外文翻譯----全站儀在公路導(dǎo)線和中線測量中的應(yīng)用

1、<p>　　全站儀在公路導(dǎo)線和中線測量中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　李春生 楊春龍 趙 冰</p><p>　　(南陽市公路交通規(guī)劃勘察設(shè)計院 南陽 473003)</p><p>　　摘 要：介紹全站儀在公路導(dǎo)線和中線測量等方面的應(yīng)用技巧,提出全站儀使用中應(yīng)注意的事項。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：全站儀 公路 測量

2、 技巧</p><p>　　1 全站儀在導(dǎo)線測量中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　1.1 全站儀坐標(biāo)法的優(yōu)點</p><p>　　采用全站儀測點可直接用坐標(biāo)法,而不需用極坐標(biāo)法,使儀器操作員從繁重的數(shù)據(jù)計算中解脫出來現(xiàn)在外業(yè)幾乎不用記錄,只是簡單記一下點號和點與點之間的關(guān)系,以備內(nèi)業(yè)整理時參考,也不必配備記錄計算員。內(nèi)業(yè)整理的時候只要將數(shù)據(jù)從全站儀傳輸至PC2E500計

3、算器或直接將數(shù)據(jù)輸入到計算機中,經(jīng)過坐標(biāo)平差,在計算機上用Auto CAD等軟件繪出點位、取舍點位,求出每一彎道的偏角值、交點間距離以及逐樁坐標(biāo)等即可。</p><p>　　1.2 注意應(yīng)用國家控制點及其三維坐標(biāo)</p><p>　　在用坐標(biāo)法測點前,盡量找到國家控制點和這些控制點的三維坐標(biāo) ,通過和這些控制點的聯(lián)測,不僅可以檢驗自己的測量精度,而且在誤差允許范圍內(nèi)可以通過這些坐標(biāo)進行平差

4、,使測量精確度更高。</p><p>　　1.3 點的設(shè)置應(yīng)兼顧放中線的需要</p><p>　　在設(shè)點時,不僅應(yīng)設(shè)路線控制導(dǎo)線點,即轉(zhuǎn)點,也應(yīng)為放中線作準(zhǔn)備,在路線上通視條件好、地勢較高處可以布設(shè)一些架儀器的點 ,這樣做的好處是在放中線時有了更多的選擇機會 ,不必為增設(shè)架儀器點而多次讓儀器轉(zhuǎn)站。</p><p>　　1.4 儀器操作人員配置及后視人員的作用<

5、/p><p>　　一般用全站儀配合公路導(dǎo)線測量一共需要5～6人,其中前視位置3～4人,儀器操作員1人,后視1人。后視人員可讓全站儀記錄更多的點,對后期中線測量和路線設(shè)計可以起到非常大的作用。下面通過具體的工程實例來說明后視人員的重要性。</p><p>　　在省道豫23線南陽市境鄧州至孟樓二級公路改建工程的導(dǎo)線測量中,由于是老路改造,因此測量原則是在滿足規(guī)范要求的前提下盡可能利用老路。一般直線

6、段容易控制,而彎道處要想盡可能地沿老路就必須讓彎道半徑選擇得非常合適。我們測量的做法是:后視的人對完后視后 ,再到彎道處沿老路的彎道放5～6個控制彎道半徑的點,讓全站儀記錄下點的坐標(biāo),這樣在內(nèi)業(yè)處理導(dǎo)線時,到這些彎道處利用海地等路線設(shè)計軟件,通過調(diào)試半徑使得曲線盡可能多地通過這些點。如在一個較長且兩側(cè)房屋很多的平曲線處,后視人員在老路曲線上測得12個點來控制曲線,在內(nèi)業(yè)處理時發(fā)現(xiàn)該位置設(shè)復(fù)曲線是最佳方案 ,避免了設(shè)一個曲線半徑造成拆遷多

7、而且線形不理想的失誤。</p><p>　　1.5 導(dǎo)線測量應(yīng)注意的問題</p><p>　　用全站儀配合打?qū)Ь€也有一些需要特別注意的地方,否則可能引起較大誤差甚至導(dǎo)致返工。</p><p>　　1）對后視的時候一定要注意后視人立的后視點的點號和坐標(biāo)是否與儀器中輸入的點號和坐標(biāo)一致,最好用對講機互相通報一下點號,用棱鏡對完后視后,再用儀器放后視點,看位置是否一致,這

