外文翻譯---屋頂花園綠化

1、<p><b>　　德國(guó)屋頂花園綠化</b></p><p>　　（德）渥爾納·皮特·庫(kù)斯特</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　本文介紹了德國(guó)屋頂花園的類型、構(gòu)造、工作原理、政府的政策支持。屋頂花園是必需品，而不是奢侈品。</p><p>　

2、　關(guān)鍵詞：風(fēng)景園林；屋頂花園；綜述；開(kāi)敞型</p><p><b>　　1 屋頂花園的優(yōu)勢(shì)</b></p><p>　　屋頂花園擁有很多優(yōu)勢(shì)，這是一個(gè)毋庸置疑也不可否認(rèn)的事實(shí)。有些人還存有疑慮或持相反觀點(diǎn)，其主要原因是這些人不了解屋頂花園的技術(shù)發(fā)展。在30年前或者僅僅15年前，這些疑問(wèn)更多地與技術(shù)相關(guān)，如今疑問(wèn)主要與成本相關(guān)?，F(xiàn)在我們能否擁有屋頂花園已完全不成問(wèn)題，因

3、為屋頂花園是必需品，而不是奢侈品。</p><p><b>　　高度水分保持</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)屋頂花園的設(shè)計(jì)，直接的水分流失量將減少70%~90（100）%。排水口的數(shù)量能夠大大減少，管道的直徑也可以更小，因此能夠節(jié)省大量建筑費(fèi)用。所收集的水資源也同樣能夠通過(guò)日常的蒸發(fā)和輸送達(dá)到自然循環(huán)。</p><p><b>　　

4、空間的利用</b></p><p>　　將普通的未被使用的屋頂區(qū)域設(shè)計(jì)為屋頂花園，尤其是作為公共娛樂(lè)和運(yùn)動(dòng)建筑的屋頂，不僅充分利用寶貴的空間，同時(shí)也降低了購(gòu)買土地的費(fèi)用。</p><p><b>　　動(dòng)植物棲息的大自然</b></p><p>　　屋頂花園很少被打擾，環(huán)境優(yōu)美，益蟲(chóng)可以找到一方生存的凈土，鳥(niǎo)兒也可以找到一片棲息地。布

5、滿屋頂花園的城市就是在都市里建立了適合小動(dòng)物生存的大自然。</p><p><b>　　降低灰塵與煙霧濃度</b></p><p>　　屋頂花園幫助過(guò)濾灰塵和煙霧顆粒，從大氣和雨水中吸收危害性物質(zhì)，并將其從土壤中去除。</p><p><b>　　延長(zhǎng)屋頂使用壽命</b></p><p>　　屋頂花

6、園保護(hù)防水層不受氣候、紫外線以及其他損傷，這大大延長(zhǎng)了建筑的使用壽命。裸露屋頂在夏天高溫時(shí)可以達(dá)到100℃以上，而夜間降至20℃以下，這就意味著防水層材料、連接處和其他材料都處在極度疲勞的狀態(tài)。</p><p>　　由于系統(tǒng)所具備的蒸發(fā)、陰涼和大氣循環(huán)的冷卻效應(yīng)，一個(gè)屋頂花園最高溫度為25℃（德國(guó)），并且降溫緩慢。</p><p><b>　　降低噪聲</b><

7、/p><p>　　屋頂花園至少可以減少3分貝噪聲，同時(shí)隔絕噪聲效能達(dá)到8分貝。這對(duì)于某些位于機(jī)場(chǎng)附近或有喧鬧的迪斯科舞廳等大型設(shè)備的建筑來(lái)說(shuō)最為有效。</p><p><b>　　作為附加的隔熱層</b></p><p>　　系統(tǒng)能夠帶給屋頂一片陰涼，空氣流通以及蒸發(fā)能夠大大冷卻屋頂并保護(hù)屋頂不受高溫傷害。對(duì)于建筑物的頂層至少能夠節(jié)省50%用于空調(diào)

8、的能源，可以節(jié)省50%的冬季供暖能源。</p><p><b>　　改善氣候環(huán)境</b></p><p>　　屋頂花園能夠冷卻周圍環(huán)境的大氣并增加濕度，從而創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)小氣候。大氣的生成改善了城市的大氣狀況，減少大氣污染。</p><p><b>　　避免熱島效應(yīng)</b></p><p>　　植物蒸騰

