外文翻譯---關于高層民用建筑消防設計與實踐問題研究

1、<p>　　附錄E 關于高層民用建筑消防設計與實踐問題研究[8]</p><p>　　1.高層民用建筑消防撲救登高面和登高場地在火災中的作用</p><p>　　高層民用建筑，一般功能復雜，體量較大，但由于高層建筑使用功能、城市規(guī)劃、街景及建筑學的需要，往往在高層民用建筑主體附建與高層建筑相連的裙房，用作商場、餐廳、營業(yè)廳、會議廳等。尤其對高層建筑的裙房，登高面等諸多問題設計時稍

2、有忽視。高層建筑一旦發(fā)生火災，有以下幾個特點：（1）現(xiàn)有的電梯往往由于停電，不能正常使用，而多數(shù)高層建筑的疏散樓梯或剪刀梯都布置設計在建筑的筒體中部，火災停電時往往無照明，消防電梯、疏散樓梯不能正常使用，給迎救人員、疏散人員帶來困難。（2）消防人員難以接近著火層撲救，由于人員在火災時驚慌外逃，順樓梯或下或上，與消防人員逆向行走。極大的導致人員阻設等因素，給搶救和人員疏散帶來混亂。（3）火災時往往是煙氣順其樓梯間、電梯間、豎向的管導井、電

3、纜井等上下漫延，由于高層建筑的煙囪效應，煙氣在很短時間內(nèi)就會迷漫疏散樓梯間、電梯間、煙氣的毒性導致人員難以疏散。因此，高層民用建筑登高面的設計是保障火災時搶救人員生命、逃生和撲滅火災的重要保證。</p><p>　　2.現(xiàn)有標準和實際存在的設計缺陷問題</p><p><b>　　1)現(xiàn)有規(guī)定</b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)有實施歷經(jīng)幾次局部修

4、訂的《高層民用建筑設計防火規(guī)范》第 4.1.7 條要求，“高層建筑的底邊至少有一個長邊或周邊長度的 1/4 且不小于一個長邊長度，不應布置高度大于5 米、進深大于 4 米的裙房，且在此范圍內(nèi)必須設有直通室外的樓梯或直通樓梯間的出口”。該條明確了高層建筑消防撲救登高面的基本要求。</p><p><b>　　2)存在問題</b></p><p>　　隨城市化建設加快，中

5、心城市土地使用率的不斷提高，給高層民用建筑撲救面設計帶來許多不容忽視的問題。</p><p>　?。?）裙房的設計問題。在城市區(qū)域內(nèi)的高層建筑，多為追求商業(yè)價值，建筑裙房設計多在四層左右，由于裙房作商業(yè)用途，每層層高凈空多為 4-4.5 米以上，往往裙房高度超過防火規(guī)范 5 米要求，多數(shù)裙房的進深也大于 4 米。</p><p>　　（2）幕墻問題。城區(qū)內(nèi)的多數(shù)高層建筑，為達到設計美觀，協(xié)

6、調繁榮城市的效果，許多高層建筑均設計有幕墻，尤其是設計玻璃幕墻且作為消防登高面考慮。</p><p>　?。?）登高面一側、直通室外的樓梯或直通樓梯間的出口設計問題。臨街高層建筑底層均設計為商鋪。當考慮作為登高面時，而多數(shù)設計為追求商業(yè)價值而規(guī)避設計布置直通室外疏散樓梯或直通樓梯間的出口，往往將疏散樓梯或出口布置在非登高面的另一側。</p><p>　?。?）消防車道的設計問題。城區(qū)內(nèi)的高

7、層建筑為充分利用當街的立面效果和商鋪的價值，許多建筑將消防登高撲救面布置在建筑的背街一側。然而，對環(huán)形消防車道和回車場的設計更多的是消防車道轉彎半徑不能滿足消防車輛的使用要求。</p><p>　?。?）幕墻下設計室外消火栓等問題。高層建筑臨街面往往設計有裝飾幕墻，而室外消火栓，水泵結合器及消防水池等也宜臨沿街設置。稍有忽視，很容易將室外消火栓等布置在幕墻之下，一旦火災幕墻坍塌，嚴重影響消防車吸水、供水等撲救。&

