struts外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　英文翻譯資料</b></p><p><b>　　A.英文原文</b></p><p><b>　　Struts</b></p><p>　　Apache Struts is an open-source web application framework for dev

2、eloping Java EE web applications. It uses and extends the Java Servlet API to encourage developers to adopt a model-view-controller (MVC) architecture. It was originally created by Craig McClanahan and donated to the Apa

3、che Foundation in May, 2000. Formerly located under the Apache Jakarta Project and known as Jakarta Struts, it became a top level Apache project in 2005. </p><p>　　Design goals and overview </p><p

4、>　　In a standard Java EE web application, the client will typically submit information to the server via a web form. The information is then either handed over to a Java Servlet which processes it, interacts with a da

5、tabase and produces an HTML-formatted response, or it is given to a JavaServer Pages (JSP) document which intermingles HTML and Java code to achieve the same result. Both approaches are often considered inadequate for la

6、rge projects because they mix application logic with presentation </p><p>　　The goal of Struts is to cleanly separate the model (application logic that interacts with a database) from the view (HTML pages pr

7、esented to the client) and the controller (instance that passes information between view and model). Struts provides the controller (a servlet known as ActionServlet) and facilitates the writing of templates for the view

8、 or presentation layer (typically in JSP, but XML/XSLT and Velocity are also supported). The web application programmer is responsible for writing th</p><p>　　Requests from the client are sent to the control

9、ler in the form of “Actions” defined in the configuration file; if the controller receives such a request it calls the corresponding Action class which interacts with the application specific model code. The model code r

10、eturns an “ActionForward”, a string telling the controller which output page to send to the client. Information is passed between model and view in the form of special JavaBeans. A powerful custom tag library allows it t

11、o read and w</p><p>　　Struts also supports i18n (internationalization), provides facilities for the validation of data submitted by web forms, and includes a template mechanism called “Tiles” which (for inst

12、ance) allows the presentation layer to be composed from independent header, footer, and content components. </p><p>　　Competing MVC frameworks </p><p>　　Although Struts is a well documented, mat

13、ure and popular framework for building front ends to Java applications, it is facing new challenges from newer “l(fā)ight weight” MVC frameworks such as Spring MVC, Stripes and Tapestry. The new XForms standards and framewor

14、ks may also be another option to building complex web Form validations with Struts in the future. </p><p>　　The WebWork framework spun off from Apache Struts several years ago, aiming to offer enhancements a

15、nd refinements while retaining the same general architecture of the original Struts framework. However, it was announced in December 2005 that Struts would re-merge with WebWork. WebWork 2.2 has been adopted as Apache St

16、ruts 2, which reached its first full release in February 2007. </p><p>　　Sun recently brought out a new addition to the Java platform, called JavaServer Faces (JSF). Aside from the original framework, the Ap

17、ache Struts project also offers a JSF-based framework called Shale. </p><p>　　Other MVC frameworks that are not J2EE based include Ruby on Rails, WebObjects, Django, Catalyst, TurboGears, CakePHP, Symfony (f

18、or PHP), Zend, Achievo ATK, and CodeIgniter (for PHP). Struts4php is a version of the Struts framework for the PHP web scripting language. Girders is a port of the Struts framework in C# for Microsoft .NET.</p>&l

19、t;p>　　Extracted from http://struts.apache.org/</p><p><b>　　B.原文的翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　Struts</b></p><p>　　Struts 是 Apache軟件基金會(huì)（ASF）贊助的一個(gè)開(kāi)源項(xiàng)目。它最初是 Jakarta項(xiàng)目中的

20、一個(gè)子項(xiàng)目，并在2004年3月成為ASF的頂級(jí)項(xiàng)目。它通過(guò)采用 Java Servlet/JSP 技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了基于Java EE Web應(yīng)用的 Model-V</p><p>　　iew-Controller（MVC）設(shè)計(jì)模式的應(yīng)用框架（Web Framework），是 MVC 經(jīng)典設(shè)計(jì)模式中的一個(gè)經(jīng)典產(chǎn)品。 </p><p><b>　　MVC結(jié)構(gòu) </b><