9、的水分吸收熱量，并冷卻大氣。綠化植被凈化大氣并且減少潛在的煙霧威脅，因此屋頂花園擁有巨大的潛力。</p><p>　　2 德國(guó)屋頂花園的特色</p><p>　　中德兩國(guó)屋頂綠化區(qū)別的主要表現(xiàn)之一是：在德國(guó)，80%的屋頂綠化都是開(kāi)敞型。在中國(guó)，開(kāi)敞型屋頂綠化非常少見(jiàn)。雖然僅有少量的樣板工程，但是開(kāi)敞型屋頂綠化的益處已經(jīng)越來(lái)越明顯?，F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有很多的學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)和行業(yè)組織正在致力于制訂新規(guī)定和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

10、。</p><p>　　在德國(guó)，開(kāi)敞型屋頂綠化面積取決于綠化形式和質(zhì)量施工的不同，50%都被計(jì)算入綠地率，有的時(shí)候甚至更多。</p><p>　　德國(guó)政府對(duì)于綠化有著一整套政策支持系統(tǒng)。在一些特定的區(qū)域，比如“新建工業(yè)區(qū)”，主要是指那些新建的大型工業(yè)區(qū)域，開(kāi)敞型屋頂綠化往往被視為一種義務(wù)，開(kāi)發(fā)商被強(qiáng)制進(jìn)行屋頂綠化。</p><p>　　另外一個(gè)鼓勵(lì)開(kāi)發(fā)商綠化屋頂?shù)姆?/p>

11、法就是為被覆蓋表面減免雨水流失費(fèi)。在德國(guó)，開(kāi)敞型屋頂綠化被看作是半覆蓋表面，因此，此項(xiàng)雨水流失費(fèi)用至少可以節(jié)約50%。</p><p>　　在德國(guó)，屋頂花園覆蓋整個(gè)屋頂區(qū)域。屋頂綠化系統(tǒng)同樣也安裝在人行道、行車道、游樂(lè)區(qū)域以及池塘之下。在中國(guó)的密集型屋頂綠化，綠化區(qū)域往往彼此分離。這樣就使得灌溉效率十分低下、后期養(yǎng)護(hù)困難重重，設(shè)計(jì)師設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)無(wú)從下手，因?yàn)樗麄儾坏貌豢紤]排水口在什么位置。</p><

12、;p>　　在德國(guó)，地下停車場(chǎng)頂蓋綠化也被看作是屋頂綠化，因?yàn)樗褂玫募夹g(shù)是相近的。在中國(guó)，地下停車場(chǎng)頂板的綠化卻需要至少3M覆土才被承認(rèn)為綠地。3M覆土顯然是對(duì)金錢和自然資源的浪費(fèi)。原土的比重約為2.8t/立方米，也就是說(shuō)如果覆土厚度達(dá)到3M，覆土荷載約為8.4t/立方米。這樣一來(lái)，主體結(jié)構(gòu)就需要大量的鋼筋和混凝土。這樣不僅成本加高，開(kāi)發(fā)商還失去了整整一層樓的開(kāi)發(fā)空間。中國(guó)的原土資源非常緊缺，大量使用原土資源無(wú)疑是對(duì)遠(yuǎn)郊區(qū)域自然環(huán)

13、境的破壞。最重要的是：沒(méi)有任何一種綠化形式需要3M的覆土。</p><p>　　在德國(guó)，無(wú)論是密集型綠化形式還是開(kāi)敞型綠化形式，屋頂綠化都必須具備防植物根穿刺的防水層或者是單獨(dú)的隔根層。但是在中國(guó)的很多工程的防水材料質(zhì)量存在嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題，不能夠很好地保護(hù)建筑屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p><b>　　3 屋頂花園的類型</b></p><p>　　3

