rtk技術在地形測量中的應用研究文獻翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文3257字</b></p><p>　　RTK 技術在地形測量中的應用研究</p><p><b>　　hegeer</b></p><p>　　摘要：隨著科學技術不斷的發(fā)展，GPS 技術也在不斷的發(fā)展，目前 GPS 已經(jīng)成為集衛(wèi)星技術、微電子技術、計算機技 術和天文觀測技術為一體的高端技

2、術.GPS 技術的出現(xiàn)，在一定程度上促進了測繪技術發(fā)展，尤其是在定位和測量上.RTK 技 術作為 GPS 技術重要組成部分，其對地形測量有一定優(yōu)勢，其不僅能提高測量效率，同時也能提高測量精度，從而使地形測 量工作有序進行.本文主要從 RTK 技術概況及原理、RTK 技術地形測量過程中應該注意的問題、RTK 技術在地形測量中的應 用等方面出發(fā)，對 RTK 技術在地形測量中的應用進行相應研究.</p><p>　　R

3、TK 技術作為 GPS 系統(tǒng)中重要定方式， 其在地形測量中有重要作用.RTK 技術不僅能控制測量、提高工作效率， 同時也能以全站儀坐標進行放樣， 也能進行高精度定位.而 要想將 RTK 技術更好的應用在地形測量中，仍需要對 RTK 技術技術概況、原理、應用應該注意的問題和實際應用進行 具體分析，以便為地形測量工作創(chuàng)造更多有利條件.如何更好的將 RTK 技術更好應用在地形測量中，已經(jīng)成為相關部門值得思索的事情.</p>

4、<p>　　1RTK 技術概況及原理</p><p>　　1.1 RTK 技術概況</p><p>　　RTK 技術事實上就是動態(tài)測量技術， 其在實際測量中 將相位測量與數(shù)據(jù)傳輸技術結(jié)合在一起， 根據(jù)載波相位實 時進行差分 GPS 測量，RTK 技術作為 GPS 測量重要組成部分，已經(jīng)成為測量技術發(fā)展的重要標志.在實際應用過程中， RTK 技術是通過基準站接收機、數(shù)據(jù)鏈

5、和流動站接收機來，實現(xiàn)其測量功能的.RTK 技術在實際測圖過程中，僅需一人 拿著儀器在要測量地物或地貌特征點上 1～2 分鐘，并在儀器上輸測量地物或地貌特征點，就能將相應數(shù)據(jù)導入計算機，以此為依據(jù)通過繪圖軟件進行編繪，輸入要完成的地形圖數(shù)據(jù)，就能完成地形圖.RTK 技術在地形測量中應用,不僅節(jié)省大量人力、物力，同時也能避免傳統(tǒng)測量中通視問題，尤其是在起伏較大的山地中使用，能使其工作效率得到顯著的提高；工程放樣方法相對較多，但是在實際應用

6、過程中，對點通視狀況要求較高，不能更好滿足放樣需求.而用RTK 技術進行放樣，只需要將目標點位置輸入電子簿中并背向 GPS 機就能找打放樣點位置， 這種方法不僅快速方便且精度均勻，能更好滿足放樣需求.。此外，RTK 技術也能對 常規(guī)方法無法定位的坐標進行定位.因此，RTK 技術主要在地形</p><p>　　1.2 RTK 技術原理</p><p>　　RTK 技術原理就是基準站實時將測

7、量的載波相位觀測值、偽距觀測值、基準站坐標等數(shù)據(jù)，以無線電傳送的方式將將相應數(shù)據(jù)傳送給流動站，流動站再對這些數(shù)據(jù)進行差分處理，最終得出基準站和流動站坐標差.在此基礎上將數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成流動站平面坐標和高程，整個過程中就是 RTK 技術定位過程.</p><p>　　2 RTK 技術地形測量過程中應該注意的問題</p><p>　　一般地形測量是以靜態(tài)測量控制點方法進行測量的，并在此基礎上用

8、RTK 技術來完成碎部測量.RTK 技術在實際測量過程中可以對測區(qū)內(nèi)一定數(shù)量基準點進行測量并對該地形區(qū)地形、地物特征點坐標進行測定，最后利用相應 測圖軟件來實現(xiàn)測繪編輯使其成為地形圖.</p><p>　　2.1 做好準備工作</p><p>　　在使用 RTK 技術進行測量的時候，應該做好相應準備工作.在測量前，應該了解點位、交通狀況，同時也應該了解衛(wèi)星預報評估障礙物狀況及對 GPS

