用電子商務(wù)技術(shù)。</p><p>　　不過，電子商務(wù)技術(shù)的不足和不恰當(dāng)?shù)氖褂靡矔?huì)影響到國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng)正常開展。對(duì)已有的電子上商務(wù)技術(shù)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)也是更好地發(fā)展國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng)的一個(gè)重要的先決條件。&l

64、t;/p><p>　　參加國(guó)際貿(mào)易企業(yè)之間的比較</p><p>　　研究已經(jīng)表明，國(guó)際貿(mào)易企業(yè)的營(yíng)業(yè)額占到國(guó)際貿(mào)易總額的82%。參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng)是實(shí)踐的企業(yè)中，分析表明，生產(chǎn)型企業(yè)在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上銷售商品表現(xiàn)的更為積極，相比于其他企業(yè)；對(duì)那些參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng)的生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行評(píng)估是很重要的。</p><p>　　企業(yè)的日常商業(yè)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)已經(jīng)被廣泛地研究。這些研究的結(jié)果

65、中，就有關(guān)于企業(yè)在從事國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中，運(yùn)用電子商務(wù)技術(shù)的情況。大家已經(jīng)形成了一個(gè)共識(shí)，即生產(chǎn)型企業(yè)相比于其他的企業(yè)，在對(duì)外貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中表現(xiàn)的更活躍，這些貿(mào)易公司積極地應(yīng)用電子商務(wù)技術(shù)，在世界范圍內(nèi)尋求客源，以求最大化地完成銷售。研究表明，為了能夠在激烈的國(guó)際貿(mào)易競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中保持有利地競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，貿(mào)易活動(dòng)的參與企業(yè)們，特別是生產(chǎn)制造型企業(yè)大力投資于電子商務(wù)技術(shù)的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用，為了保持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，對(duì)這些國(guó)際貿(mào)易參與企業(yè)來說，電子商務(wù)的技術(shù)的應(yīng)用是很有必要。

66、美國(guó)企業(yè)的電子商務(wù)應(yīng)用實(shí)踐（比如亞馬遜等）表明，美國(guó)的很多企業(yè)都積極地應(yīng)用電子商務(wù)技術(shù)參與貿(mào)易活動(dòng)。通過分析，絕大多數(shù)企業(yè)都意識(shí)到了電子商務(wù)的重要性，并且都有意識(shí)地使用電子商務(wù)技術(shù)。</p><p>　　有必要考慮到從事傳統(tǒng)貿(mào)易的公司也正在積極地應(yīng)用電子商務(wù)技術(shù)，但有一個(gè)問題，就是難以獲得更多比較全面的數(shù)據(jù)，因此數(shù)據(jù)描述都或許有點(diǎn)偏差，不過基本上能反映出傳統(tǒng)貿(mào)易企業(yè)使用電子商務(wù)技術(shù)的大致的情況，各類型企業(yè)的電子商

67、務(wù)技術(shù)采用情況大致為：生產(chǎn)企業(yè)為32%；批發(fā)企業(yè)為19.2% ，研究表明，使用電子商務(wù)技術(shù)都或多或少的提高了這些企業(yè)的銷售額。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　研究表明，企業(yè)在參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易時(shí)，電子商務(wù)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用可以使這些企業(yè)能夠獲得2.25倍的銷售額，相比于以往的時(shí)候。它表明，相比于傳統(tǒng)的貿(mào)易企業(yè)，積極應(yīng)用電子商務(wù)技術(shù)的企業(yè)有更多的銷售業(yè)

68、績(jī)。此外，企業(yè)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)質(zhì)性的變化，比如能夠大幅度地降低其成本，并更好地參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)。</p><p>　　積極應(yīng)用電子商務(wù)技術(shù)的企業(yè)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，有助于提高其業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)的效率，也可以與上下游企業(yè)建立穩(wěn)定的業(yè)務(wù)合作伙伴關(guān)系。企業(yè)的活力得到了最大程度的釋放，電子商務(wù)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用降低了這些公司的交易成本，保證了更多的利潤(rùn)收益，從而在激烈的國(guó)際貿(mào)易環(huán)境中，也更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p><p>