14、．1 屋頂綠化類型</p><p>　　屋頂形式千差萬(wàn)別，有平屋頂、坡屋頂、拱形屋頂、蝶形屋頂?shù)鹊?。同時(shí)屋頂綠化系統(tǒng)也是千差萬(wàn)別的。在這里，僅介紹其中最為普遍的幾種綠化系統(tǒng)，它們分別是：開(kāi)敞型屋頂綠化、半密集型屋頂綠化以及密集型屋頂綠化。</p><p>　　3.1.1 開(kāi)敞型屋頂綠化系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　開(kāi)敞型屋頂綠化，又稱粗放型屋頂綠化，是屋頂綠化中最簡(jiǎn)單的

15、一種形式，具有以下基本特征：⑴ 低養(yǎng)護(hù)⑵ 免灌溉⑶ 從苔蘚、景天到草坪地被型綠化⑷ 整體高度6~20cm⑸ 重量為60~200kg/平方米</p><p>　　在德國(guó)，這種綠化形式非常普遍，綠化效果比較粗放和自然化，讓人們有接近自然的感覺(jué)，所選用的植物往往也是一些景天科的植物，這類植物具有抗干旱、生命力強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn)，并且顏色豐富鮮艷，綠化效果顯著。</p><p>　　由于開(kāi)敞型屋頂

16、綠化具備重量輕、養(yǎng)護(hù)粗放的特點(diǎn)，因此比較適合于荷載有限以及后期養(yǎng)護(hù)投資有限的屋頂。我們親切地稱它為“生態(tài)毯”。</p><p>　　3.1.2 半密集型屋頂綠化系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　半密集型屋頂綠化，是介于開(kāi)敞型屋頂綠化和密集型屋頂綠化之間的一種綠化形式，植物選擇趨于復(fù)雜，效果也更加美觀，它所具備的特點(diǎn)如下：⑴ 定期養(yǎng)護(hù)⑵ 定期灌溉⑶ 從草坪綠化屋頂?shù)焦嗄揪G化屋頂⑷ 整體高度1

17、2~25cm⑸ 重量為120~250kg/平方米</p><p>　　半密集型屋頂綠化居于自然野性和人工雕琢之間，很自然，低矮灌木和彩色花朵完美結(jié)合，但是由于系統(tǒng)重量的增加，設(shè)計(jì)師可以加入更多的設(shè)計(jì)理念，設(shè)計(jì)更加自由，一些人工造景也可以得到很好地展示。</p><p>　　3.1.3 密集型屋頂綠化系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　密集型屋頂綠化，是植被綠化與人工造景、亭

18、臺(tái)樓閣、溪流水榭的完美組合，它具備以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：⑴ 經(jīng)常養(yǎng)護(hù)⑵ 經(jīng)常灌溉⑶ 從草坪、常綠植物到灌木、喬木⑷ 整體高度15~≥100cm⑸ 重量為150~≥1000kg/平方米</p><p>　　密集型屋頂綠化是真正意義上的“屋頂花園”，高大的喬木、低矮的灌木、鮮艷的花朵，植物的選擇隨心所欲；還可設(shè)計(jì)休閑場(chǎng)所、運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)地、兒童游樂(lè)場(chǎng)、人行道、車行道、池塘噴泉等。</p><p>　

19、　3.2 屋頂綠化系統(tǒng)工作原理</p><p>　　如何有效解決中國(guó)氣候干燥，淡水資源緊缺的現(xiàn)狀？如何利用有限的雨水資源？蓄排水系統(tǒng)無(wú)疑是最佳選擇，土壤、蓄排水盤(pán)、保濕毯，層層保水，互相補(bǔ)充，蓄水量可達(dá)70%以上。</p><p>　　蓄排水系統(tǒng)，顧名思義，除了蓄水功能，強(qiáng)大的排水功能也是其優(yōu)勢(shì)的凸現(xiàn)之處，蓄排水盤(pán)結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊設(shè)計(jì)能夠保證在水分飽和的情況下，將水排至排水口，整個(gè)系統(tǒng)蓄、排結(jié)合

20、。</p><p>　　除了讓植物根系直接吸收水分，不容忽視的是通過(guò)蒸發(fā)，以蒸發(fā)的形式供給水分，排水系統(tǒng)的特殊設(shè)計(jì)使這二者有機(jī)結(jié)。另外也更加充分地利用水資源，完全杜絕了植物干濕交替頻繁的現(xiàn)象。</p><p>　　3.3 屋頂綠化土壤簡(jiǎn)介</p><p>　　3.3.1 良好的屋頂綠化土壤的特點(diǎn)：</p><p><b>　?、?良