8、樣可將出錯幾率降至最小。在省道豫48線西峽境的導(dǎo)線測量中,由于初次使用坐標(biāo)法,儀器操作員將架站點和后視點的坐標(biāo)輸反了,結(jié)果在電腦上展圖時才發(fā)現(xiàn)路線在這個位置折了180°角返回了,使得全天的工作都成了無用功。</p><p>　　2）在可能的情況下,后視點離架站點的距離越遠越好,一般情況下,架站點與后視點之間的距離不應(yīng)小于架站至測點之間的距離,這樣可以保證測量精度。</p><p>

9、;　　3）在坐標(biāo)法測量中不要打倒鏡,因為全站儀的坐標(biāo)法核心實質(zhì)還是將由偏角、距離得來的數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)全站儀內(nèi)部計算模塊處理后換算成坐標(biāo),所以打倒鏡等于將整個坐標(biāo)系旋轉(zhuǎn)180°,也就是說偏角少偏了180°,結(jié)果當(dāng)然是錯誤的。</p><p>　　4）全站儀測高程有它的局限性 ,其測高程的誤差主要為豎直角觀測誤差、測距誤差、儀器高與棱鏡高量測誤差,而這3種誤差中豎直角觀測誤差的影響最大,只能采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧?/p>

10、來提高觀測精度,如采用覘牌代替棱鏡作為照準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)、適當(dāng)增加測回數(shù)、短距離傳遞高程、仔細量取儀器高和棱鏡高等。一般情況下,導(dǎo)線測量中測點的高程值只作參考,而不能用作水準(zhǔn)測量。</p><p>　　2 全站儀在中線測量中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　2.1 架站位置的選擇</p><p>　　盡量選擇那些地勢較高、通視條件好、可以看到更多中線上點位的位置。我們在剛開始用全站

11、儀的時候,對這一點不太重視,結(jié)果往往搬站過多,不僅影響進度,也影響精度。特別是在山區(qū),如一個山頭上的點可以看到周圍幾公里的中樁位置,而沿路線兩側(cè)架站往往需要好幾站才可以敷設(shè)完這段中線。再如山區(qū)沿溪線的中線放線 ,由于平面線形往往不理想,多有山頭阻擋視線,總是需要多次搬站,如果我們選擇路線河對岸的山腰、平地或者居民樓的房頂?shù)葋碜鰹榧苷疚恢?則可以達到事半功倍的效果。</p><p>　　2.2 測點少時的處理<

12、;/p><p>　　全站儀敷設(shè)中線遇到不通視時,在點少的情況下,應(yīng)采取儀器所能看到離所放點位置最近的點 (一般不是中線上的點)為參照物的方法處理。在山區(qū)和路線上建筑物障礙物較多時,有時搬一次儀器也就放一二個點,往往不再另外搬站,</p><p>　　而是用移動參照點和測參照點相結(jié)合的方法,每次都取得了省時、省力、又滿足精度要求的結(jié)果。</p><p>　　2.3 全站儀

13、測高程功能的應(yīng)用技巧</p><p>　　全站儀雖然測水準(zhǔn)程序比較煩瑣,而且精度不高,但有時候測高程的功能可有效發(fā)揮。如在山區(qū)沿溪線的改線測量中,有些路線的幾個中線點上了山頭,如果用水準(zhǔn)儀來測這幾個點的高程,根據(jù)以往經(jīng)驗,水準(zhǔn)儀往山頭上轉(zhuǎn)架幾次儀器后容易引起誤差過大,造成水準(zhǔn)點之間不閉合。我們的做法是:在山腳下選一個比較固定的參考點,用全站儀讀出該點的 Z 軸高程,隨后用全站儀在放山頭上這些中線點的時候,順便測出

14、這些點的Z軸高程,可以算出這些點相對于山腳下參考點的高差,這樣用水準(zhǔn)儀測出該參考點的高程后,加上這些高差,便得到山頭上中線點的高程。這樣做的好處是:在不影響測量精度而得到山上點高程的同時,避免了水準(zhǔn)儀上山頭容易引起水準(zhǔn)點 之間不閉合的發(fā)生。</p><p>　　2.4 全站儀與其他測量方法的結(jié)合使用</p><p>　　中線測量用全站儀可提高測量速度,但由于自身的測量機理使得它的使用也有一

15、定的局限性,如每遇到不通視的時候往往需要搬站,特別是在平原測量,因為儀器搬站要耽誤很多時間,影響測量速度。其實,中線敷設(shè)的過程中并不一定要過分依賴全站儀,要結(jié)合以往的花桿皮尺“穿桿”法等。我們在平原微丘地區(qū),特別是直線段較多的地區(qū),測量中線的方法是:全站儀只用來放控制點,即直線段每300m放一個中線點,曲線段的中線點全部由全站儀放,直線段的點由A、B2個人專門在中線組前面敷設(shè),敷設(shè)后A繼續(xù)往前面300m放下一個中線點,留B拿一根花桿給后

