外文文翻譯---- 智能開關(guān)電源

1、<p>　　智 能 開 關(guān) 電 源</p><p><b>　　中 文：</b></p><p>　　隨著電子技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展，電子系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域越來越廣泛，電子設(shè)備的種類也越來越多，電子設(shè)備與人們的工作、生活的關(guān)系日益密切。任何電子設(shè)備都離不開可靠的電源，它們對電源的要求也越來越高。電子設(shè)備的小型化和低成本化使電源以輕、薄、小和高效率為發(fā)展方向。傳統(tǒng)的晶體管

2、串聯(lián)調(diào)整穩(wěn)壓電源是連續(xù)控制的線性穩(wěn)壓電源。這種傳統(tǒng)穩(wěn)壓電源技術(shù)比較成熟，并且已有大量集成化的線性穩(wěn)壓電源模塊，具有穩(wěn)定性能好、輸出波紋電壓小、使用可靠等優(yōu)點。但通常都需要體積大且笨重的工頻變壓器與體積和重量都很大的濾波器。</p><p>　　二十世紀(jì)五十年代，美國宇航局以小型化、重量輕為目標(biāo)，為搭載火箭開發(fā)了開關(guān)電源。在近半個世紀(jì)的發(fā)展過程中，開關(guān)電源因具有重量輕、體積小、效率高、穩(wěn)壓范圍寬等優(yōu)點，在電子電氣、

3、控制、計算機(jī)等許多領(lǐng)域的電子設(shè)備中得到了廣泛的使用。二十世紀(jì)八十年代，計算機(jī)全面實現(xiàn)了開關(guān)電源化，率先完成計算機(jī)的電源換代。二十世紀(jì)九十年代，開關(guān)電源在電子、電器設(shè)備、家電領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，開關(guān)電源技術(shù)進(jìn)入快速發(fā)展期。此外，大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，又使開關(guān)電源有了質(zhì)的飛躍，掀起了電源產(chǎn)品高頻化、小型化、模塊化的浪潮。</p><p>　　功率開關(guān)管、PWM控制器和高頻變壓器是開關(guān)電源必不可少的組成部分。

4、傳統(tǒng)的開關(guān)電源一般均采用分立的高頻功率開關(guān)管和多引腳的PWM集成控制器，例如采用UC3842+MOSFET是國內(nèi)小功率開關(guān)電源中較為普及的設(shè)計方法。</p><p>　　七十年代以來，涌現(xiàn)出許多功能完備的集成控制電路，使開關(guān)電源電路日益簡化，工作頻率不斷提高，效率提高，并為電源小型化提供了廣闊的前景。三端離線式脈寬調(diào)制單片開關(guān)集成電路TOP(Three Terminal Off Line)將PWM控制器與功率開關(guān)

5、MOSFET合二為一封裝在一起，已成為開關(guān)電源IC發(fā)展的主流。采用TOP開關(guān)集成電路設(shè)計開關(guān)電源，可使電路簡化，體積進(jìn)一步縮小，成本也明顯降低。</p><p>　　單片開關(guān)電源具有單片集成化、最簡外圍電路、最佳性能指標(biāo)、能構(gòu)成無工頻變壓器開關(guān)電源等顯著優(yōu)點。美國PI(Power Integration)公司于上世紀(jì)九十年代中期率先推出的新型高頻開關(guān)電源芯片，被譽(yù)為"頂級開關(guān)電源"，具有成本低

6、，電路簡單，效率高等優(yōu)點。其第一代產(chǎn)品以1994年推出的TOP100/200系列為代表，第二代產(chǎn)品則是1997年問世的TOPSwitch-Ⅱ。上述產(chǎn)品一經(jīng)問世便顯示出強(qiáng)大的生命力，他極大地簡化了150W以下開關(guān)電源的設(shè)計和新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)工作，也為新型、高效、低成本開關(guān)電源的推廣與普及創(chuàng)造了良好條件，可廣泛用于儀器儀表、筆記本電腦、移動電話、電視機(jī)、VCD和DVD、攝錄像機(jī)、手機(jī)電池充電器、功率放大器等領(lǐng)域，并構(gòu)成各種小型化、高密度、在價格