21、/p><p>　　在 Struts 中，已經(jīng)由一個(gè)名為 ActionServlet 的 Servlet 充當(dāng)控制器（Controller）的角色，根據(jù)描述模型、視圖、控制器對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系的 struts-config.xml 的配置文件，轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)視圖（View）的請(qǐng)求，組裝響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)模型（Model）。在 MVC 的 模型（Model）部分，經(jīng)常劃分為兩個(gè)主要子系統(tǒng)（系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)狀態(tài)與改變數(shù)據(jù)狀態(tài)的邏輯動(dòng)作），這兩個(gè)概念子系統(tǒng)

22、分別具體對(duì)應(yīng) Struts 里的 ActionForm 與 Action 兩個(gè)需要繼承實(shí)現(xiàn)超類。在這里，Struts 可以與各種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的數(shù)據(jù)訪問(wèn)技術(shù)結(jié)合在一起，包括Enterprise Java Beans（EJB）, JDBC 與 JNDI。在 Struts 的視圖（View） 端，除了使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的JavaServer Pages（JSP）以外，還提供了大量的標(biāo)簽庫(kù)使用，同時(shí)也可以與其他表現(xiàn)層組件技術(shù)（產(chǎn)品）進(jìn)行整合，比如 Velocit

23、y Templates，XSLT 等。通過(guò)應(yīng)用 Struts 的框架，最終用戶可以把大部分的關(guān)注點(diǎn)放在自己的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯（Action）與 映射關(guān)系的配置文件（s</p><p><b>　　發(fā)展歷程 </b></p><p>　　在 Java EE 的Web應(yīng)用發(fā)展的初期，除了使用 Servlet 技術(shù)以外，普遍是在 JavaServer Pages （JSP）的源代碼

24、中，采用 HTML 與 Java 代碼混合的方式進(jìn)行開(kāi)發(fā)。因?yàn)檫@兩種方式不可避免的要把表現(xiàn)與業(yè)務(wù)邏輯代碼混合在一起，都給前期開(kāi)發(fā)與后期維護(hù)帶來(lái)巨大的復(fù)雜度。為了擺脫上述的約束與局限，把業(yè)務(wù)邏輯代碼從表現(xiàn)層中清晰的分離出來(lái)，2000年，Craig McClanahan 采用了 MVC 的設(shè)計(jì)模式開(kāi)發(fā)Struts。后來(lái)該框架產(chǎn)品一度被認(rèn)為是最廣泛、最流行 JAVA 的 WEB 應(yīng)用框架。 </p><p>　　200

25、6年，WebWork 與 Struts 這兩個(gè)優(yōu)秀的Java EE Web框架（Web Framework）的團(tuán)體，決定合作共同開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)新的，整合了 WebWork 與 Struts 優(yōu)點(diǎn)，并且更加優(yōu)雅、擴(kuò)展性更強(qiáng)的框架，命名為 “Struts 2”，原Struts的1.x 版本產(chǎn)品稱為”Struts 1”。 </p><p>　　至此，Struts項(xiàng)目并行提供與維護(hù)兩個(gè)主要版本的框架產(chǎn)品——Struts 1 與

26、 Struts 2。 </p><p>　　充滿競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的MVC框架 </p><p>　　雖然Struts的是成熟的和流行的框架，建設(shè)前端Java應(yīng)用，它正面臨新的挑戰(zhàn)，從較新的”輕量”的MVC框架，如Spring的MVC ，Stripes和Tapestry 。新的XForms標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和框架，也可能是另一種選擇，以建立復(fù)雜的Web窗體驗(yàn)證與Struts的未來(lái)。 </p><

27、p>　　在WebWork框架脫離Apache的Struts的幾年前，以提供改進(jìn)和完善，同時(shí)保持了相同的一般建筑的原始Struts框架。然而，它在2005年12月宣布，該框架將重新合并WebWork 。WebWork 2.2已獲得通過(guò)，成為Apache的Struts的2 ，達(dá)到了第一個(gè)完整的版本于2007年2月。 </p><p>　　Sun公司最近提出了一項(xiàng)新的除了Java平臺(tái)，所謂的JavaServer界

28、面（SF） 。除了原有的框架下， Apache的Struts的項(xiàng)目還提供了一個(gè)JSF的為基礎(chǔ)的框架，所謂的頁(yè)巖。 </p><p>　　其他的MVC框架，并不是基于J2EE的包括Ruby on Rails的， WebObjects ， Django ，Catalyst， TurboGears ， CakePHP ， Symfony （對(duì)于PHP ），Zend公司，大展ATK公司，并CodeIgnite（對(duì)于PHP