外文翻譯----21世紀(jì)建筑設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展趨向

1、<p>　　21st century architectural design development trend</p><p>　　The 21st century arrivals enable the people to change over to the information age from the industry time, Had the architecture industry

2、 authority once to say: The 21st century high consumptions return the nature, Returns the native soil. May summarize on its reason for following several points: </p><p>　　(1) Should walk the passenger train

3、study development architectural design path </p><p>　　Concrete is when carries on the architectural design first must study the ecological environment condition, The consideration solves good and the periph

4、eral environment coordination, Solves the natural energy source use, Natural material reasonable use. Natural lighting illumination design, Internal spatial physics performance adjustment design, Construction decoration,

5、 Decoration, In the room designs the scenery possible multi-use natural element and the natural ability and wisdom, Creates the </p><p>　　The concept repairs the house according to “the green building materi

6、als”, changes the people extant common custom aesthetic standard judgment standard not to do the morbid state space, does not do the transition decoration, reduces the eye pollution, reduces the manpower, physical resour

7、ce abusiveness with the waste, causes the building to draw close to the nature, enables the source use and the landscape creation all achieves the new altitude.</p><p>　　(2) Will complete diligently face the

8、 future design </p><p>　　The architectural design should have the material function and the energetic function dual character, designs in satisfies the material function in the foundation to satisfy the ene

9、rgetic function more importantly the request, must create the style, the ideal condition and the appeal satisfies people's esthetic request, the image is succinct, the modelling is kind, the economy is transparent, t

10、he function is diverse, the material nature, non-toxic harmless and renewability as well as the detaili</p><p>　　The 21st century architectural designs are a major problem, its development direction mainly h

11、as following several aspects:</p><p>　　1. Should walk the sustainable development architectural design path </p><p>　　The 21st century are the information age, should be the ecology civilized t

12、imes. The humanity utilizes the high new technology, the exploration subsistence production and the living conditions sustainable development pattern, acknowledges the principle according to the international society to

13、carry on the design. </p><p>　　① To the local characteristic which involves, the localization understood that, takes the place the cultural vein; </p><p>　?、?Using technical public consciousne

14、ss, the union construction function request, uses the simple appropriate technology; </p><p>　?、?The setting up building material implication energy and circulation use consciousness, uses the renewable loc

15、al characteristic building material in the most wide range, avoids using the high temperature energy, the destruction environment, produces the waste as well as has the radioactive building material, the questionnaire us

16、es the old building material and the component; </p><p>　?、?In view of the local climatic conditions, use do not move the type energy strategy, applies the renewable energy as far as possible; </p>

17、<p>　?、?Consummates the construction space use the flexibility, in order to reduced construction amount of space occupied. Will construct the resources which will need to fall few to; </p><p>　?、?In th

18、e reduced construction process to the environment harm, avoids the environment the destruction, the resources waste as well as the building materials waste;</p><p>　　2. Heavy structure systems are going by t

19、he portal frame construction primarily </p><p>　　Well known at present massive had the housing mixes the structure by the brick primarily, this kind of building structure system has the very many shortcomin

20、g like anti-knocking energy balance, the gross altitude is restricted construction, the mechanized degree enhances with difficulty, the work requirement is big, the construction quality guaranteed with difficulty. After

21、the housing uses the portal frame construction is advantageous in the new wall material promoted application, enhanced the </p><p>　　3. Housing lives are going the big extension, the ultra durable housing to

22、 be going to appear massively </p><p>　　At present, the housing service life according to its design proposal is generally about 50 years, down to the people the lifelong savings purchase a house with sever

23、al dozens years, after use must discard, this kind of realistic phenomenon really was a little too has been cruel, therefore the people very urgent request enhanced the housing the durability, now the ultra durable concr

24、ete research is on the rise, down to in the near future will enable the concrete the durability to amount to hopef</p><p>　　4. Construction space and time continuous nature </p><p>　　The concer

25、n nature shows loving care for human itself, in the true sense “humanist” lies in this. Therefore, “humanist” the residential building has quite a part is emphasized its natural aspect the factor, initiates it by its spo

