停車場設(shè)計外文翻譯--停車場結(jié)構(gòu)功能設(shè)計（選自書籍）

1、<p>　　1700單詞，9200英文字符，3000漢字</p><p>　　Parking Structures Functional Design</p><p>　　Greg Force</p><p>　　Parking Structures: Recommended Practice for Design and Construction, &l

2、t;/p><p>　　Chapter 2, Parking Structures Functional Design. The United States of </p><p>　　America: PCI committee on parking structures. Page 1～6.</p><p><b>　　停車場結(jié)構(gòu)功能設(shè)計</b>

3、</p><p><b>　　格雷格力</b></p><p>　　停車場結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計和施工建議做法，第2章，停車場結(jié)構(gòu)功能設(shè)計。</p><p>　　美國：停車場結(jié)構(gòu)PCI委員會。1～6頁。</p><p>　　PARKING STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL DESIGN</p><p>

4、;　　2.1 Introduction</p><p>　　This chapter provides an overview of many of the non-structural aspects of the design of multilevel parking structures.</p><p>　　Parking structures are unique transp

5、ortation facilities for vehicle travel, vehicle stor- age and pedestrian travel, particularly since the personal interchange between vehicles and pedestrians occurs in the relatively confined environment of a structured

6、facility. Because of this uniqueness, the design specialty of parking consulting has evolved. For completeness of detail and quality completion of a project, it is important that the project owner or developer retain a q

7、ualified parking consult</p><p>　　Functional design involves the development of vehicle and pedestrian flow in a park- ing structure as well as the parking space layout. Operating and security functions are

8、also considered in functional design.</p><p>　　Parking functional design concerns for self-park structures include: </p><p>　　parking structure type circulation systems secu

9、rity</p><p>　　street access design parking configuration lighting</p><p>　　revenue control/operating systems pedestrian circulation graphics & signage</p&

10、gt;<p>　　2.1.1Types of Parking Structures</p><p>　　2.1.1.1 Operational Types</p><p>　　The two general types of parking structures are attendant-park facilities and self-park facilities.

11、In attendant-park facilities, the car is left at the entrance by the driver and an attendant then parks the car. When the driver returns, the attendant retrieves the car and transfers it to the driver at the exit. Attend

12、ant-park facilities maximize the number of cars usually by stacked parking (Figure 2-1). They often are located in high-value areas in larger cities.</p><p>　　Today, the most common type of parking structure

13、 in North America is the self-park facility where the driver parks and retrieves his own car (Figure 2-2). This chapter will discuss only the self-park approach to functional design.</p><p>　　2.1.1.2 Buildin

14、g Code Types</p><p>　　The model building codes typically define parking structures in two categories: open parking structures and parking garages.</p><p>　　An open parking structure relies upon

15、facade openness for natural ventilation and does not require a fire sprinkler system when built of concrete. The requirement for openness varies somewhat by what code is used.</p><p>　　Parking structures tha

16、t don’t meet the openness requirements are called closed parking garages and usually require a mechanical ventilation system or air shaft and some- times a fire-suppression sprinkler system.</p><p>　　Some co

17、de jurisdictions classify basement parking areas as open parking structures when adequate natural ventilation is provided by areaways or light wells.</p><p>　　It should be noted that gross floor areas may be

18、 limited by openness criteria and the type of structural system. Also, required travel distances to stair exitways vary by code.</p><p>　　2.2 Revenue Control/ Operating Systems</p><p>　　Self-par

19、k facilities generally have two operating control locations, one at the entrances and the other at the exits. These control locations serve two types of park- ers: the hourly or daily transient parker and the monthly con

20、tract parker.</p><p>　　2.2.1Transient or Hourly Parking</p><p>　　At the entrance, the transient or hourly parker normally takes a time-stamped ticket from an electro-mechanical ticket dispenser

21、or “ticket spitter,” the entry control gate opens, and the parker enters the facility and drives to an available parking space. Sometimes two ticket dispensers are installed on the same lane to prevent lane shut- down in

22、 case a ticket dispenser malfunctions. After parking, the parker retrieves his vehicle and drives to an exit where he gives the time-stamped ticket to </p><p>　　2.2.2 Monthly Contract Parking</p><

