變電站設(shè)計外文翻譯--變電站建設(shè)的一般要求

1、<p><b>　　外文文獻一</b></p><p>　　General Requirements to Construction of Substation</p><p>　　Substations are a vital element in a power supply system of industrial enterprises．They s

2、erve to receive ，convert and distribute electric energy .Depending on power and purpose ,the substations are divided into central distribution substations for a voltage of 110-500kV;main step-down substations for110-220/

3、6-10-35kV;deep entrance substations for 110-330/6-10Kv;distribution substations for 6-10Kv;shop transformer substations for 6-10/0.38-0.66kV.At the main step-down substations, the energy rece</p><p>　　Centra

4、l distribution substations receive energy from power systems and distribute it (without or with partial transformation) via aerial and cable lines of deep entrances at a voltage of 110-220kV over the enterprise territory

5、 .Central distribution substation differs from the main distribution substation in a higher power and in that bulk of its power is at a voltage of 110-220kV;it features simplified switching circuits at primary voltage; i

6、t is fed from the power to an individual object or reg</p><p>　　Step-up transformer substations are used at power plants for transformation of energy produced by the generators to a higher voltage which decr

7、eases losses at a long-distance transmission .Converter substations are intended to convert AC to DC (sometimes vice versa) and to convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rect

8、ifiers are convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are most economic. Distributio</p><p>　　Depending on location of substations their switch-gear may b

9、e outdoor or indoor. The feed and output lines at 6-10kV substations are mainly of the cable type .at 35-220kV substations of the aerial type .When erecting and wiring the substations ,major attention is given to reliabl

10、e and economic power supply of a given production.</p><p>　　Substations are erected by industrial methods with the use of large blocks and assemblies prepared at the site shops of electric engineering organi

11、zations and factories of electrical engineering industry .Substations are usually designed for operation without continuous attendance of the duty personnel but with the use of elementary automatic and signaling devices.

12、</p><p>　　When constructing the structural part of a substation .it is advisable to use light-weight industrial structures and elements (panels ,floors ,etc.) made of bent sections .These elements are pre-ma

13、de outside the erection zone and are only assembled at site .This considerably cuts the terms and cost of construction.</p><p>　　Basic circuitry concepts of substations are chosen when designing a powersuppl

14、y system of the enterprise .Substations feature primary voltage entrances .transformers and output cable lines or current conductors of secondary voltage .Substations are mounted from equipment and elements described bel

15、ow .The number of possible combinations of equipment and elements is very great .Whenelaborating a substation circuitry ,it is necessary to strive for maximum simplification and minimizing the number of</p><p&

16、gt;　　When designing transformer substations of industrial enterprises for all voltages , the following basic considerations are taken into account:</p><p>　　1. Preferable employment of a single-bus system wi

17、th using two-bus systems only to ensure a reliable and economic power supply;</p><p>　　2. Wide use of unitized constructions and busless substations;</p><p>　　3.Substantiated employment of autom

18、atics and telemetry ;if the substation design does not envisage the use of automatics or telemetry ,the circuitry is so arranged as to allow for adding such equipment in future without excessive investments and re-work.&

19、lt;/p><p>　　4.Use of simple and cheap devices-isolating switches ,short-circuiting switches ,load-breaking isolators ,fuses ,with due regard for their switching capacity may drastically cut the need for expensi

20、ve and critical oil ,vacuum ,solenoid and air switches .Substation and switch-gear circuitries are so made that using the equipment of each production line is fed from individual transformers ,assemblies ,the lines to al

21、low their disconnection simultaneously with mechanisms without disrupting operatio</p><p>　　When elaborating circuitry of a substation, the most vital task is to properly choose and arrange switching devices

22、(switches ,isolators ,current limiters ,arresters ,high-voltage fuses).The decision depends on the purpose ,power and significance of the substation.</p><p>　　Many years ago, scientists had very vague ideas

23、about electricity. Many of them thought of it as a sort of fluid that flowed through wires as water flows through pipes, but they could not understand what made it flow. Many of them felt that electricity was made up of