26、ntaneous combustibility in the space and time circulation extension, then becomes a whole, causes in the building life cycle (life-cycle) constitution design work an extremely important factor. In the residential buildin

27、g the space and time continuous nature, is the req</p><p>　　5. Residential building space and time integrity </p><p>　　“Humanist” the residential building, the space and time continuous nature

28、enable it to have some kind to be lower than the construction space culture the special characteristic, has realized the resistance construction space culture innovation reappearance, has enriched the current quite ident

29、ical housing pattern. However, only has the space and time continuous nature, cannot conform to modern people's requirement. Therefore, but also must consider its space and time the integrity. After has com</p>

30、<p>　?、賀esidential building comfortableness </p><p>　　The residential building essence is serves for the human, first must speak comfortableness, in other words, the residential building must seek on

31、e kind in to conform to the purchase area, in the household foundation, enables various functions space to have the reasonable effective arrangement, takes their proper place, the district is clear about, and enable vari

32、ous functions the space to have the poetic sentiment criterion, the proportion, the convenient furniture arrangement and human's activi</p><p>　　② Residential building compatibility </p><p>

33、;　　Mainly displays in the multiplicity and the variable two aspects, the multiplicity: But as a result of the housing market demand multiplicity, the housing development construction unit must avoid “the rich and poor ar

34、e all suitable” the sole project having to have certain special, suits many kinds of goal community, entrusts with personalized the project, satisfies day by day the diverse market demand, the variability: As a result of

35、 the function multiplicity and the technical feasibility, enabl</p><p>　　③ Housing ecotype </p><p>　　Now lives in the metropolis people all longed for returns the nature, hopes more and the nat

36、ure contact, but the residential building only has the green not to be able to say it has the ecotype, the housing ecotype is take the green as the foundation covering ecology environmental protection, sustainable develo

37、pment and so on many kinds of ideas. First speaking of green itself, must achieve the national related standard, and has the integrity to include the design, the construction, the estate m</p><p>　　The ecolo

38、gy architectural design should have following several aspects characteristic: </p><p>　　1. The respect designs in the land sector the land, Environment, and vegetation's characteristic, acting as circums

39、tances permit. </p><p>　　2. Whole, The comprehensive consideration designs the region interior and the external environment relations. </p><p>　　3. Emphasizes the human and the environment harmo

40、nious coexistence, Inalienable. </p><p>　　4. Design process multi-disciplinary comprehensive nature </p><p>　　In order to realize these characteristics, Mainly has following several effective w

41、ays:</p><p>　　(1) Development underground space </p><p>　　Solves the city to use the tense way to have two kinds, One, to suburb development, Can cause the cultivated area reduction, Ecological

42、 equilibrium destruction, Urbanized degree increase. Two, to upper air development, Often causes the population density increase, The air pollution is serious, The transportation is more crowded, The development use unde

43、rground space has the superiority which is unable to compare:</p><p>　　1. Saves the land resource, Reduction to city soil destruction, Reduces in the ground the housing, Transportation production and life se

44、rvice, Social activity mutual disturbance. </p><p>　　2. Saves the energy, The soil has the heat insulation and the regeneration dual effects. According to measured the underground construction may save heat

45、energy 25~80% compared to the ground building. </p><p>　　3. Is advantageous in the ecological equilibrium, Does not destroy the vegetation, Does not invade the farmland, and Is advantageous in the beautified

46、 environment, Purification air, Improvement microclimate. </p><p>　　4. Dustproof, Anti-poison. Under ground space non-air pollution. </p><p>　　5. Favors the storage vegetables, Fruit, Grain. Und

47、erground environment relative humidity being suitable, Avoids the rat damage insect pest. </p><p>　　6. The earthquake resistance performance is good, The maintenance cost is low.</p><p>　　(2) Ma

48、tter energy circulation use </p><p>　　Along with technical progress, the humanity already had the quite big progress to the renewable energy development use, each kind of ecology housing, Low energy consump