21、好的穩(wěn)定性</b></p><p>　?、?不易受風(fēng)力、水力侵蝕</p><p>　?、?根據(jù)植物調(diào)節(jié)水量</p><p>　?、?良好的通風(fēng)和滲水性能</p><p>　?、?良好的吸收與緩沖性能</p><p><b>　　⑹ 重量輕</b></p><p>

22、;　　⑺ 免受雜草、疾病以及有害物質(zhì)侵害</p><p>　?、?避免飛濺的火花以及光線引起的火災(zāi)</p><p>　　3.3.2 屋頂綠化土壤成分分析</p><p>　　圖3.2 屋頂綠化土壤成分分析</p><p>　　3.3.3 屋頂綠化土壤制作過(guò)程</p><p>　　將礦物質(zhì)（主要是瓦片）壓碎，與有機(jī)物質(zhì)（

23、主要是灌木與喬木的殘枝）混合，加入普通土壤中。</p><p>　　圖3.3 屋頂綠化土壤制作過(guò)程</p><p>　　4 政府的政策支持與規(guī)范的制訂</p><p><b>　　4.1 政策支持</b></p><p>　　回顧一下德國(guó)屋頂綠化歷史：德國(guó)已有相關(guān)的屋頂綠化技術(shù)和世界范圍內(nèi)最大的屋頂花園市場(chǎng)。現(xiàn)在市場(chǎng)上使

24、用的系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品有了多年歷史，基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)也已經(jīng)有25年歷史了。早期，德國(guó)的屋頂花園僅僅作為環(huán)境議題予以考慮。幸運(yùn)的是，自從1973年的石油危機(jī)和綠色組織的不斷壯大，人們也逐漸地改變了原有的行為和態(tài)度。在20世紀(jì)80年代中葉，當(dāng)綠色組織最早加入當(dāng)?shù)卣臅r(shí)候，一些有關(guān)推廣屋頂花園的議題就被提上了議事日程。</p><p>　　起初當(dāng)?shù)卣块T(mén)要求在一些建筑區(qū)域進(jìn)行屋頂綠化作為對(duì)自然的補(bǔ)償，首先是輕工業(yè)區(qū)，之后是寫(xiě)字樓、公

25、寓樓以及相關(guān)建筑。當(dāng)屋頂花園建設(shè)逐步寫(xiě)入當(dāng)?shù)亟ㄖ?guī)范之后，還有很多官員存在理解上的問(wèn)題。他們關(guān)系的是開(kāi)發(fā)商是否真的肯于進(jìn)行屋頂綠化，屋頂花園使工程成本升高，會(huì)促使開(kāi)發(fā)商選擇其他城市進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目興建。</p><p>　　但是之后的事實(shí)證明，屋頂花園并不是那么昂貴，并且還存在一些益處，使開(kāi)發(fā)商反而歡迎屋頂花園，那就是屋頂花園可以提升他們的聲譽(yù)。隨著綠色組織的不斷壯大以及人們意識(shí)的不斷提高，屋頂花園越來(lái)越流行。新修訂的鼓

26、勵(lì)開(kāi)發(fā)商興建屋頂花園的相關(guān)規(guī)范也不斷頒布。但是絕大多數(shù)的開(kāi)發(fā)商仍然需要通過(guò)法律和規(guī)定的強(qiáng)制才能完成屋頂花園的建設(shè)，這樣一來(lái)就導(dǎo)致了其他的一些問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)：因?yàn)槌杀疽M量節(jié)省至最低，一些屋頂花園質(zhì)量不能得到保證，如不是完全被綠化，覆土厚度有限，只能允許某些景天科植物生存。</p><p>　　單一綠化屋頂花園并不是政府希望看到的結(jié)果，甚至有時(shí)植物并不能完全成活、一些屋頂開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)滲水等，這些都不同程度地?fù)p害了屋頂綠化的聲