7、上能與線性穩(wěn)壓電源相競爭的AC/DC電源變換模塊。</p><p>　　開關(guān)電源向集成化方向發(fā)展將是未來的主要趨勢,功率密度將越來越大,對工藝的要求也會越來越高.在半導(dǎo)體器件和磁性材料沒有新的突破之前,重大的技術(shù)進(jìn)展可能很難實現(xiàn),技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的重點將集中在如何提高效率和減小重量.因此,工藝水平將會在電源制造中占的地位越來越高.另外,數(shù)字控制集成電路的應(yīng)用也是將來開關(guān)電源發(fā)展的一個方向.這信賴于DSP運行速度和抗干擾技

8、術(shù)的不斷提高.至于先進(jìn)的控制方法,目前個人覺得還沒有看到實用性特別強(qiáng)的方法出現(xiàn),也許隨著數(shù)字控制的普及,會有一些新的控制理論運用到開關(guān)電源中來. </p><p>　?。?）高頻化技術(shù)：隨著開關(guān)頻率的提高，開關(guān)變換器的體積也隨之減少，功率密度也得到大幅提升，動態(tài)響應(yīng)得到改善。小功率DC-DC變換器的開關(guān)頻率將上升到MHz。但隨著開關(guān)頻率的不斷提高，開關(guān)元件和無源元件損耗的增加、高頻寄生參數(shù)以及高頻EMI等新的問題

9、也將隨之產(chǎn)生。 　　 （2）軟開關(guān)技術(shù)：為提高變換器的變換效率，各種軟開關(guān)技術(shù)應(yīng)用而生，具有代表性的是無源軟開關(guān)技術(shù)和有源軟開關(guān)技術(shù)，主要包括零電壓開關(guān)/零電流開關(guān)（ZVS/ZCS）諧振、準(zhǔn)諧振、零電壓/零電流脈寬調(diào)制技術(shù)（ZVS/ZCS-PWM）以及零電壓過渡/零電流過渡脈寬調(diào)制（ZVT/ZCT-PWM）技術(shù)等。采用軟開關(guān)技術(shù)可以有效的降低開關(guān)損耗和開關(guān)應(yīng)力，有助于變換器變換效率的提高。 　　

10、 （3）功率因數(shù)校正技術(shù)（PFC）。目前PFC技術(shù)主要分為有源PFC技術(shù)和無源PFC技術(shù)兩大類，采用PFC技術(shù)可以提高AC-DC變化器輸入端功率因數(shù)，減少對電網(wǎng)的諧波污染。 　　 （4）模塊化技術(shù)。采</p><p>　　人們在開關(guān)電源技術(shù)領(lǐng)域是邊開發(fā)相關(guān)電力電子器件，邊開發(fā)開關(guān)變頻技術(shù)，兩者相互促進(jìn)推

11、動著開關(guān)電源每年以超過兩位數(shù)字的增長率向著輕、小、薄、低噪聲、高可靠、抗干擾的方向發(fā)展。開關(guān)電源可分為AC/DC和DC/DC兩大類，也有AC/AC DC/AC 如逆變器 DC/DC變換器現(xiàn)已實現(xiàn)模塊化，且設(shè)計技術(shù)及生產(chǎn)工藝在國內(nèi)外均已成熟和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，并已得到用戶的認(rèn)可，但AC/DC的模塊化，因其自身的特性使得在模塊化的進(jìn)程中，遇到較為復(fù)雜的技術(shù)和工藝制造問題。以下分別對兩類開關(guān)電源的結(jié)構(gòu)和特性作以闡述。</p><p&