49、tion housing massive constructing. The future house construction mainly will have following two forms to the energy use:</p><p>　　1. Can naturally (the solar energy, The wind can wait) the direct use directl

50、y uses each kind of technical installment like windmill, Solar energy collecting device, Solar energy, The wind can transform the power origin which lives for the people. </p><p>　　2. Solar energy indirect

51、use - - biological energy circulation </p><p>　　In September, 1991, American advantage Sang Neosho the desert carries on biosphere number plan, eight people have survived for 2 years with more than 3800 spe

52、cies in a building. In the room has the bog which micro shrinks,Sea,Prairie,Desert,Ecosystem and so on tropical rain forest,Air,Water,The nutrients will circulate in among, Obtains the biological energy circulation the e

53、xperience, The biological energy circulation simple form is the three-dimensional planter, may beautify the environment th</p><p>　　(3) Enhancement afforestation design </p><p>　　Sometimes the

54、city and the building afforestation is improves the ecological environment the important method, the green plants puts the oxygen, the purification air, the sterilization, functions and so on air conditioning. Also has o

55、ne and so on the psychological function. Must enhance the environment the afforested cover, outside the increase green space area, but also may the three-dimensional development, think the airborne development, adopts th

56、e roof to afforest, window, methods and so on </p><p>　　(4) Establishment natural ecological environment, protects the ecological equilibrium </p><p>　　In 1935 the Stan strength proposed “ecosy

57、stem” the concept, he thought the people to organism's basic view, cannot separate organism with theirs environment, in the nature, the living system and the environment system affects the constitution mutually the n

58、atural whole, is “the ecosystem”. The natural ecosystem is the complex integrated system which is composed by the biology and the habitat, the natural ecosystem has certain result and the function, again develops in the

59、system each living thin</p><p>　　(5) Intelligence construction </p><p>　　Since 1980s, the electronic technology has been highly developed, the communication swift and violent development, the i

60、nformation superhighway clear causes the intelligent building to arise at the historic moment, people's dream becomes the reality. </p><p>　　The intelligent construction is the modern high technology an

61、d new technology---The intelligence computer, the multimedia Communications Today, the intelligent security, technologies and building art and so on environment monitoring fuse in together, through to the equipment autom

62、atic monitoring, to the information resource and to user's information service and with the construction optimum composition, causes the human to obtain the investment to suit the information society need reasonably,

63、 an</p><p>　　Popular speaking, the intelligent construction is one kind has the creativity environment. In intelligent construction, the people may obtain: </p><p>　　(1) security, health, energ

64、y conservation, comfortable pleasant, can enhance the work and the quality of life environment, the temperature, the humidity, the degree of illumination may the automatic control, the environment color, the flavor and t

65、he background noise may have one's wish, makes the best the nature light, cold, hot, the atmosphere and so on, the automatic control indoor environment, the maximum limit reduced energy consumption, the creation has

66、the human nature survival behavior en</p><p>　　(2) Different user to the different environment request, the open style great span and the big spatial structure, the permission support is rapid, the change bu

67、ilding use function which facilitates. </p><p>　　(3) modernized communication method and work condition, in intelligent construction, the people may through the international direct seeding telephone, the v

68、ideophone, the email, the voice mail, the TV conference, methods and so on information retrieval, obtain the global information, the information carries on the business activity by the unprecedented high velocity and the

69、 world each place people. </p><p>　　The future new century will be an attention ecology, Environmental protection, Pursues the human and the natural sciences whole coordinated development society. The tradi

70、tional extension industrial production the environmental pollution which and creates naturally to the city, the ecology worsens the negative influence gradually is obtaining the containment. The future industrial product

71、ion will have to increase dynamics in the ecology environmental protection aspect, Dependence advance in techn</p><p>　　Waste material, Harmful chemical material confrontation city air water source,Soil,The

72、biology creates environmental pollution, At the same time, As far as possible uses the afterheat which in the industrial production produces, Regarding may the reuse waste material realization circulation use, Reduces th