23、p>　　The most common method of handling monthly parkers in North America is with a key card system. A magnetic or punched plastic key card, about the size of a credit card, is inserted into or read by the card receiver

24、 at the entrance. The system’s elec- tronics then activate the entry control gate, and the parker enters the facility. Month- ly contract parkers may be directed to use the same entrance as the hourly parker (Figure 2-3)

25、, or a different entrance (Figure 2-4). Depending on the traffic ci</p><p>　　More complex systems use an anti-passback feature that prevents the reuse of a key card by another driver if the original user has

26、 entered the facility and not yet exited. Computerized systems may use computer inputs to lock-in or lock-out a vehicle if the monthly contract parker has not paid his parking fee.</p><p>　　One method to res

27、erve the more-convenient lower floor parking spaces for hourly parkers is to bar these spaces from monthly parkers in the early morning hours, when the majority of the monthlies arrive (Figure 2-5).</p><p>　

28、　2.2.3 Cashiering</p><p>　　The hourly cashiering system is called exit cashiering (Figure 2-6). An alternative is pay on foot or precashiering, in which the parker pays after returning to the parking structu

29、re but before retrieving the car. The parker is then given an exit pass with a grace period, usually 15 minutes, in which the parker can retrieve his car and exit the facility. The exit pass then is taken by an attendant

30、 at the exit or, more typically, may have a magnetic stripe that is read by a ticket receiver at the</p><p>　　An alternative is the automated pay-on-foot precashiering system, which is quite pop- ular in Eur

31、ope and gaining adherents in North America. This system uses either a magnetic stripe or punch card ticket issued by a ticket dispenser at the entrance. Prior to retrieving his car, the parker inserts the ticket in an au

32、tomatic cashiering machine that computes the fee. The parker then inserts cash or credit card into the machine and receives an exit ticket. (Figure 2-7). This ticket then is used at t</p><p>　　Revenue contro

33、l is one of the major objectives of parking operating equipment. Automatic-read and semi-automatic cashiering systems are commonly used to reduce revenue pilferage and revenue loss by cashier error.</p><p>　

34、　In addition to outbound cashiering and precashiering, inbound cashiering often is used in structures serving event facilities such as convention centers and sports arenas. Inbound cashiering usually is done on a flat pa

35、rking fee basis and, once the event is over, traffic free-flows outbound.</p><p>　　2.3Street Access Design</p><p>　　The street traffic configuration—the pattern of adjacent two-way and/or one-

36、way streets—can have a major impact on how a parking structure is used. Parking opera- tors fear having a one-way street direction changed, which immediately reverses all the access directions to the entrances.</p>

37、<p>　　2.3.1 Entrances</p><p>　　Generally, entrances are placed on the high-volume streets providing direct access from the parker's origin to the parking destination. Parking facilities generally

38、will have more than one entrance. This provides convenient entering for parkers from various adjacent streets and offers an additional entrance in case operating equipment malfunctions. Entrances should also be located a

39、way from street intersections (Figure 2-8).</p><p>　　Where a parking facility is adjacent to a high-volume or high-velocity street, a decela- ration lane prior to the entrance helps eliminate rear-ending acc

40、idents and street traffic slowdown (Figure 2-9). Entrance ticket dispensers and gates preferably should be set in from the street far enough so that, when a car is at the ticket dispenser or key-card read- er, another ca

41、r can enter behind the first car and be clear of the sidewalk. In any event, a vehicle with a driver taking a ticket from a di</p><p>　　Operators often will monitor entrances remote from the cashier and mana

42、ger’s office area with TV cameras. The TV camera, coupled with an audio communication sys- tem installed in the ticket dispenser, aids communication if there is an equipment malfunction or if a parker has a question when

43、 entering the facility.</p><p>　　The architectural design of entrances impacts a successful parking operation. The entrances should be designed to be obvious and to look different from exits. Special archite

44、ctural features such as arches, canopies, marquees, and other elements attract attention to the entrance and are encouraged (Figures 2-11 and 2-12).</p><p>　　One inbound lane is the minimum required for a ga

45、rage with an average turnover of 300 to 500 cars per hour. For larger garages or smaller garages with high turnover, additional entrances will be required. Entrances should be located at least 75 to 100 feet from any cor