27、譽(yù)。隨著時(shí)間的推移，一些地方政府認(rèn)識(shí)到利用屋頂花園來(lái)提高公共福利水平，降低稅率甚至直接或間接補(bǔ)貼屋頂綠化不失為上策。通過(guò)政府部門(mén)的規(guī)定、補(bǔ)貼政策以及額外財(cái)政支持，令屋頂花園的推廣更加容易。</p><p>　　根據(jù)地方政府關(guān)于中水費(fèi)用的最新規(guī)定，中水費(fèi)用中50%應(yīng)該來(lái)自淡水消費(fèi)，另50%來(lái)自被覆蓋表面。新規(guī)定內(nèi)容如下：</p><p>　　10cm以上的覆土以及適當(dāng)綠化的屋頂花園被看作是至

28、少能夠蓄存年降水量的50%（保存的這50%將會(huì)通過(guò)蒸發(fā)被二次利用，從屋頂流失的水分往往小于50%，因?yàn)槲蓓敾▓@往往能夠儲(chǔ)存大量水分甚至更多）。</p><p>　　這些新規(guī)定實(shí)際上是一種對(duì)屋頂花園的間接補(bǔ)貼，不會(huì)花費(fèi)政府一分錢，甚至還會(huì)節(jié)省公共費(fèi)用，因?yàn)檫@是一項(xiàng)人民的福利措施。考慮到日益增加的淡水費(fèi)用，一些年后房產(chǎn)所有人就能夠還清貸款。</p><p>　　在德國(guó)的一些城市以及省份，地方政

29、府已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到了屋頂花園的優(yōu)勢(shì)并且開(kāi)始予以補(bǔ)貼—每平方米15歐元。在德國(guó)，面積大于500平方米的屋頂綠化成本完全可以低于15歐元，其形式往往是特定區(qū)域常綠的開(kāi)敞型屋頂花園。</p><p>　　4.2 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和技術(shù)指南</p><p>　　在德國(guó)，從所周知的是DIN，即德國(guó)國(guó)家工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而在園林綠化方面，更加有權(quán)威的是FLL，即園林綠化研究、發(fā)展與建設(shè)團(tuán)體制訂并頒布的同名規(guī)范。園林綠化研究、發(fā)

30、展與建設(shè)組織（FLL）于1975年成立，研究、創(chuàng)立、普及并推廣一切與園林綠化發(fā)展相關(guān)的原則、指南與規(guī)范，從而確保環(huán)境質(zhì)量。這些法律出版物涵蓋了園林綠化材料、植物與種植技術(shù)、園林工程的施工與養(yǎng)護(hù)等等一切相關(guān)內(nèi)容。</p><p>　　綠色屋頂?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì)、安裝以及后期養(yǎng)護(hù)技術(shù)指南（“FLL-Richtlinien”,Fuidelines for the Planning, lnstallation and Mainten

31、ance ot Greed Roofs）主要針對(duì)的是屋頂綠化工程相關(guān)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)，涉及內(nèi)容包括：屋頂綠化的設(shè)計(jì)，屋頂綠化工程的施工和屋頂綠化產(chǎn)品安裝的技術(shù)，以及屋頂綠化完成之后養(yǎng)護(hù)工作的規(guī)定和技術(shù)指南。這項(xiàng)指南是當(dāng)今屋頂綠化領(lǐng)域內(nèi)最全面也是最權(quán)威的一項(xiàng)指南，德國(guó)乃至整個(gè)歐洲的園林綠化行業(yè)都需遵循這項(xiàng)規(guī)定。</p><p>　　Roof Garden in Germany</p><p>　?。?/p>

32、Germany）Werner Peter Kuesters</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　This paper introduces the types of roof garden in Germany, structure, working principle, the government's policy s

33、upport. Roof garden is a necessity, not luxury.</p><p>　　Key words: landscape architecture; Roof garden; Review; Open type</p><p>　　1 the advantage of roof garden</p><p>　　Roof gard

34、en has many advantages; it is a needless to say it is undeniable fact. Some people still have doubts or take the opposite point of view; the main reason is that these people don't understand the technology developmen

35、t of roof garden. In the 30 years ago or just 15 years ago, these questions more associated with technology. Now questions mainly related to the cost. Now we can have roof garden has completely is not a problem, because

36、of the roof garden is a necessity, rather than a luxury</p><p>　　(1) Maintain moisture</p><p>　　According to the roof garden design, direct moisture loss will be reduced 70% ~ 90 (100) %. Drain