8、lt;/p><p>　?。?）登高消防車場地的設計問題。許多高層建筑對登高消防車輛的操作場地考慮不周，多數(shù)僅以環(huán)形消防車道寬度來考慮。以此寬度作為登高消防車的場地，將遠遠不能滿足登高消防車的操作空間要求。</p><p>　　3.結合實際、合理設計</p><p>　　樹立以人為本、安全發(fā)展觀念，以保障民生、保障公共消防安全為發(fā)展，以創(chuàng)新思想、合理設計高層民用建筑消防登

9、高撲救面的問題非常重要。以下為作者結合現(xiàn)有的規(guī)范、標準在工作實踐中針對存在問題與讀者作共同探討。</p><p>　　1)臨街登高面外墻設計建在市區(qū)或商業(yè)街的高層建筑，當確定其臨街一面作為消防撲救登高面時，其優(yōu)點是可以充分利用臨街一側的道路保障登高消防車的場地需要，但特別要注意，設計時要避免在登高撲救面一側外墻設置玻璃幕墻。由于幕墻的設置增加了建筑外觀美的效果，對裝點城市起到了重要的作用，設計思路上考慮采用較多，

10、但往往一旦火災，會給消防撲救帶來極為不便的后果?；馂淖C實，玻璃幕墻在火的作用下會炸裂和塌落，導致消防人員撲救火災時無法靠近建筑。同時、一旦幕墻下設計有消火栓、消防水泵接合器，火災時由于幕墻的塌落下掉。這些滅火設施將無法使用，也容易導致?lián)渚热藛T的傷亡。</p><p>　　2)登高邊長、裙房、疏散樓梯與出口設計</p><p>　　《高層民用建筑設計防火規(guī)范》第 4.1.7 條明確規(guī)定：“高

11、層建筑的底邊至少有一個長邊或周邊長度的1/4且不小于一個長邊長度，不應布置高度大于 5 米、進深大于 4 米的裙房，且在此范圍內(nèi)必須設有直通室外的樓梯或直通樓梯間的出口”。我們在進行消防設計時要盡力考慮規(guī)范的強制規(guī)定。其意義是登高邊不應小于 1/4 周邊長度且不小于一個長邊的長度。尤其是一些矩形建筑、多邊形平面的建筑應考慮滿足一個長邊的長度作登高撲救邊；其二是在登高撲救面一側必須設置有直通室外的樓梯或直通樓梯間的出口。其三，是對裙房高度

12、和進深的要求，其目的是保證登高消防車曲背靠近高層建筑施救的需要。3．合理設計高層建筑的登高場地</p><p>　　一幢高層建筑登高面確定之后，緊接著要有能滿足各類登高消防車的登高場地，登高場地在高層民用建筑設計防火規(guī)范內(nèi)沒有條文明示，往往在設計時容易被忽視。登高場地應布置在高層建筑撲救面一側，同時要結合消防車道一同考慮。根據(jù)目前國內(nèi)登高消防車的最大長度 15.6 米，以及車道寬度，在留有余地情況下，登高場地不宜

13、小于 18 米長×13米寬。登高場地是供登高消防車撲滅火災搶救人員使用，根據(jù)不同登高車技術參數(shù)，要求登高場地邊緣與建筑物外墻不應小于 5 米，同時其最外一點至建筑物登高邊緣的水平距離也不應大于 15 米。對于幾個單元組合的板式住宅及底層整體裙房而上部多個塔樓或不規(guī)則多邊形建筑的高層建筑應針對每個單元和塔樓布置登高場地，也可以根據(jù)建筑內(nèi)部防火分區(qū)的劃分、靠室外樓梯間的布置及建筑周邊的消防車道實際情況分段設計登高場地?？傊?，筆者認

14、為高層民用建筑防火撲救登高面及其施救場地的設計要與地方經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展需求緊密結合，與相關的城市規(guī)劃、城市的總體抗災能力、當?shù)氐南姥b備、建筑周邊環(huán)境道路等情況統(tǒng)籌考慮，力求從保障生命安全至上的角度整體完成消防工程設計。</p><p>　　Appendix E Research on the design and practice of high-rise civil building fire</p>

15、;<p>　　1.High building fire fighting aerial surface and climb the field role in fire</p><p>　　High civil buildings, general function complex, large size, but due to the high building use function, the

16、 urban planning, the street and the needs of the architecture, often in high civil buildings with tall buildings built and main body connected podium, used for stores, restaurants, business hall, a conference hall, etc.