46、ner intersection to prevent conflict with parking garage traffic and street intersection traffic.</p><p>　　2.3.2 Exits</p><p>　　Exits should be placed on low-volume streets, if possible, to redu

47、ce exiting delays caused by street congestion. It is preferable to have all exiting cashier booths grouped together so the parking structure can operate with one cashier during low-volume periods, minimizing operating co

48、sts.</p><p>　　The number of cashiering and key-card exit lanes will vary depending on the ratio of monthly contract parkers to transient parkers. Also, a turn to an exit lane can slow down the exiting rate o

49、f flow. For a typical municipal combination transient/monthly parking facility, one cashier lane for each 400 cars should be adequate. A minimum of two exit lanes for a parking structure accommodating at least 200 cars i

50、s recommended. One lane is used as a primary cashiering lane, and the second lane is us</p><p>　　2.3.3 Floor-to-Ceiling Clearance</p><p>　　A minimum ceiling clearance of seven feet is recommende

51、d and stipulated in several of the codes. Often designers will increase the clearance to the underside of beams and double tee stems to 7'-6" or more to provide a greater feeling of spaciousness and provide bett

52、er readability of overhead signs. In fact some parking structures have a typical clearance of over nine feet.</p><p>　　2 停車場功能設(shè)計</p><p><b>　　2.1 介紹</b></p><p>　　本章概述了多層

53、停車場的許多非結(jié)構(gòu)性方面的設(shè)計。</p><p>　　停車場對于車輛的行駛、存取和行人的出行來說是種獨(dú)特的交通設(shè)施，這種特性在車輛與行人的交流發(fā)生在相對密封的停車空間里時顯得尤為突出。由于這種獨(dú)特性，停車設(shè)計專業(yè)方面的相關(guān)咨詢已不斷發(fā)展。對于停車場細(xì)節(jié)的完整性以及工程的完成質(zhì)量，項(xiàng)目所有人或開發(fā)商能留住一個合格的停車場顧問是非常重要的。</p><p>　　功能設(shè)計包括車輛和行人流通的開發(fā)

54、以及停車位的布局。這其中也包含了操作的</p><p><b>　　和安全功能的設(shè)計。</b></p><p>　　對于自助型的停車場功能設(shè)計包括：</p><p>　　停車場類型 循環(huán)系統(tǒng) 安全防護(hù) </p><p>　　街

55、道出入口設(shè)計 車位配置 照明</p><p>　　收費(fèi)控制／操作系統(tǒng) 行人流通 圖形與標(biāo)牌</p><p>　　2.1.1停車場類型</p><p>　　2.1.1.1操作類型</p><p>　　兩種普遍的停車場包括服務(wù)型和自助型。在服務(wù)型停車場里，車主將車輛停放在入口處，由服

56、務(wù)人員泊車。當(dāng)車主返回取車時，服務(wù)人員檢索找到車輛并駕駛到出口處交給車主。服務(wù)型停車場通常憑借堆疊停放來最大化停車數(shù)量（圖2-1）。這種停車場通常位于地價高昂的大城市。</p><p>　　如今，在北美最常見的是自助型停車場，車主自行存取車輛（圖2-2）。本章只討論自助型停車場的功能設(shè)計方法。</p><p>　　2.1.1.2建筑規(guī)范類型</p><p>　　建筑

57、模型規(guī)范通常將停車場分為兩類：開放式停車場和停車庫。</p><p>　　一個開放式停車場依賴于開闊表面的自然通風(fēng)，并且當(dāng)它用混凝土建造時就不需要噴水滅火系統(tǒng)。對于開放性的要求在一定程度上取決于采用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p>　　停車場結(jié)構(gòu)不滿足開放性要求的稱為封閉式停車庫，通常它需要一套機(jī)械通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)或通風(fēng)井且有時也需要噴水滅火系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　有些行政區(qū)域

58、將地下停車場歸類為開放式停車場，只要地下室前的通道或天井能提供足夠的自然通風(fēng)。</p><p>　　應(yīng)注意的是，建筑的總面積可能會受開放性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和結(jié)構(gòu)類型體系的限制。并且，到樓梯出口的距離也因標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的不同而變化。</p><p>　　2.2收費(fèi)控制/操作系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　自助型停車場通常有兩個操作控制位置，一個在入口，另一個在出口處。這些地方提供兩種停車服務(wù)：小