37、can greatly reduce the number of the diameter of the pipe can be smaller, so we can save a lot of buildings. The collected water also can be transmitted through daily evaporation and natural circulation.</p><p

38、>　?、?The use of space</p><p>　　Ordinary unused roof area for roof garden design, especially as a public entertainment and sports building roof, not only make full use of valuable space, but also reduce th

39、e cost of buying land.</p><p>　　(3) Nature of animal and plant habitat</p><p>　　Roof garden is rarely bother, a beautiful environment, beneficial insects can find a pure land to survive; the bir

40、ds can also find a habitat. Is full of roof garden city is established suitable for small animals to survive in cities the nature.</p><p>　　(4) Reduce the concentration of dust and smoke</p><p>

41、　　Roof garden to help filter the dust and smoke particles from the air and rain in the absorption of harmful substances, and its removal from the soil.</p><p>　?、?could prolong the service life of roof</p

42、><p>　　Roof garden protection waterproof layer is not affected by climate, ova and other damage, which greatly extend the service life of the building. Bare roof at high temperature can reach above 100 ℃ in sum

43、mer, while night fell to below 20 ℃, which means that the waterproof layer material, joint and other material was in a state of extreme fatigue.</p><p>　　Because the system of evaporation, shade, and the coo

44、ling effect of atmospheric circulation, a roof garden the highest temperature is 25 ℃ (Germany), and cool down slowly.</p><p>　?、?Reduce noise</p><p>　　Roof garden at least 3 db noise can be red

45、uced, and noise isolation efficiency reaches 8 decibels. That for some there is noisy disco near the airport or for buildings and other large equipment is the most effective.</p><p>　?、?As additional thermal

46、 insulation layer</p><p>　　System is able to bring a piece of a cool roof, air flow and evaporation can greatly cooling roof and protect against high temperature damage. To the top floor of the building can

47、save at least 50% for air conditioning energy, can save 50% of the winter heating energy.</p><p>　?、?To improve the climate environment</p><p>　　Roof garden to cooling ambient atmosphere and inc

48、rease of humidity, thus creating a microclimate, atmosphere generated to improve the urban atmospheric conditions, reduce air pollution.</p><p>　　(9) Avoid heat island effect</p><p>　　Transpirat

49、ion moisture absorbing heat and cooling the atmosphere; green vegetation, purify the atmosphere and reduce the potential threat of smoke, so the roof garden has great potential.</p><p>　　2 Characteristic of

50、roof garden in Germany</p><p>　　China and Germany rooftop greenery other one of the main performances is: in Germany, 80% of the roof greening is open type. In China, the open type of roof greening is very r

51、are. Although only a small number of model projects, but the benefits of open type roof greening has become increasingly obvious. Now has a lot of academic institutions and industry groups are working to develop new rule

52、s and standards.</p><p>　　In Germany, the open type of roof greening area depends on the green form and quality of construction, 50% were calculated in the rate, sometimes even more.</p><p>　　Th

53、e German government for greening has a set of policy support system. In some specific areas, such as "new industrial zone, is mainly refers to the newly built large industrial area, open type roof greening is often

54、seen as a kind of obligation, developers have been mandatory for roof greening.</p><p>　　Another encouraging developer to green roofs is to be covered surface relief rain erosion. In Germany, the open type o

55、f roof greening is seen as a half covered surface; therefore, the rainwater drain cost can save at least 50%.</p><p>　　In Germany, roof garden covers the whole area. Roof greening system is also installed on

56、 the sidewalk, driveway, recreation area, and the pond. In China intensive green roofs, green areas are often separated from each other. Irrigation efficiency is very low, which makes the late maintenance difficulties, w

57、hen designers design a hindrance, because they had to consider drain in what position.</p><p>　　In Germany, underground parking lot is also seen as roof greening, roof greening for the use of technology is s

58、imilar. Underground parking garage roof greening in China, but need at least 3 m turns the soil to be recognized as green. 3 m apparently turns the soil is a waste of money and natural resources. The proportion of the or

59、iginal soil of about 2.8 t/m3, that is to say, if the thickness of overburden soil reaches 3 m, turns the soil load of about 8.4 t/m3. As a result, the main structure wi</p><p>　　In Germany, whether intensiv