16、面中線組當(dāng)“前視”,由中線組利用望遠鏡、皮尺、花桿、對講機等工具來“穿桿”,當(dāng)中線組到這個用全站儀放的中線點經(jīng)2點復(fù)核合格后,前面300mA處的點也用全站儀對好了,B到A處立前視,A繼續(xù)往前走、這中間全站儀隨時可以通過對講機來復(fù)核中線組自己用“穿桿法”放的點位。另外非常重要的一點是:全站儀搬站的時間最好選在直線段上 ,這樣的好處是不讓中線組等著儀器搬站而停工。我們用這種方法在省道豫23線南陽市境鄧州至孟樓段(平原微丘區(qū))二級公路改建工程

17、的中線測量中,創(chuàng)出了一天敷設(shè)10km的速度。</p><p><b>　　3 結(jié)束語</b></p><p>　　全站儀在我國出現(xiàn)只是近幾年的事,大面積的普及應(yīng)用才剛剛開始,但它給我們帶來的方便已經(jīng)是非常顯著了。在全站儀的使用過程中,都會有自己的心得體會、經(jīng)驗技巧,如果每一個使用者都能將自己的經(jīng)驗奉獻出來,對我們大家來說都將是一筆不小的財富。</p>&

18、lt;p><b>　　參 考 文 獻</b></p><p>　　[1] JTJ061—99，公路勘測規(guī)范[S]. 北京:人民交通出版社,1999</p><p>　　[2] 聶 讓.全站儀與高等級公路測量[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1999.287～300</p><p>　　——出處：《交通科技》2005年第5期</p>

19、<p>　　Total station in the highway center line conductors and Measurement</p><p>　　Li chun-sheng Zhao Bing Yang chun long </p><p>　　(Nanyang City Planning Survey and Design Institute of

20、 Highway Traffic Nanyang 473003)</p><p>　　Abstract: The total station in the highway center line conductors and the application of measurement techniques, the Total Station use matters needing attention. <

21、;/p><p>　　Key words: Total Station Road measuring techniques</p><p>　　1 Total station in the wire measurement </p><p>　　1.1 Total Station Coordinate the advantages of </p><

22、p>　　Total Station can be used directly with the measuring point coordinate method, rather than polar coordinates law required, so that heavy equipment operators from the calculation of the data out. Outside the indust

23、ry are now virtually no records, only a simple mind and the next point with the point of the relationship between the finishing industry for the reference period, but also do not have staff with a record of the calculati

24、on. Finishing in a time when the industry as long as the data trans</p><p>　　1.2 Note and the application of state-controlled three-dimensional coordinates of points </p><p>　　Coordinates method

25、 used before, as far as possible the country to find control points and control points of these three-dimensional coordinates, and these control points through the joint test, not only can test their measurement accuracy

26、, and error-yun Xu scope can be carried out through the adjustment of these coordinates, so that a higher measurement accuracy. </p><p>　　1.3 Point set should take into account the need to take the middle la

27、ne </p><p>　　In the set point, not only should be wire line control points, that is, to point the center line should also prepare for the release, depending on the route pass conditions, and higher terrain c

28、an be laid at a number of aircraft equipment, the benefits of doing so is to take the middle lane when there is a greater choice and do not have equipment for an additional two points to allow devices to stop several tim

29、es. </p><p>　　1. 4 Apparatus after the operation and staffing, as the role of staff </p><p>　　Total Station with the road generally traversing a total of 5 ~ 6 people, depending on the location

30、of the previous 3 to 4 people, equipment operator 1, the latter depending on a person. After the total station as the staff can record more points, the center line of the latter line of measurement and design can play a

31、very large role. Works through the following specific examples to illustrate the importance of after, as the staff. Henan Provincial Highway 23 in Nanyang City Line to Bangladesh f</p><p>　　1.5 Wires should

32、be noted that the issue of measurement </p><p>　　Total Station with the wire used to fight some of the areas in need of special attention, otherwise large errors may arise even lead to rework.. </p>&

33、lt;p>　　1） When the latter, as we must pay attention to people after the legislation, as the latter point of view and coordinate with the importation of equipment and take the points </p><p>　　Consistent s