24、tiny particles of some kind ,but trying to separate electricity into individual particles baffled them.</p><p>　　Then, the great American scientist Millikan, in 1909,astounded the scientific world by actuall

25、y weighing a single particle of electricity and calculating its electric charge. This was probably one of the most delicate weighing jobs ever done by man,for a single electric particle weighs only about half of a millio

26、nth of a pound. To make up a pound it would take more of those particles than there are drops of water in the Atlantic Ocean.</p><p>　　They are no strangers to us, these electric particles, for we know them

27、as electrons. When large numbers of electrons break away from their atoms and move through a wire,we describe this action by saying that electricity is flowing through the wire.Yes,the electrical fluid that early scienti

28、sts talked about is nothing more than electrical flowing along a wire.</p><p>　　But how can individual electrons be made to break away from atoms? And how can these free electrons be made to along a wire? Th

29、e answer to the first question lies in the structure of the atoms themselves. Some atoms are so constructed that they lose electrons easily. An atom of copper, for example ,is continually losing an electron, regaining it

30、(or another electron),and losing it again. A copper atom normally has 29 electrons, arranged in four different orbits about its nucleus. The inside orbit</p><p>　　Consequently,in a copper wire free electrons

31、 are floating around in all directions among the copper atoms.Thus, even through the copper wire looks quite motionless to your ordinary eye, there is a great deal of activity going on inside it. If the wire were carryin

32、g electricity to an electric light or to some other electrical device, the electrons would not be moving around at random. Instead, many of them would be rushing in the same direction-from one end of the wire to the othe

33、r.</p><p>　　This brings us to the second question .How can free electrons be made to move along a wire? Well ,men have found several ways to do that .One way is chemical. Volta,s voltaic pile,or battery, is

34、a chemical device that makes electricity(or electrons)flow in wires. Another way is magnetic. Faraday and Henry discovered how magnets could be used to make electricity flow in a wire.</p><p><b>　　Magn

35、ets</b></p><p>　　Almost everyone has seen horseshoe magnets-so called because they are shaped like horseshoes. Probably you have experimented with a magnet, and noticed how it will pick up tacks and na

36、ils, or other small iron objects. Men have known about magnets for thousands of years.</p><p>　　Several thousand years ago, according to legend, a shepherd named Magnes lived on the island of Crete, in the M

37、editerranean Sea .He had a shepherds crook tipped with iron. One day he found an oddly shaped black stone that stuck to this iron tip.Later, when many other such stones were found, they were called magnets(after Magnets)

38、.These were natural magnets.</p><p>　　In recent times men have learned how to make magnets out of iron. More important still, they have discovered how to use magnets to push electrons through wires-that is,

39、how to make electricity flow. Before we discuss this, there arecertain characteristics of magnets that we should know about.If a piece of glass is laid on top of a horse- shoes magnet, and if iron filings are then sprink

40、 ledon the glass, the filings will arrange themselves into lines. If this same thing is trid with a bar magnet(</p><p>　　Of course, electrons are not really flowing in the bar magnet, but they are in motion,

41、 circling the nuclei of the iron atoms. However, in the magnet, circling thelined up in such a way that their electrons are circling in the same direction. Perhaps a good comparison might be a great number of boys whirli

42、ng balls onstrings in a clockwise direction around their heads.</p><p><b>　　翻譯：</b></p><p>　　變電站建設(shè)的一般要求</p><p>　　變電站(所)在電源系統(tǒng)的工業(yè)企業(yè)是一個至關(guān)重要的因素。他們接收,轉(zhuǎn)換和發(fā)送電能。根據(jù)能源和需求,變電站分為中央配

43、電變電站電壓為110-500kV；主要降壓變電所電壓為110-220/6-10-35kV； 深入口變電站為110-330/6-10kV；二次變電站的電壓為6-10Kv；車間變電所電壓為6-10/0.38-0.66kV。在主要的降壓變電所,電源能量轉(zhuǎn)化電壓為110-220kV，通常使用6-10Kv(有時為35kV變電所)的電壓分配給企業(yè)和被用來滿足高壓服務。</p><p>　　中央配電變電站從電力系統(tǒng)接收能量并分