73、e energy, Resources consumption. Environmental protection measure like purification recycling installment, Air conditioning pure facility, picks the heat utilization equipment and so on.</p><p>　　In overseas

74、, Some factories in protection nature, The creation health working conditions aspect has made the very good model, Not only ecology environmental protection consciousness manifests in the construction stage, Moreover man

75、ifests in the product production process, If produces only can use the ecology raw material which degrades, But the final product also must be the reproduction as far as possible, Thus will produce the negative influence

76、 which will bring to fall to the most mild degree</p><p>　　Now, the world large-scale construction mainstream is the ecologically-safe building and the intelligent construction, our country at present the la

77、rge-scale synthesis construction life which constructs and is going to construct at least above 50 years, all is faces for the 21st century, regardless of is in the construction art, on the equipment, all should have the

78、 consciousness in advance. Along with ecology consciousness popular and sustainable development sink deep into the hearts of the peo</p><p>　　21世紀(jì)建筑設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展趨向</p><p>　　21世紀(jì)的到來(lái)使人們從工業(yè)時(shí)代轉(zhuǎn)入到了信息時(shí)代,有建筑業(yè)的權(quán)

79、威曾說(shuō)過(guò):21世紀(jì)的高消費(fèi)就是回歸大自然,回歸鄉(xiāng)土.就其原因可以概括為以下幾點(diǎn): （一）應(yīng)該走客車學(xué)發(fā)展的建筑設(shè)計(jì)道路 </p><p>　　具體來(lái)說(shuō)就是在進(jìn)行建筑設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)首先要研究生態(tài)環(huán)境狀況,考慮解決好與周邊環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào),解決好自然能源的利用,自然材料的合理利用.采光照明設(shè)計(jì),內(nèi)部空間物理性能調(diào)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì),建筑裝飾,裝潢,室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)中景可能的多利用自然元素和天然才智,創(chuàng)造出自然質(zhì)樸的生活工作環(huán)境,建筑應(yīng)盡量減少能源消耗

80、,開發(fā)資源和材料再生利用, </p><p>　　按“綠色建材”概念裝修房屋，改變?nèi)藗儸F(xiàn)存的世俗審美觀判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不搞病態(tài)空間，不搞過(guò)渡裝飾，減少視覺污染，減少人力，物力的濫用和浪費(fèi)，使建筑更貼近自然，使能源利用和景觀創(chuàng)造都達(dá)到新的高度。 </p><p>　?。ǘ┡ψ龊妹嫦蛭磥?lái)的設(shè)計(jì) </p><p>　　建筑設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)具有物質(zhì)功能和精神功能的兩面性，設(shè)計(jì)在滿足物質(zhì)功

81、能的基礎(chǔ)上更重要的是滿足精神功能的要求，要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造出風(fēng)格，意境和情趣來(lái)滿足人們的審美要求，形象簡(jiǎn)潔，造型親切，經(jīng)濟(jì)透明，功能多樣，材料自然，無(wú)毒無(wú)害和可再生性以及細(xì)部設(shè)計(jì)要達(dá)到細(xì)致入微才會(huì)受到人們的歡迎。 </p><p>　　21世紀(jì)的建筑設(shè)計(jì)是個(gè)大問題，它的發(fā)展方向主要有以下幾個(gè)方面： </p><p>　　1．應(yīng)該走可持續(xù)發(fā)展的建筑設(shè)計(jì)道路 </p><p>　　

82、21世紀(jì)是信息時(shí)代，更應(yīng)該是生態(tài)文明時(shí)代。人類運(yùn)用高新科技，探索生存生產(chǎn)和生活環(huán)境的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的模式，按照國(guó)際社會(huì)所承認(rèn)的原則進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。 </p><p>　?、?對(duì)涉及的地方性，地域性理解，重視地方場(chǎng)所的文化脈絡(luò)； </p><p>　?、?運(yùn)用技術(shù)的公眾意識(shí)，結(jié)合建筑功能要求，采用簡(jiǎn)單合適的技術(shù)； </p><p>　?、?樹立建筑材料蘊(yùn)含能量和循環(huán)使用的意識(shí)，