9、 觀測的影響.最后根據(jù)測量點衛(wèi)星狀況進行測量，并確定具體布網(wǎng)和作業(yè)方案.在此基礎上，對電池、電量、內(nèi)存容量和測圖軟件進行常規(guī)性檢測..</p><p>　　2.2 選好基準點</p><p>　　一般基準點都會選在交通便利的地方,這樣不僅便于 設備運輸和操作，同時也便于保存.在選擇基準點的時候，應 該盡量避免成片植物區(qū)域，當無法避免時，盡量將基準點范 圍內(nèi)植物清除.同時在選擇基準點時，

10、也應盡量遠離高達建 筑物或是大面積水域；在選擇基準點時也應保證區(qū)域內(nèi)無 無線電發(fā)射設施和高壓輸電線路設備.埋石時最好從點位實 際需求出發(fā)來確定基點.此外，還應該對 GPS 電臺功率及覆 蓋能力進行分析,盡量將基準點布設在測區(qū)較高位置，以方 便獲取通訊數(shù)據(jù)，減少基準點個數(shù).</p><p>　　2.3 做好外業(yè)測量和數(shù)據(jù)處理工作</p><p>　　在對外業(yè)進行觀測的時候，應該以儀器的具

11、體步驟為: 依據(jù)逐步進行操作，得出相應數(shù)據(jù)后，再以單位實際需求為 依據(jù)選擇適當?shù)能浖M行處理,處理過程中也應該對不同基準站點坐標進行計算，以確保坐標位置.</p><p>　　2.4 做好基準站設置和參數(shù)求解工作</p><p>　　在使用儀器時， 應該將正確基準站坐標輸和儀器高度 輸入基準站中.選擇正確的發(fā)射差分數(shù)據(jù)，對波特率進行正 確選擇，以保證基準站設置準確性.在對參數(shù)求解時，

12、應該先 在電子手簿中輸入標準基準點以外的坐標， 并對已知控制 點進行聯(lián)測，算出轉(zhuǎn)換數(shù)據(jù)后接收數(shù)據(jù)并確定數(shù)據(jù).</p><p>　　2.5 做好碎步測量工作和數(shù)據(jù)工作</p><p>　　完成基本工作后，還應該對碎步進行測量.可以將流動 站放置在地物地貌特征點上對每個碎步至少測量兩三分鐘.同時應該追的是碎步測量點必須與實際需求一致.完成外業(yè)采集工作后，還應該及時將采集數(shù)據(jù)處理成內(nèi)業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)

13、.在處理過程中可以以外業(yè)采集過程中畫的草圖和預設編碼為依據(jù)完成內(nèi)業(yè)圖.這項數(shù)據(jù)工作必須及時完成，以避免時間過長而遺忘相應數(shù)據(jù)和圖形， 而影響地形測量進度.為了使RTK 坐標數(shù)據(jù)更加準確，必須保證 RTK 數(shù)據(jù)與展點數(shù)據(jù)一致.在此基礎上將代碼、坐標或高程輸入相對應辦公軟件中,之后再用相應軟件進行處理，以便使 RTK 和軟件有效的連接在一起， 實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)下載. 最后通過編輯轉(zhuǎn)換 RTK 格式將RTK 數(shù)據(jù)存入計算機，使 RTK 數(shù)據(jù)和測圖

14、軟件數(shù)據(jù)格式一致，為內(nèi)業(yè)成圖創(chuàng)造一定條件.</p><p>　　2.6 做好地圖繪制工作</p><p>　　做好上述一系列工作后，還應該對地圖進行繪制.在繪制過程中，應該現(xiàn)對軟件中的比例尺進行調(diào)試，使其與實際需要比例尺一致，之后啟動展點命令，輸入上述數(shù)據(jù)名稱,根據(jù)外業(yè)草圖進行繪制，并用人機操作形式進行交互編輯,使其形成完整圖形. 同時也應該將野外測點輸入計算機中,使其與圖式符號庫形