44、發(fā)它(不包括或者包括部分變換) 給企業(yè)不同區(qū)域，通過空中電纜和地下電纜線路電壓為110-220kV。 中央分配變電站站不同于主配電變電它是一個更強大的電力設(shè)施,它的電壓大部分在110-220kV的電壓。它可以簡化初級電壓、中級電壓或地區(qū)的開關(guān)電路。中低級別變電站改造能量來自6-10kv的電壓,它的二次側(cè)電壓為380/220或660/380。</p><p>　　升壓變壓器變電站用于將電廠產(chǎn)生的能量轉(zhuǎn)化使發(fā)電機產(chǎn)生

45、的電壓升高,從而有效地減少在遠距離輸電能量的損失轉(zhuǎn)換器變電站的目的是為了將直流轉(zhuǎn)換成交流(有時相反)和轉(zhuǎn)換成能量時改變頻率。轉(zhuǎn)換器變電站的能量轉(zhuǎn)換是用半導體整流器來變頻的。帶半導體整流器的轉(zhuǎn)化器變電站是最經(jīng)濟的。6-10kV的配電變電站主要依據(jù)主配電變電站(有時依據(jù)中央配電變電站)。110-220kV變電站系統(tǒng)區(qū)域的劃分時，根據(jù)變電站設(shè)備功能劃分時是有學問的，6-10kV的變電站設(shè)備劃分在變電站的入口。</p><p

46、>　　根據(jù)變電站變的位置，電站設(shè)備在可以露天或室內(nèi)。6-10kV變電站的在電纜的類型主要是供給輸出線。在35-220kV變電站空中線路樣式,在變電站架線和接線,主要注重供電生產(chǎn)的可靠和經(jīng)濟。</p><p>　　用工業(yè)的方式建設(shè)變電站，是使用大量的數(shù)塊和在電氣工程組織和工廠電氣工程等行業(yè)的車間的位置進行組裝。變電站通常是專為不連續(xù)操作的責任人員所設(shè)計,但用的是基本的自動設(shè)備和信號裝置。</p>

47、<p>　　當建立變電站結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分,應當采用薄型建造結(jié)構(gòu)以及由彎段組成的組件(板材、地板等)。這些元件是預先安裝區(qū)外面建造區(qū)域并且只是在這個位置組裝。這樣可以有效的削減變電所建造成本。</p><p>　　變電站基本電路概念設(shè)計的選擇,是根據(jù)企業(yè)的供電系統(tǒng)特點得到的。變電站電壓特性主要入口，變壓器和輸出電纜線路導線或當前導體的二次電壓.變電站安裝的設(shè)備和元件，設(shè)備和元件的若干種可能的組合是非常好的。

48、當闡述了變電站的電路時爭取切換裝置最大的簡化和數(shù)目的最小化。這樣的變電站更可靠、經(jīng)濟。電路簡化是采用自動接入或自動轉(zhuǎn)入儲備的方法,允許快速和無錯誤的自動接入每一個元件和使用設(shè)備。</p><p>　　當設(shè)計工業(yè)企業(yè)全電壓變電站時,下面的基本因素都要考慮在內(nèi)。</p><p>　　1.優(yōu)先使用采用兩編組的單總線系統(tǒng)可以確?？煽康暮徒?jīng)濟的供應電力。</p><p>　　

49、2.配套建設(shè)和變電站廣泛使用。</p><p>　　3.變電站使用自動化并且支持遙測技術(shù);如果變電站的設(shè)計并不支持使用自動化或遙測、線路安而且不允許添加設(shè)備，確保以后沒有過度投資和返工。</p><p>　　4.使用簡單、便宜的裝置，有絕緣裝置的斷路器、短路開關(guān)、過載保護隔離器、保險絲,預期到他們的交換容量可考慮大幅度削減昂貴的器件需要和臨界油、真空、螺線管和空氣開關(guān)電路使用。變電站和開關(guān)