83、在最大范圍內(nèi)使用可再生的地方性建筑材料，避免使用高溫能量，破壞環(huán)境，產(chǎn)生廢物以及帶有放射性的建筑材料，征求重新利用舊的建筑材料和構(gòu)件； </p><p>　　④ 針對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂驐l件，采用別動(dòng)式能源策略，盡量應(yīng)用可再生能源； </p><p>　?、?完善建筑空間使用的靈活性，以便減少建筑體量。將建設(shè)所需的資源降至最少； </p><p>　?、?減少建筑過(guò)程中對(duì)環(huán)境

84、損害，避免環(huán)境的破壞，資源的浪費(fèi)以及建材的浪費(fèi)； </p><p>　　2．重結(jié)構(gòu)體系將要以框架結(jié)構(gòu)為主 </p><p>　　眾所周知目前大量已有的住宅均以磚混結(jié)構(gòu)為主，這種建筑結(jié)構(gòu)體系有很多的缺點(diǎn)如抗震性能差，總高度受到施工限制，機(jī)械化程度難以提高，作業(yè)量大，施工質(zhì)量難以保證。住宅采用框架結(jié)構(gòu)之后有利于新型墻體材料的推廣應(yīng)用，提高了住宅的抗震性能，并可以為住戶提供自由分割的空間，豐富住

85、宅的立面造型，使用面積系數(shù)也可提高自重，比磚混結(jié)構(gòu)的輕，單位面積造價(jià)與磚混結(jié)構(gòu)持平，由此可見，框架結(jié)構(gòu)是住宅在承重結(jié)構(gòu)體系上的一大發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　3．住宅的壽命將要大大的延長(zhǎng)，超耐久性住宅將要大量出現(xiàn) </p><p>　　目前，住宅的使用壽命按其設(shè)計(jì)方案來(lái)說(shuō)一般是在50年左右，人們用幾十年以至終身的積蓄來(lái)購(gòu)買一棟房屋，在使用之后就要報(bào)廢，這種現(xiàn)實(shí)的現(xiàn)象實(shí)在是有點(diǎn)太殘忍了，所

86、以人們很迫切的要求提高住宅的耐久性，現(xiàn)在超耐久型混凝土的研究正在興起，在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)有望使混凝土的耐久性達(dá)到幾百年以至上千年，當(dāng)住宅采用框架結(jié)構(gòu)之后，就可以采用超耐久型混凝土從而大大的提高住宅的耐久性，實(shí)現(xiàn)我們擁有超耐久型住宅的夢(mèng)想，其顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益是不言而喻的。 </p><p>　　4. 建筑時(shí)空的延續(xù)性 </p><p>　　關(guān)懷自然，就是關(guān)懷人類本身，真正意義上的“以人為本

87、”就在于此。因此，“以人為本”的住宅建筑有相當(dāng)一部分就是強(qiáng)調(diào)其自然方面的因素，由其自然性引發(fā)出其在時(shí)空中的循環(huán)延續(xù)，進(jìn)而成為一個(gè)整體，使得建筑生命周期（life-cycle）構(gòu)成設(shè)計(jì)工作中一個(gè)十分重要的因素。住宅建筑中時(shí)空的延續(xù)性，就是要求在住宅創(chuàng)作中，在遵循自然因素的前提下，從傳統(tǒng)居住形態(tài)中汲養(yǎng)分，提取要素，結(jié)合當(dāng)代住宅科技特點(diǎn)和居住需求，創(chuàng)建的再現(xiàn)建筑地域空間文化特點(diǎn)，以尋求住宅建筑的個(gè)性表達(dá)。這種延續(xù)形式的傳統(tǒng)居民范式中的要素運(yùn)用