59、時或單日的臨時停車員和月度合同制的停車員。</p><p>　　2.2.1臨時或按小時停車</p><p>　　在入口處，臨時或時薪停車員通常會從電子自動售票機(jī)或售票窗口取出帶有時間戳的票據(jù)，這時入口控制閥門打開，然后停車員進(jìn)入停車場并將車輛開到停車空位上。通常，兩臺售票機(jī)被安裝在同一條車道上，用來防止萬一售票機(jī)發(fā)生故障導(dǎo)致停車道無法正常工作。停車結(jié)束后，停車人員檢索停放的車輛的位置并將車

60、輛行駛到一個出口處，這時他向收銀員出示票據(jù)，人工或自動確定停車費(fèi)。一旦交易完成，出口控制閥門打開，隨后停車員進(jìn)入車道循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　2.2.2月度合同制停車</p><p>　　在北美，最常見的是用停車場鑰匙卡來處理月度停車。與信用卡尺寸相當(dāng)?shù)拇判曰虼┛椎乃芰翔€匙卡，插入或者放在入口處的卡接收器上進(jìn)行讀取。當(dāng)電控系統(tǒng)激活了入口控制閥門后，然后停車人員進(jìn)入停車設(shè)施。月度合同制

61、停車員可能會被指示進(jìn)入與小時制停車員相同（圖2-3）或者不同（圖2-4）的停車入口。根據(jù)車輛循環(huán)的類型，月度合同制停車員可能會使用與小時制停車員相同的停車位，或者月度合同制停車員會被指示將車輛停放到一個單獨(dú)的月度合同制停車區(qū)域。離開停車設(shè)施時，月度合同制停車員使用鑰匙卡激活出口閥門開啟。</p><p>　　更為復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)使用了防止目標(biāo)重入功能，即防止鑰匙卡的原始主人在已經(jīng)進(jìn)入停車設(shè)施還未離開時，鑰匙卡被另一用戶

62、再次使用。電腦系統(tǒng)可以用計算機(jī)輸入來鎖定或者解鎖月度合同制停車員未支付停車費(fèi)的車輛。</p><p>　　有一種方法可以用來為小時制停車員保留更為方便的低層停車位，即禁止月度合同制停車員在早上9：30前，也就是他們大多數(shù)到來的時間內(nèi)將車輛停放在低層。</p><p><b>　　2.2.3賬戶操作</b></p><p>　　每小時收銀系統(tǒng)也叫

63、退出結(jié)賬（圖2-6）。另一種是停車員在返回停車場取車后，但在找到車輛之前進(jìn)行徒步支付或預(yù)先結(jié)賬。隨即停車員被給與一段通過出口的寬限時間，通常是15分鐘，用來找到車輛并離開停車設(shè)施。出口的通道由出口處的服務(wù)員控制，或更典型地，是由出口處的一個票據(jù)接收器讀取磁條后來激活出口控制閥門的開啟。</p><p>　　還有一種可用的預(yù)先結(jié)賬系統(tǒng)，它在歐洲相當(dāng)流行且在北美也受到極大的好評。該系統(tǒng)使用磁條或是由入口處的售票機(jī)生成

64、的打卡票。在取車之前，停車員將票據(jù)插入自動付賬機(jī)器內(nèi)進(jìn)停車費(fèi)計算。隨后，停車員向機(jī)器內(nèi)投入現(xiàn)金或者刷卡以獲得一張出口票據(jù)（圖2-7），它用來激活出口控制閥門。（收銀員也可用于預(yù)付系統(tǒng)）</p><p>　　收費(fèi)控制是停車操作設(shè)備中重要的項(xiàng)目之一。自動讀取和半自動結(jié)賬系統(tǒng)一般用于減少由收銀員的失誤造成的收入盜竊和收入損失。</p><p>　　除了出口結(jié)賬和預(yù)先結(jié)賬，入口結(jié)賬的形式也常被用于