50、電路,采用這樣的設(shè)備的每個生產(chǎn)線服從個體變壓器、裝配、允許他們同時的斷開而不破壞斷開連接的生產(chǎn)流程的機制的線條。</p><p>　　變電站的線路的意義,最重要的一點是要妥善安排與選擇轉(zhuǎn)換器件(開關(guān)、隔離者、電流限制器等、避雷器、高低壓熔斷器),這決定了變電站的目的、功能和意義。</p><p>　　很多年以前，科學家們對電仍只有很模糊的概念。他們之中不少人認為電是一種“流體”，這種流體就

51、像水流經(jīng)管道一樣流過導線。但他們并不了解是什么東西使電流動。他們之中的許多人覺得電是有某種極小的微粒構(gòu)成的，但試圖把電分離成單個的小顆粒他們卻束手無策。</p><p>　　此后，以為偉大的美國科學家密利坎于1909年，真正地稱出了單個的電粒子的重量并算出它的電荷而使科學界震驚不已。這可能是人類做過的最細致的計量工作之一，因為一個單個的電粒子的重量僅為一磅的百萬分之一，百萬分之一的一半左右的重量。要合成一磅重需要

52、的電粒子數(shù)將要比大西洋的全部水的水滴數(shù)還要多。</p><p>　　這些電粒子，他們對我們并不陌生，因為我們知道他們就是電子。當大量電子擺脫原子跑出來并通過導線運動時，我們把這種現(xiàn)象說成是電通過導線“流動”。是的，早先的科學家所說的電的“流體”只不過是沿著導線流動的電子。</p><p>　　那么，如何能使一些單個的電子擺脫原子的束縛而跑出來呢？</p><p>　

53、　而且，又怎樣能使這些自由電子沿導線運動呢？</p><p>　　第一個問題的答案就在于原子本身的結(jié)構(gòu)上。某些原子的結(jié)構(gòu)使他們很容易失去電子。例如，一個銅原子在正常情況下有29個電子，它們排列在核子周圍的4個不同的軌道上。最里層的軌道上有2個電子。第二層較大的軌道上有8個電子。第三層軌道上擠滿18個電子。而外層軌道上只有一個電子。正是這個外層電子，銅原子不斷丟掉它，因為這個電子受原子的約束不那么緊。它忽而游離而去

54、，并被另一游離的電子所替代，然后，這后一個電子也游離而去。</p><p>　　結(jié)果，在銅導線中自由電子在銅原子之間向四面八方漂浮。所以，盡管對你們的普通的肉眼來說，銅導線看來是完全不動的，但在它內(nèi)部卻不斷地進行著大量的活動。</p><p>　　如果導線把電輸送到一盞電燈或者另外某個電氣設(shè)備那里，這些電子就不會雜亂無章地到處跑來跑去，而是它們中的許多電子將會向一個方向奔去-從導線的一端奔

55、向另一端。</p><p>　　這就把我們引向第二個問題，如何才能使自由電子沿導線運動呢？好啦，人們已經(jīng)找到幾種方法來做到這一點。一種就是化學方法。伏特電堆，或者叫電池，就是能使電流在導線中流動的一種化學裝置。另一種方法就是電磁法。法拉第和亨利發(fā)現(xiàn)了怎樣能把磁鐵用來使電在導線中流動的辦法。</p><p><b>　　磁鐵</b></p><p&g

56、t;　　幾乎每個人都見過馬蹄形磁鐵-之所以這樣叫他是因為他們的形狀做成馬蹄形的。可能你們都用磁鐵做過試驗，并且看到它是怎樣吸起按釘，小釘子或者其他一些小鐵件的。人們了解磁鐵已經(jīng)幾千年了。</p><p>　　據(jù)傳說，幾千年前有個名叫麥格尼斯的牧羊人住在地中海的克里特島上。他有一根牧羊人用的帶鐵頭的棍杖。一天，他發(fā)現(xiàn)一塊奇形怪狀的黑石頭黏在鐵頭上。后來，當又發(fā)現(xiàn)許多這種石頭時，人們就叫它們?yōu)榇盆F。這些就是天然磁鐵。