34、tandard, it is best to use walkie-talkie communications with each other like dots with a prism depending on the exhausted, the used equipment after the release point of view to see whether the same location, so that erro

35、r probability can be reduced to a minimum. Henan Provincial Highway 48 in line Xixia throughout the wire measurement, as first-time coordinates, apparatus, aircraft operators will view the site and post the coordinates o

36、f the anti-lost, resulting in </p><p>　　Show map on your computer when the road at this location found that the 180 ° fold kok returned to make the work day has become work with no avail </p><

37、;p>　　2） Where possible, after the point of view from the plane farther from the site as possible, under normal circumstances, after the two sites and between the point of view </p><p>　　Put up a station s

38、hould not be less than the distance to the distance between the measuring point, so to ensure accuracy. </p><p>　　3） In the measurement of coordinates do not bring down the mirror, because the whole point &l

39、t;/p><p>　　Miriam core essence of the coordinates of law or by the declination, the distance obtained internal calculation by the total station data processing modules are converted into coordinates, so bring d

40、own the mirror coordinate system is equivalent to rotating the whole 180 °, that is to say less biased angle of 180 °, the result of course is wrong. </p><p>　　4） Total height measurement has its l

41、imitations, the measurement error of the main elevation of the observation error for the vertical angle, ranging error, apparatus, high </p><p>　　With high measurement error of the prism, which is three kind

42、s of errors in vertical angle observation the impact of the error the most, only to take appropriate measures to improve the accuracy of observation, such as the use of spy license allowed the goal to replace the prism a

43、s the appropriate measure to increase the number of short-distance transmission of elevation, carefully check the amount of high equipment and higher prism. Under normal circumstances, traversing the measuring point in &

44、lt;/p><p>　　2 Total Station in the center line Measurement </p><p>　　2.1put up a station in the location of choice </p><p>　　As far as possible to select those higher, depending on th

45、e conditions of a good pass, you can see more points in the online position. We have just started using Total Station, when not paid much attention to this point, the results tend to move off station More, not only affec

46、t the progress, but also accuracy. Especially in mountainous areas, such as on top of a mountain we can see a few kilometers around the location in the pile, and along both sides of the road often requires several statio

47、ns</p><p>　　2.2 points fewer processing </p><p>　　Total Station, as the barrier encountered by the laying of the center line, in the case of small points should be taken from the machines can se

48、e the most recent release Points (generally not in the line of points) for the reference approach. Routes in the mountains and the obstacles were more buildings, and sometimes moving equipment will take a 12 point move i

49、s often no longer the other stations, But with the mobile reference point and reference point for measuring a combination of methods, ea</p><p>　　2.3 Total Measurement Application of functional skills </p

50、><p>　　Although the level of total station measurements cumbersome procedures, and accuracy is not high, but sometimes the function of height can be measured effectively. As in Mountain edge streamlet line meas

51、urement of change, some routes in several midline point on the mountain, if measured by leveling to the elevation of these points, based on past experience, Level turn to the hilltop after two previous instruments Easily

52、 lead to error is too large, resulting in closure between the standard points</p><p>　　2.4 Total Station with other measurement methods used in conjunction </p><p>　　Measuring Total Station can

53、be centerline to improve the measurement speed, but because of its own measurement of the use of the mechanism of making it have some limitations, such as the barrier, when, as often required when moving points, in parti

54、cular Measurement in the plains, as station equipment to move a lot of time to delay, the impact of the measurements. In fact, the process of laying the center line does not necessarily have to rely too much on total sta

55、tion, in conjunction with the pr</p><p>　　300 m down a center line point B to stay under to take a flower behind the center line group when the "Front View", from the center line group using binocu

56、lars, measuring tape, flower clubs, walkie-talkies and other tools to "wear bar", which line group to the The full Miriam released the centerline station point for review by 2:00 after passing in front of 300 m

57、 A Department Total points also to the well, B to A, as the Department before the legislature, A continues to move forward, it can be t</p><p>　　3 Conclusion </p><p>　　Total Station in China in

58、 recent years, there is only a matter of universal application of a large area has just begun, but it has brought us convenience is of very significant. In the use of Total Station, will have their own experiences, exper

59、ience skills, if each user will be able to devote their own experiences, for both of us will be a big asset. </p><p>　　References</p><p>　　[1] People's Republic of industry standards. JTJ 06

60、1 -99 investigation norms Road. Beijing: People's</p><p>　　Traffic Press, 1999 </p><p>　　[2] Nie so. Total Station with the measurement of high-grade highways. Beijing. People's Traffic