65、諸如會議中心和運(yùn)動場之類的事件型服務(wù)設(shè)施內(nèi)。入口結(jié)賬金額通常是在一個相對平價的基本停車費(fèi)之上，當(dāng)停車活動完成，車輛停車費(fèi)用會在出口處生產(chǎn)。</p><p>　　2.3街道出入口設(shè)計</p><p>　　停車場附近的雙向或單向車道的布置形式會對停車場的使用情況產(chǎn)生重大影響。停車場運(yùn)營商擔(dān)憂的是哪怕一條單向車道方向的變化，會立即導(dǎo)致所有進(jìn)入停車場入口的方向發(fā)生變化。</p>&l

66、t;p><b>　　2.3.1入口</b></p><p>　　一般來說，入口設(shè)置在能為停車員提供從起始地到停車目的地直接訪問的大容量道路上。停車設(shè)施一般會有多個入口。當(dāng)停車員來自不同的臨近街道時，多個入口為他們的駛?cè)胩峁┝吮憷?，并且?dāng)操作設(shè)備出現(xiàn)故障時，也有備用入口作為保障。停車場入口應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)離十字入口（圖2-8）。</p><p>　　當(dāng)停車場位于大容量、高流速

67、的街道附近時，在停車入口前增設(shè)快車道有助于消除追尾事故和交通放緩的發(fā)生（圖2-9）。入口售票機(jī)或鑰匙卡讀取器應(yīng)該設(shè)置到離街道足夠遠(yuǎn)的地方，這樣可以使得當(dāng)一輛車在售票機(jī)或者鑰匙卡讀取器旁邊時，下一輛車能在它后面駛?cè)?，并清楚附近人行道的情況。在任何情況下，正在取票的駕駛者必須要清楚附近的人行道和道路邊線的情況。設(shè)計入口時，應(yīng)當(dāng)將大貨車作為“參照車輛”來檢查所需的空間尺寸（圖2-10）。</p><p>　　運(yùn)營商通常

68、會用攝像頭來監(jiān)控離收銀員和經(jīng)理辦公室較遠(yuǎn)的入口。攝像頭和音頻通訊系統(tǒng)被安裝在售票機(jī)上，當(dāng)設(shè)備發(fā)生故障或是進(jìn)入停車場的停車員有任何問題都可以協(xié)助通信。</p><p>　　入口的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計影響成功的停車操作。入口應(yīng)設(shè)計的顯著并區(qū)別于出口。鼓勵加入有特色的建筑元素來設(shè)計入口，用來增強(qiáng)顯著性，例如拱門、頂棚、門罩等（圖2-11和圖2-12）。</p><p>　　一個平均車輛流通量為每小時300-

69、500的停車庫至少需要一條進(jìn)站道。對于大流量的大小型車庫，還需要額外的入口。入口應(yīng)該至少設(shè)置在距離十字路口各個角落75-100英尺的地方，以避免停車庫交通與十字路口交通發(fā)生沖突。</p><p><b>　　2.3.2出口</b></p><p>　　如果可以的話，出口應(yīng)設(shè)置在車流量較小的道路上，這樣可以減少由交通擁堵造成的離開停車場的延遲。最好是將所有的收銀臺組合在

70、一起，這樣在停車量較小的時段只需要一個收銀員工作就能夠保證整個停車場的運(yùn)營，最大限度的降低運(yùn)營成本。</p><p>　　收銀和鑰匙卡出口通道數(shù)量的變化取決于月度合同制停車與臨時停車的比例。此外，出口道路的單向轉(zhuǎn)向會降低車流出口的速率。對于一個典型的臨時與月度停車相結(jié)合的停車場，每400輛車配置一條收銀通道較合理。建議一座至少可以容納200輛車的停車場最少要有兩條出口通道。一條作為主要收銀通道，第二條作為輔助或峰

71、值負(fù)荷時的收銀通道。然而，第二條收銀通道總是對持月度鑰匙卡的停車員開放，讓月度停車員能夠省去在收銀臺的信息備份。出口處的收銀臺與臨近街道交通系統(tǒng)或人行道之間至少要能容納一輛已經(jīng)完成付費(fèi)的車輛的空間（圖2-13）。</p><p><b>　　2.3.3空間高度</b></p><p>　　建議采用7英尺的最小空間高度，這點(diǎn)已經(jīng)在多個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)里進(jìn)行了規(guī)定。通常設(shè)計者會增加頂