88、現(xiàn)代建筑語(yǔ)言創(chuàng)新的再現(xiàn)，其再現(xiàn)可以是局部或全部，有形的或無(wú)形的，均可兼而有之，目的就在于給傳統(tǒng)居住形式一個(gè)延續(xù)和生存的空間，并使之與時(shí)代同步與傳統(tǒng)居住文明相輔相成。 </p><p>　　5.住宅建筑時(shí)空的全面性 </p><p>　　“以人為本”的住宅建筑，時(shí)空的延續(xù)性使其具有了某種低于建筑空間文化的特質(zhì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了抵御建筑空間文化創(chuàng)新的再現(xiàn)，豐富了當(dāng)前頗為雷同的居住模式。然而，僅有時(shí)空的延

89、續(xù)性，并不能符合現(xiàn)代人的要求。為此，還必須考慮其時(shí)空的全面性。在完成了人性空間與自然空間的合理結(jié)合之后，需將適合現(xiàn)代化社會(huì)發(fā)展的人類自身生活方式的一些必要因素考慮到其中，主要包括住宅建筑的舒適性，適應(yīng)性，生態(tài)性，信息性，文化性，智能型等等。 </p><p><b>　　住宅建筑的舒適性</b></p><p>　　住宅建筑的本質(zhì)就是為人服務(wù)，首先就要講舒適性，也就是

90、說(shuō)住宅建筑要尋求一種在符合購(gòu)買面積，戶型的基礎(chǔ)上，使得各功能空間有合理有效的安排，各得其所，分區(qū)明確，并使各功能的空間有詩(shī)意的尺度，比例，方便家具的布置和人的活動(dòng)，同時(shí)要保證各功能空間的相對(duì)私密性。為滿足室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量，各功能空間要采光充足，通風(fēng)良好，使用率高，并體現(xiàn)一定的藝術(shù)性和超前性。對(duì)于外部空間的環(huán)境，居民交往的空間創(chuàng)建也是居住舒適性的重要體現(xiàn)，應(yīng)力求把原有的生活納入進(jìn)來(lái)，作為居民生存環(huán)境的重要組成部分，規(guī)劃要結(jié)構(gòu)明朗，形象綱舉目張

91、，群體設(shè)計(jì)要多種圍合，變化多變的私密，半私密的空間，配合如一，廣場(chǎng)，綠地，小品，通透環(huán)廊等構(gòu)成統(tǒng)一景觀，做到安全寧?kù)o，溫馨而利于交往。 </p><p>　　② 住宅建筑的適應(yīng)性 </p><p>　　主要表現(xiàn)在多樣性和可變性兩方面，多樣性：由于住宅市場(chǎng)需求的多樣性，住宅開發(fā)建設(shè)單位要避免“貧富皆宜”的單一項(xiàng)目而要有一定的特殊，適合多種目標(biāo)群體，賦予個(gè)性化的項(xiàng)目，來(lái)滿足日益多樣的市場(chǎng)需求，

92、可變性：由于功能的多樣性和技術(shù)的可行性，使居住空間的靈活可變得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，其可變性一般是以“戶”為設(shè)計(jì)單位，按基本間定型的廚衛(wèi)等定型設(shè)計(jì)，居室部分采用活動(dòng)式隔斷靈活分隔，即每戶的平面圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)不變，管道基本固定不動(dòng)，廳室隔斷按一定模數(shù)靈活不止，分戶墻可以固定，也可采取取消分戶墻而根據(jù)實(shí)際購(gòu)買需求取舍的售樓方式，據(jù)此，住戶的室內(nèi)布置就可以各盡其能，各取所需，設(shè)計(jì)布置一個(gè)溫馨而有個(gè)性的家，如此自然提高了居住建筑的使用效率，使住宅建筑易于改造而擁有

93、更長(zhǎng)的使用壽命。 </p><p><b>　?、?住宅的生態(tài)型 </b></p><p>　　如今生活在都市里的人都渴望回歸自然，希望更多地與大自然接觸，但住宅建筑僅有綠色還不能說(shuō)其具有生態(tài)型，住宅的生態(tài)型是以綠色為基礎(chǔ)涵蓋生態(tài)環(huán)保，可持續(xù)發(fā)展等多種理念。首先就綠色本身而言，要達(dá)到國(guó)家有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并具有完整的包括設(shè)計(jì)，施工，物業(yè)管理等多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的生命周期評(píng)價(jià)，且要和所有