15、成連線，以便對地形圖進行規(guī)范，一旦地形圖與實際規(guī)范有差距，就應該進行進行編輯處理，以保證相應工作順利進行.</p><p>　　3RTK 技術在地形測量中的應用</p><p>　　測量工程的發(fā)展對測量精度和效率要求越來越高，而常規(guī)的測量技術不能更好滿足實際需求.GPS 技術的出現(xiàn),尤其是 RTK 技術的出現(xiàn)，其僅以數(shù)量基準控制點就能確定測量坐標，并在此基礎上通過繪圖軟件將野外測量數(shù)據(jù)繪

16、制成地形圖， 之后以相應方式輸出不同比例大小的地形圖. 目前來看，RTK 技術在地形測量中應用的比較多.某地區(qū)在對城市規(guī)劃進行測量時， 先對該地區(qū)地形條件和居民人口數(shù)量進行分析，在此次基礎上對該區(qū)水準面控制網(wǎng)實際情況進行分析，并采用 RTK 技術進行控制測量.在實施該方案時，先對傳統(tǒng)控制測量、細部測量等作業(yè)方法進行相應調(diào)整并導入 RTK技術，對傳統(tǒng)測量技術進行改進.通過全站儀輔助，對該地區(qū)進行測量.測量過程中是用 RTK 控制網(wǎng)對測區(qū)

17、進行總體控制的，在一定程度上實現(xiàn)了多基點控制點聯(lián)測,基準站一般控制在十千米范圍內(nèi).在實際操作中會受到電磁波干擾或衛(wèi)星條件限制,對不同基站進行聯(lián)測后，對 RTK測量精度進行檢測，以實現(xiàn)對不同分層技術進行控制.檢測時RTK 點之間的邊長符合規(guī)定，采集數(shù)據(jù)時，控制點的固定解采集超過三次，儀器能自動取平均值.在移動 RTK 流動站時，能檢測到已知點和 RTK</p><p><b>　　4 結(jié)語</b&

18、gt;</p><p>　　隨著各種工程測量的發(fā)展，對測量的要求越來越高，不僅要滿足基本測量需求， 同時也要滿足測量效率和精度需求.而常規(guī)的測量方法不能更好滿足這一需求，RTK 技術的出現(xiàn)，在一定程度上滿足了工程測量需求.RTK 技術在地形測量中的使用，不僅節(jié)省大量人物力和時間，一定程度上也提高了測量效率和測量精度.然而，在實際應用過程中，也應該注意相應問題.隨著科學技術不斷的發(fā)展，對地形測量要求將會更高要求.

19、為了更好滿足時代發(fā)展需求，還需要加大工程測量技術研究力度，以保證地形測量工作順利進行.</p><p>　　GPS - RTK technology application in topographic survey and research</p><p>　　ABSTRACT: With the continuous development of science and technol

20、ogy, the GPS application in the measurement range is becoming more and more wide. The emergence of GPS technology, to a certain extent, promoted the development of surveying and mapping technology, especially on the posi

21、tioning and measurement. RTK technology as an important part of GPS technology, the topographic survey has some advantages, it can not only improve the measurement efficiency, at the same time also can improve the me<

22、/p><p>　　KEYWORDS: GPS - RTK technology; Topography measurement; application</p><p>　　( Global Positioning System) Global Positioning System (GPS) is jointly developed by the American armed forces

23、in the 1970s a new generation of space satellite navigation and Positioning System. RTK technology as an important way of GPS system, it has an important role in topographic survey. RTK technology can not only control me

24、asure, improve work efficiency, also can with total station coordinate lofting, also can undertake high-precision positioning. To the better application of RTK technolog</p><p>　　1.1 profile of RTK technolog

25、y </p><p>　　RTK technology in fact is the dynamic measurement technique, the phase measurement in the actual measurement and data transmission technology together, according to the carrier phase differentia

26、l GPS measurements in real time, as GPS RTK technology important constituent, has become an important symbol of measuring technology development. In practical application process, RTK technology is through the base stati

27、on receiver, data link and rover receiver to achieve its measurement function. RTK tec</p><p>　　1.2 principle of RTK technology</p><p>　　GPS positioning is determined mainly by using the princip

28、le of ranging intersection point. Carrier phase differential technique is also called RTK (Real Time Kinematic) technology, is real-time processing of two station carrier phase observation quantity difference method. Car