57、</p><p>　　近年來，人們已經(jīng)掌握怎樣使用鐵來制成磁鐵。尤其重要的是，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了如何使用磁鐵推動電子通過導線-也就是怎樣使電流動。</p><p>　　在我們討論這點之前，磁鐵有某些特性我們應當了解。如果把一塊玻璃放在馬蹄形磁鐵的端部，然后把一些鐵粉末撒在玻璃上，那么鐵粉自己就會排成許多線。如果用一根棒做的話，就更容易看出這些鐵粉排成的線條了。這些實驗演示了科學家們所謂的磁力線。他

58、們解釋說。磁鐵通過磁鐵兩端之間延伸出來的磁力線起作用。</p><p>　　但是，在電子周圍似乎也有磁力線。把一根導線穿過一塊硬紙板，在紙板上撒上鐵粉，并把電池與導線連通在一起，這點就可以得到證明。由于運動的電子的磁性的結(jié)果，鐵粉就會繞導線周圍形成一些圓環(huán)。因此，我們可以看到，在運動者的電子和磁性之間有一種關(guān)系。磁性就是由電子的運動引起的。</p><p>　　當然，電子并不是在磁棒里真的

59、“流動”，但它們卻是在運動，在繞鐵原子核做旋轉(zhuǎn)運動。然而，在磁鐵中，原子都排列的使它們的電子都向同一方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。也許可打一個恰當?shù)谋扔?，就像許多小孩在他們頭頂上以順時針方向甩動系在線上的小球一樣。</p><p><b>　　外文文獻二</b></p><p>　　With the development of science and technology, peopl

60、e in their daily lives is becoming more and more demand on the electrical and lighting, etc. In addition to the general demand for electricity with the addition there are many closely related, so we have the stable opera

61、tion of power systems have become increasingly demanding, variable by electric power system and as an important component of stability as it plays an equally important role. The vast majority of electricity consumers by

62、power c</p><p>　　The protection of the main current of the protection of the grid, the grid distance protection, differential protection of power networks, power grids of high-frequency protection, automatic

63、 reclosing, power transformer relay protection, power capacitor protection. With the development of relay protection of power systems and automation technology in the development of more than a decade, as China's pow

64、er system to the high-voltage, large units, the development of modern large power system, prot</p><p><b>　　翻譯</b></p><p>　　隨著科技的發(fā)展，人們在日常生活中對電是越來越需求了，除了照明等一般的需求之外還有很多跟電息息相關(guān)，所以我們對電力系統(tǒng)的

65、穩(wěn)定運行要求越來越高，變電所又作為電力系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，它的穩(wěn)定也一樣起著同樣重要的作用。絕大多數(shù)電力用戶由電力公司的電力系統(tǒng)供電，一個完整的電力系統(tǒng)由分布各地的不同類型的發(fā)電廠、升壓和降壓變電所、輸電線路和用戶組成。眾所周知，電能也是現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主要能源和動力。電能既易于由其它形式的能量轉(zhuǎn)換而來，又易于轉(zhuǎn)換為其它形式的能量以供應用；電能的輸送和分配既簡單經(jīng)濟，又便于控制、調(diào)節(jié)和測量，有利于實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過程自動化。</p>

66、<p>　　保護主要有電網(wǎng)的電流保護、電網(wǎng)的距離保護、電網(wǎng)的差動保護、電網(wǎng)的高頻保護、自動重合閘、電力變壓器的繼電保護、電力電容器的保護。繼電保護的發(fā)展是隨著電力系統(tǒng)和自動化技術(shù)的發(fā)展而發(fā)展的，十幾年來，隨著我國電力系統(tǒng)向高電壓、大機組、現(xiàn)代化大電網(wǎng)發(fā)展，繼電保護及其應用水平獲得很大的提高，在20世紀50年代，差不多都是用電磁型機械元件構(gòu)成。隨著半導體器件的發(fā)展，陸續(xù)推廣到利用整流型元件和由半導體分離元件組成的裝置，在20