60、e greening form or open type greening, roof greening plant roots puncture proof for the waterproof layer or a separate root isolation layer. But many of the engineering of waterproof material in China there are serious q

61、uality problems, will not be able to well protect building roof structure.</p><p>　　3 The type of roof garden</p><p>　　3.1 Roof greening types</p><p>　　Differ in thousands ways of r

62、oof form, with a flat roof, sloping roof, roof arch, butterfly roof and so on. Roof greening system is differ in thousands ways at the same time. Here, only a few of the most common greening system is introduced in this

63、paper, they respectively are: the open type of roof greening, half intensive green roofs and the intensive green roof.</p><p>　　3.1.1 Open type of green roof systems</p><p>　　Open type of roof g

64、reening, also called extensive green roof, roof greening is one of the simplest form, has the following basic features:</p><p>　　(1) Low maintenance</p><p>　　(2) Free of irrigation</p>&l

65、t;p>　　(3) From moss, stonecrop to type lawn is green</p><p>　　(4)The overall height 6 ~ 20 cm</p><p>　　(5)Weight is 60 ~ 200 kg/m2</p><p>　　In Germany, this green form is so comm

66、on, greening effect is more extensive and natural, make people feel closer to nature, the chosen plants tend to be some crassulaceae plants, this kind of plant has the characteristics of drought resistance, vitality is s

67、trong, bright color and rich, greening effect is remarkable.</p><p>　　Due to the open type of roof greening has the characteristics of light weight, maintained extensive, therefore more suitable for the roof

68、 load limited and later maintenance investment co., LTD. We affectionately call it "ecological carpet".</p><p>　　3.1.2 Half intensive green roof systems</p><p>　　Half intensive green r

69、oofs, is between the open type of roof greening and intensive between a form of green roof garden, plant selection becomes complex, result is more beautiful, also it has the characteristics as follows:</p><p&g

70、t;　　Maintenance on a regular basis</p><p>　　Irrigation on a regular basis</p><p>　　From the lawn greening roof greening to shrubs</p><p>　　The overall height 12 ~ 25 cm</p>&

71、lt;p>　　Weight is 120 ~ 250 kg/m2</p><p>　　Half intensive between natural wild and artificial carve in the roof garden, very natural, low shrubs and flower color combination, but due to the increase in wei

72、ght system, designer can add more design concept, design more freedom, some artificial landscape also can get a good show.</p><p>　　3.1.3 Intensive green roof systems</p><p>　　Intensive green ro

73、ofs, green vegetation and artificial landscape perfect combination, pavilions, streams waterside pavilion, it has the following characteristics:</p><p>　　(1) Constant maintenance</p><p>　　(2) Of

74、ten the irrigation</p><p>　　(3) From the lawn, evergreen shrubs and trees</p><p>　　(4) The overall height of 15-100 cm or more</p><p>　　(5) Weight is 150 ~ 1000 kg/square meter or m

75、ore</p><p>　　Intensive green roof is in the true sense of "roof garden", the tall trees, low shrubs, flowers, plant choice follow one's inclinations; Can also be designed leisure places, sports

76、 venues, children's playground, sidewalks, roadway, fountain, pond, etc.</p><p>　　3.2 Roof greening system principle of work</p><p>　　How to effectively solve the Chinese climate is dry, the

77、 present situation of the shortage of fresh water resources? How to make use of limited water resources? Drainage system is undoubtedly the best choice, soil, drainage plate storage, protect wet blanket, layer upon layer

78、 water, supplement each other, storage capacity can reach more than 70%.</p><p>　　Accumulation of drainage system, as the name implies, besides the function of water storage, powerful drainage as well as the

79、 advantages of protruding, drainage plate storage structure of the special design can guarantee under the condition of the water saturation, the water to drain; the system as a whole row of storage.</p><p>　

80、　In addition to plant roots absorb moisture directly, cannot be ignored by evaporation, evaporation in the form of water supply, drainage system of the special design makes the two organic knot. Also more fully utilizati

81、on of water resources, to completely eliminate the plants dry and wet alternation frequent phenomenon.</p><p>　　3.3 Roof greening soil profile</p><p>　　3.3.1 Good characteristics of roof greenin