17、Especially for high-rise building podium, face the problems such as the design slightly to ignore. High-rise building once fire, has the following characteristics: (1) the ex</p><p>　　2.Design defects in the

18、 existing standards and practical problems</p><p>　　1)The existing provisions </p><p>　　Existing implementation after several local amended "high civil buildings of the code for fire protec

19、tion design the first article 4.1.7 requirements," the lower side of the high-rise building at least a long side or around a quarter of the length and not less than a long side length, should not be more than 5 m, d

20、ecorate height more than four meters deep into the podium, and in the range of direct must have outdoor stairs or through the export of stairs." "The clear the high-rise building fire </p><p>　　2)T

21、he existing problems </p><p>　　Along with the urbanization construction speed up, the center city land utilization rate rise ceaselessly, to save face high civil buildings designed to bring many problem that

22、 nots allow to ignore. </p><p>　　(1) the skirt building design problem. In areas of the city high-rise building, much as the pursuit of commercial value, building the skirt building design more in the four o

23、r so, due to the podium for commercial use, each layer upon layer for four more headroom high-4.5 meters, often the skirt building height more than the code for fire protection 5 meters request, most the podium over 4 me

24、ters deep also. </p><p>　　(2) curtain wall. Most of the high-rise buildings in the city, to achieve the design is beautiful, coordinate the effect of thriving city, many high-rise building curtain wall desig

25、n are, especially design glass curtain wall and for fire up surface consideration. </p><p>　　(3) the climb on one side of the face, direct outdoor stairs or through the export of stair design problem. High-r

26、ise building ground floor are street design for shops. When considering the as to the surface, and most design as the pursuit of commercial value and avoiding design layout ended at outdoor ladders or through the export

27、of stair, often will ladders or export arrangement in the climb up the other side. </p><p>　　(4) fire lane design problem. In the city of high-rise buildings to make full use of the elevation effects and sho

28、ps in the streets of value, many buildings will fire the climb in the building layout save face the back side. However, for the ring fire lane and back to the design of the lot more fire lane is turning radius cannot mee

29、t the requirement of the fire trucks. </p><p>　　(5) under the curtain wall design outdoor fire hydrant. High-rise building LinJieMian often design have adornment wall, and outdoor fire hydrant, pumps with em

30、ulators, and also the fire-fighting should set up along the street. A slight ignored, it's very easy to outdoor fire hydrant, decorate in curtain wall under, once the fire wall collapsed, the serious influence water,

31、 water supply, fire fighting. </p><p>　　(6) the design problem of the fire truck. Many high-rise building to climb up the fire trucks operation site thoughtfulness, most in the ring fire lane width only to c

32、onsider. This width as the truck's site, will be far from meeting the requirements of the fire trucks operating space.</p><p>　　3.Combined with the actual and reasonable design </p><p>　　Est

33、ablish people-oriented, safety development idea, in order to ensure the people's livelihood, ensuring public security fire control for the development, to the innovative ideas, the reasonable design high civil buildi

34、ngs fire up the fighting is very important. The following is based on the existing standard, the standard practice in the existing problems and discusses the common reader. </p><p>　　1)The exterior Wall Stre

35、et face design built in the city or commercial street of the high-rise building, when determine its side street as fire fighting climb up to the surface, can make full use of its advantage is a street side of the road ra

36、ce the venue of the need to ensure fire, but special attention should be paid to, when the design to avoid the side wall save face in set glass curtain wall. Because of the increased building curtain wall set appearance

37、beautiful effect, city of deck can p</p><p>　　2)The climb, the skirt building, with sides ladders and export design </p><p>　　The high civil buildings of the code for fire protection design the

38、first article 4.1.7 specified: "the lower side of the high-rise building at least a long side or around a quarter of the length and not less than a long side length, should not be more than 5 m, decorate height more

39、 than four meters deep into the podium, and in the range of direct must have outdoor stairs or through the export of stairs." We in the fire fighting design to do my best to consider when standard compulsive regulat

40、io</p><p>　　A high-rise building up face was determined, and then to have to meet all kinds of the climb the ascent of the fire, the climb in the high civil buildings within the code for fire protection desi

41、gn of no rules express, often in the design easy to ignore. The field should be arranged in high-rise building save face side, at the same time, to combine the fire lane considered together. According to the current dome