12、gt;　　開關(guān)電源的發(fā)展方向是高頻、高可靠、低耗、低噪聲、抗干擾和模塊化。由于開關(guān)電源輕、小、薄的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)是高頻化，因此國外各大開關(guān)電源制造商都致力于同步開發(fā)新型高智能化的元器件，特別是改善二次整流器件的損耗，并在功率鐵氧體（Mn?Zn)材料上加大科技創(chuàng)新，以提高在高頻率和較大磁通密度（Bs)下獲得高的磁性能，而電容器的小型化也是一項關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。SMT技術(shù)的應(yīng)用使得開關(guān)電源取得了長足的進(jìn)展，在電路板兩面布置元器件，以確保開關(guān)電源的輕、小、

13、薄。開關(guān)電源的高頻化就必然對傳統(tǒng)的PWM開關(guān)技術(shù)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新，實現(xiàn)ZVS、ZCS的軟開關(guān)技術(shù)已成為開關(guān)電源的主流技術(shù)，并大幅提高了開關(guān)電源的工作效率。對于高可靠性指標(biāo)，美國的開關(guān)電源生產(chǎn)商通過降低運行電流，降低結(jié)溫等措施以減少器件的應(yīng)力，使得產(chǎn)品的可靠性大大提高。</p><p>　　模塊化是開關(guān)電源發(fā)展的總體趨勢，可以采用模塊化電源組成分布式電源系統(tǒng)，可以設(shè)計成N＋1冗余系統(tǒng)，并實現(xiàn)并聯(lián)方式的容量擴(kuò)展。針對開關(guān)電源

14、運行噪聲大這一缺點，若單獨追求高頻化其噪聲也必將隨著增大，而采用部分諧振轉(zhuǎn)換電路技術(shù)，在理論上即可實現(xiàn)高頻化又可降低噪聲，但部分諧振轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)的實際應(yīng)用仍存在著技術(shù)問題，故仍需在這一領(lǐng)域開展大量的工作，以使得該項技術(shù)得以實用化。</p><p>　　電力電子技術(shù)的不斷創(chuàng)新，使開關(guān)電源產(chǎn)業(yè)有著廣闊的發(fā)展前景。要加快我國開關(guān)電源產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展速度，就必須走技術(shù)創(chuàng)新之路，走出有中國特色的產(chǎn)學(xué)研聯(lián)合發(fā)展之路，為我國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速

15、發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)。</p><p><b>　　英文：</b></p><p>　　With the rapid development of electronic technology, application field of electronic system is more and more extensive, electronic equipment, the

16、re are more and more people work with electronic equipment, life is increasingly close relationship. Any electronic equipment are inseparable from reliable power supply for power requirements, they more and more is also

17、high. Electronic equipment miniaturized and low cost in the power of light and thin, small and efficient for development direction. The</p><p>　　In the 1950s, NASA to miniaturization, light weight as the goa

18、l, for a rocket carrying the switch power development. In almost half a century of development process, switch power because of its small volume, light weight, high efficiency, wide range, voltage advantages in electric,

19、 control, computer, and many other areas of electronic equipment has been widely used. In the 1980s, a computer is made up of all of switch power supply, the first complete computer power generation. Throughout the 199&l

20、t;/p><p>　　Power switch tube, PWM controller and high-frequency transformer is an indispensable part of the switch power supply. The traditional switch power supply is normally made by using high frequency powe

21、r switch tube division and the pins, such as using PWM integrated controller UC3842 + MOSFET is domestic small power switch power supply, the design method of a more popularity. </p><p>　　Since the 1970s, em

22、erged in many function complete integrated control circuit, switch power supply circuit increasingly simplified, working frequency enhances unceasingly, improving efficiency, and for power miniaturization provides the br

23、oad prospect. Three end off-line pulse width modulation monolithic integrated circuit TOP (Three switch Line) will Terminal Off with power switch MOSFET PWM controller one package together, has become the mainstream of s