82、g soil</p><p>　　(1) Good stability</p><p>　　(2) Susceptible to wind and water erosion</p><p>　　(3) According to the adjustment of water plants</p><p>　　(4) Good ven

83、tilation and porous</p><p>　　(5) Good absorption and buffer performance</p><p>　　(6) Light in weight</p><p>　　(7) From the weed, disease and harmful substances</p><p&g

84、t;　　(8) Avoid splashing sparks and light caused by the fire</p><p>　　3.3.2 Roof greening soil composition analysis</p><p>　　Figure 3.1 roof greening soil composition analysis</p><p&g

85、t;　　3.3.3 Roof greening soil production process</p><p>　　Crushed minerals (mainly tiles), and organic substances (mainly shrubs and trees of branches) mix, add to the common soil.</p><p>　　Figur

86、e 3.2 roof greening soil production process</p><p>　　4、The government's policy support and standard formulation</p><p>　　4.1 Policy support</p><p>　　Roof greening history review

87、 of Germany: Germany existing roof greening technology and largest rooftop garden market worldwide. Now use the system on the market has years of history, basic technology also has a history of 25 years. Germany's ro

88、of garden, early, is only a consideration of environmental issues. Fortunately, since the 1973 oil crisis and the growing green group, the people also gradually change the original behavior and attitude. In the mid - 198

89、0 - s, when the green groups at the </p><p>　　Initially required by local government departments in some construction area of roof greening as the compensation of nature, first is light industrial area, foll

90、owed by office buildings, apartment buildings and related structures. When the construction of roof garden gradually into the local building code; there are many officials to understand the problems. Their relationship i

91、s whether developers really need for roof greening, roof garden project cost rise, developers tend to choose other citi</p><p>　　But after it has been proved that the roof garden is not so expensive, and the

92、re are some benefits, roof garden, to make developers instead of welcome that's roof garden can improve their reputation. With the growing green groups and people consciousness unceasing enhancement, roof garden more

93、 and more popular. New revised encourage developers to build a rooftop garden related specification has been issued. But the vast majority of developers still need to pass laws and regulations of mandatory </p>&l

94、t;p>　　Single green roof garden is not the result of the government wants to see, and even sometimes plants cannot fully survive, some roof began seeping in. These are damaged the reputation of roof greening in differe

95、nt degrees. With the passage of time, some local governments realize the use of roof gardens to improve the level of public welfare, lower taxes and even subsidies directly or indirectly roof greening is the best policy.

96、 Through government regulation and subsidies, and additional financia</p><p>　　According to the latest regulations on water costs of local government, 50% of water fee should be from the freshwater consumpti

97、on, the other 50% from the cover surface. New regulations are as follows:</p><p>　　Above 10 cm of overlying soil and appropriate green roof garden is seen as a accumulation of annual precipitation at least 5

98、0% (saved this 50% will be secondary use, by evaporation from the roof drain water is often less than 50%, because of the roof garden can store large amounts of water or even more).</p><p>　　The new rules, i

99、n fact, a kind of indirect subsidy to the roof garden, don't cost a cent; government can even save public cost, because this is a people's welfare measures. Given the increasing cost of freshwater in some years p

100、roperty owners will be able to pay off the loan.Some provinces and cities in Germany, local governments have realized the advantages of roof garden and began to give subsidies - 15 Euros per square meter. In Germany, th

101、e area of more than 500 square meters of green roofs</p><p>　　4.2 Standards and technical guidelines</p><p>　　In Germany, from well-known is DIN, the German industrial standards of the state, an

102、d in terms of landscape, more authoritative is FLL, the landscape of research, development and construction organizations to formulate and promulgate the same specification. Landscape research, development and constructi

103、on organizations (FLL) was established in 1975, all research, creation, dissemination and promotion related to landscape development principles, guidelines and specifications, so as to ensure the </p><p>　　G

104、reen roof design, installation and technical guidelines in the late Maintenance (FLL - Richtlinien, Fuidelines for Planning, lnstallation and Maintenance of Greed out) at the roof greening projects related technical guid

105、ance, involves the contents include: design of roof greening, roof greening projects of construction and green product installation technology, and the provisions of the roof greening after completion of Maintenance work