29、rier phase difference technology system configuration consists of three parts: (1) the base station receiver. (2) the rover receiver, rover also includes software systems that support the real-time dynamic difference. (3

30、) d</p><p>　　Real-time will measure principle of RTK technology is in carrier phase observations, the pseudorange observations, reference station coordinates data, corresponding data transmitted in the form

31、 of radio transmission to the rover, rover difference processing these data again, finally draw a base station and rover coordinate difference. On the basis of general data into a rover plane coordinates and elevation, t

32、he whole process is the process of RTK positioning technology. Usually RTK measurement</p><p>　　2 topography measurement in the process of RTK technology should pay attention to the problem</p><p&

33、gt;　　General topography measurement based on control point method for measuring the static measurement, and on this basis, using RTK technology to complete the detail measurement. RTK technology in the actual process of

34、measuring the measurement zone of a certain number of benchmarks can be measured, and the cryovolcanic terrain and object of the feature point coordinates are measured, and finally using the corresponding mapping softwar

35、e to implement the mapping editor, making it a topographic map.</p><p>　　2.1 good preparation before</p><p>　　When using RTK technology to measure before the corresponding measure should be read

36、y for work. Should understand point, traffic conditions, also should understand the status of the satellite forecast assessment of obstacles and impact on GPS observation. According to the measurement point on satellite

37、measurements, and determine the net and work plan. Based on this, again to the battery, battery, memory capacity, and routine inspections of mapping software.</p><p>　　2.2 choose a good benchmark</p>

38、<p>　　When selecting a reference point, generally choose where the transportation is convenient, and try to avoid piece of plant area, when unable to avoid, try to clear the benchmark within the scope of the plant.

39、At the same time also should try to stay away from tall buildings or large water areas and areas with no radio emission and transmission line equipment. In addition, you should analyze the GPS radio power and coverage, a

40、s far as possible the reference point setting higher position of the su</p><p>　　2.3 to do a good job of field measurement and data processing</p><p>　　In field observations, should be operated

41、according to the specific steps of instrument gradually, and then select the appropriate software based on practical needs for processing, processing of different benchmark site should also coordinate calculation, to ens

42、ure that the coordinates of the location.</p><p>　　2.4 do a good job base station setting and parameters to solve</p><p>　　When using instrument, should be the correct reference station coordina

43、tes and the height of the instrument input datum station. Launch difference data, choose the right to correct selection of baud rate, in order to make sure the base station setting accuracy. Of solving parameters, should

44、 first hand in electronic book beyond standard datum input, the coordinates of known control points are measured, calculated conversion data after receiving data and data were determined.</p><p>　　2.5 do a g

45、ood job and many quick measurement</p><p>　　After completion of basic work should also be measured in detail. Can place the rover on the terrain landform feature points for every detail measuring at least tw

46、o or three minutes. After completion of field collection work should also be timely collection and processing of data into data in the industry. In the process can be collected outside the industry in the process of pain

47、ting on the basis of the sketch and the default encoding completion figure in the industry. , coordinates, on the bas</p><p>　　2.6 do a good job mapping</p><p>　　After completing the above a ser

48、ies of work, should also be drawn on maps. In the process of drawing, should be on the scale of software debugging, now make it consistent with the actual needs scale, after start the at command, enter the name of the da

49、ta, and according to the field to draw sketch, make its form a complete graphics.. And at the same time the field point should be input in the computer, with the schematic symbol library form the attachment, so that the

50、specification of topographic</p><p>　　3 The GPS-RTK technology application in topographic survey</p><p>　　With the emergence of RTK technology, rapid positioning measurement is more and more re

51、laxed. Along with the continuous improvement of RTK technology, appeared different RTK measurement system. Now, RTK technology in the applications of topographic survey is more. As measured in the urban planning in a giv

52、en area, first to the region terrain conditions and residential population quantity is analyzed, based on the analysis of actual situation level control network in the area, using RTK technolog</p><p>　　4 co

53、nclusion</p><p>　　Along with the development of engineering measurement, to measure the demand is higher and higher, not only to meet the demand of basic measurement, but also to meet the demand of measuring

54、 precision and efficiency. And conventional measuring methods can't meet this demand, the emergence of RTK technology, to a certain extent, meet the demand of engineering measurement. GPS - RTK will still alone or to