24、witch power IC development. Adopt TOP swi</p><p>　　Monolithic switching power supply has the monolithic integrated, the minimalist peripheral circuit, best performance index, no work frequency transformer ca

25、n constitute a significant advantage switching power supply, etc. American PI (with) company in Power in the mid 1990s first launched the new high frequency switching Power supply chip, known as the "top switch Powe

26、r", with low cost, simple circuit, higher efficiency. The first generation of products launched in 1994 represented TOP100/200 se</p><p>　　Switching power supply to integrated direction of future develo

27、pment will be the main trend, power density will more and more big, to process requirements will increasingly high. In semiconductor devices and magnetic materials, no new breakthrough technology progress before major mi

28、ght find it hard to achieve, technology innovation will focus on how to improve the efficiency and focus on reducing weight. Therefore, craft level will be in the position of power supply manufacturing higher in. In a<

29、;/p><p>　?。?）The technology: with high frequency switching frequencies increase, switch converter volume also decrease, power density has also been boosted, dynamic response improved. Small power DC - DC conver

30、ter switch frequency will rise to MHz. But as the switch frequency unceasing enhancement, switch components and passive components loss increases, high-frequency parasitic parameters and high-frequency EMI and so on the

31、new issues will also be caused. </p><p>　?。?）Soft switching technologies: in order to improve the efficiency of non-linearity of various soft switch, commutation technical application and hygiene, representa

32、tive of soft switch technology is passive and active soft switch technology, mainly including zero voltage switch/zero current switch (ZVS/ZCS) resonance, quasi resonant, zero voltage/zero current pulse width modulation

33、technology (ZVS/ZCS - PWM) and zero voltage transition/zero current transition pulse width modulation (PWM) ZVT/ZCT</p><p>　?。?）Power factor correction technology (IC simplifies PFC). At present mainly divid

34、ed into IC simplifies PFC technology passive and active IC simplifies PFC technology using IC simplifies PFC technology two kinds big, IC simplifies PFC technology can improve AC - DC change device input power factor, re

35、duce the harmonic pollution of power grid. </p><p>　?。?）Modular technology. Modular technology can meet the needs of the distributed power system, enhance the system reliability. </p><p>　　（5）Lo

36、w output voltage technology. With the continuous development of semiconductor manufacturing technology, microprocessor and portable electronic devices work more and more low, this requires future DC - DC converter can pr

37、ovide low output voltage to adapt microprocessor and power supply requirement of portable electronic devices </p><p>　　People in switching power supply technical fields are edge developing related power elec

38、tronics device, the side of frequency conversion technology, development of switch between mutual promotion push switch power supply with more than two year growth toward light, digital small, thin, low noise and high re

39、liability, anti-interference direction. Switching power supply can be divided into the AC/DC and DC/DC two kinds big, also have AC/AC DC/AC as inverter DC/DC converter is now realize modular, </p><p>　　Switc

40、hing power supply is the development direction of high frequency, high reliability, low consumption, low noise, anti-jamming and modular. Because light switch power, small, thin key techniques are changed, so high overse

41、as each big switch power supply manufacturer are devoted to the development of new high intelligent synchronous rectifier, especially the improvement of secondary devices of the device, and power loss of Zn ferrite (Mn)

42、material? By increasing scientific and technological in</p><p>　　Modularity is of the general development of switch power supply trend can be modular power component distributed power system, can be designed

43、 to N + 1 redundant system, and realize the capacity expansion parallel. According to switch power running large noise this one defect, if separate the pursuit of high frequency noise will increase its with the partial r

44、esonance, and transform circuit technology, high frequency can be realized in theory and can reduce the noise, but part of the practical a</p><p>　　Power electronic technology unceasing innovation, switch po

45、wer supply industry has broad prospects for development. To speed up the development of switch power industry in China, we must walk speed of technological innovation road, combination with Chinese characteristics in the