94、城市的整體環(huán)境質(zhì)量相結(jié)合。 </p><p>　　生態(tài)的建筑設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該具有以下幾個(gè)方面的特點(diǎn): </p><p>　　1. 尊重設(shè)計(jì)地段內(nèi)的土地,環(huán)境,及植被的特點(diǎn),因地制宜. </p><p>　　2. 整體,全面的考慮設(shè)計(jì)區(qū)域內(nèi)部與外部環(huán)境關(guān)系. </p><p>　　3. 強(qiáng)調(diào)人與環(huán)境的和諧共存,不可分割. </p><

95、;p>　　4. 設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程的多學(xué)科綜合性 </p><p>　　為實(shí)現(xiàn)這些特點(diǎn),主要有以下幾個(gè)有效途徑: </p><p>　　(一)開發(fā)地下空間 </p><p>　　解決城市用地緊張的途徑有兩種,一是向城郊發(fā)展,會(huì)導(dǎo)致耕地面積減少,生態(tài)平衡破壞,城市化程度增加.二是向高空發(fā)展,往往導(dǎo)致人口密度增加,空氣污染嚴(yán)重,交通更加擁擠,開發(fā)利用地下空間具有無(wú)法比擬的優(yōu)

96、勢(shì): </p><p>　　1. 節(jié)省土地資源,減少對(duì)城市土壤的破壞,減輕地面上住宅,交通生產(chǎn)和生活服務(wù),社會(huì)活動(dòng)的相互干擾. </p><p>　　2. 節(jié)約能源,土壤具有隔熱和蓄熱的雙重功效.據(jù)測(cè)地下建筑比地上建筑可節(jié)省熱能25~80%. </p><p>　　3. 有利于生態(tài)平衡,不破壞植被,不侵占農(nóng)田,有利于美化環(huán)境,凈化空氣,改善小氣候. </p&g

97、t;<p>　　4. 防塵,防毒.地下空間無(wú)大氣污染. </p><p>　　5. 利于儲(chǔ)存蔬菜,水果,糧食.地下環(huán)境相對(duì)濕度適宜,避免鼠害蟲害. </p><p>　　6. 抗震性能好,維護(hù)費(fèi)用低. </p><p>　　(二)物質(zhì)能量循環(huán)利用 </p><p>　　隨著科技的進(jìn)步,人類對(duì)可再生能源的開發(fā)利用已經(jīng)有了相當(dāng)大的進(jìn)

98、展,各種生態(tài)住房,低能耗住房大量興建.將來(lái)的房屋建設(shè)對(duì)能量的利用將主要有以下兩種形式: </p><p>　　1. 自然能(太陽(yáng)能,風(fēng)能等)的直接利用 直接利用各種技術(shù)裝置如風(fēng)車,太陽(yáng)能收集裝置,將太陽(yáng)能,風(fēng)能轉(zhuǎn)化為人們生活的動(dòng)力來(lái)源。 </p><p>　　2. 太陽(yáng)能的間接利用——生物能循環(huán) </p><p>　　1991年9月,美國(guó)利桑那州沙漠進(jìn)行的生物圈號(hào)計(jì)

99、劃,八個(gè)人與3800多個(gè)物種在一個(gè)建筑物內(nèi)生存了2年.室內(nèi)有微縮的沼澤,海洋,草原,沙漠,熱帶雨林等生態(tài)系統(tǒng),空氣,水,營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)將在其中循環(huán),以取得生物能循環(huán)的經(jīng)驗(yàn),生物能循環(huán)的簡(jiǎn)單形式是立體種植，通過(guò)綠化可以美化環(huán)境，利用空間，增加產(chǎn)量，同時(shí)又可以起到保溫節(jié)水，凈化空氣，調(diào)節(jié)室內(nèi)氣候等效果。 </p><p>　?。ㄈ┘訌?qiáng)綠化設(shè)計(jì) </p><p>　　城市與建筑的綠化是改善生態(tài)環(huán)境的