jsp中英文翻譯--- jsp的技術發(fā)展歷史

1、<p>　　THE TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF JSP</p><p>　　By:Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates</p><p>　　Source: Servlet&JSP</p><p>　　The Java Server Pages( JSP) is a kind of accord

2、ing to web of the script plait distance technique, similar carries the script language of Java in the server of the Netscape company of server- side JavaScript( SSJS) and the Active Server Pages(ASP) of the Microsoft. JS

3、P compares the SSJS and ASP to have better can expand sex, and it is no more exclusive than any factory or some one particular server of Web. Though the norm of JSP is to be draw up by the Sun company of, any factory can

4、 carry out th</p><p>　　The After Sun release the JSP( the Java Server Pages) formally, the this kind of new Web application development technique very quickly caused the people's concern. JSP provided a

5、 special development environment for the Web application that establishes the high dynamic state. According to the Sun parlance, the JSP can adapt to include the Apache WebServer, IIS4.0 on the market at inside of 85% se

6、rver product.</p><p>　　This chapter will introduce the related knowledge of JSP and Databases, and JavaBean related contents, is all certainly rougher introduction among them basic contents, say perhaps to i

7、s a Guide only, if the reader needs the more detailed information, pleasing the book of consult the homologous JSP.</p><p>　　1.1 GENERALIZE</p><p>　　The JSP(Java Server Pages) is from the compan

8、y of Sun Microsystems initiate, the many companies the participate to the build up the together of the a kind the of dynamic the state web the page technique standard, the it have the it in the construction the of the dy

9、namic state the web page the strong but the do not the especially of the function. JSP and the technique of ASP of the Microsoft is very alike. Both all provide the ability that mixes with a certain procedure code and is

10、 explain by the</p><p>　　JSP pages are translated into servlets. So, fundamentally, any task JSP pages can perform could also be accomplished by servlets. However, this underlying equivalence does not mean t

11、hat servlets and JSP pages are equally appropriate in all scenarios. The issue is not the power of the technology, it is the convenience, productivity, and maintainability of one or the other. After all, anything you can

12、 do on a particular computer platform in the Java programming language you could also do in assemb</p><p>　　JSP provides the following benefits over servlets alone:</p><p>　　? It is easier to wr

13、ite and maintain the HTML. Your static code is ordinary HTML: no extra backslashes, no double quotes, and no lurking Java syntax.</p><p>　　? You can use standard Web-site development tools. Even HTML tools t

14、hat know nothing about JSP can be used because they simply ignore the JSP tags.</p><p>　　? You can divide up your development team. The Java programmers can work on the dynamic code. The Web developers can c

15、oncentrate on the presentation layer. On large projects, this division is very important. Depending on the size of your team and the complexity of your project, you can enforce a weaker or stronger separation between the

16、 static HTML and the dynamic content.</p><p>　　Now, this discussion is not to say that you should stop using servlets and use only JSP instead. By no means. Almost all projects will use both. For some reques

17、ts in your project, you will use servlets. For others, you will use JSP. For still others, you will combine them with the MVC architecture . You want the appropriate tool for the job, and servlets, by themselves, do not

18、complete your toolkit.</p><p>　　1.2 SOURCE OF JSP</p><p>　　The technique of JSP of the company of Sun, making the page of Web develop the personnel can use the HTML perhaps marking of XML to de

19、sign to turn the end page with format. Use the perhaps small script future life of marking of JSP becomes the dynamic state on the page contents.( the contents changes according to the claim of)</p><p>　　The

20、 Java Servlet is a technical foundation of JSP, and the large Web applies the development of the procedure to need the Java Servlet to match with with the JSP and then can complete, this name of Servlet comes from the Ap

21、plet, the local translation method of now is a lot of, this book in order not to misconstruction, decide the direct adoption Servlet but don't do any translation, if reader would like to, can call it as" small s

22、ervice procedure". The Servlet is similar to traditional CGI, ISAP</p><p>　　But the Java Servlet also is not to has no weakness, similar to traditional CGI, ISAPI, the NSAPI method, the Java Servlet is

23、to make use of to output the HTML language sentence to carry out the dynamic state web page of, if develop the whole website with the Java Servlet, the integration process of the dynamic state part and the static state p

24、age is an evil-foreboding dream simply. For solving this kind of weakness of the Java Servlet, the SUN released the JSP.</p><p>　　A number of years ago, Marty was invited to attend a small 20-person industry

25、 roundtable discussion on software technology. Sitting in the seat next to Marty was James Gosling, inventor of the Java programming language. Sitting several seats away was a high-level manager from a very large softwar

26、e company in Redmond, Washington. During the discussion, the moderator brought up the subject of Jini, which at that time was a new Java technology. The moderator asked the manager what he thought of it,</p><p

27、>　　Now, the grievance that Gosling was airing was that he felt that this company would take technology from other companies and suborn it for their own purposes. But guess what? The shoe is on the other foot here. The

28、 Java community did not invent the idea of designing pages as a mixture of static HTML and dynamic code marked with special tags. For example, Cold Fusion did it years earlier. Even ASP (a product from the very software

29、company of the aforementioned manager) popularized this approach b</p><p>　　The JSP is an establishment at the model of Java servlets on of the expression layer technique, it makes the plait write the HTML t

30、o become more simple.Be like the SSJS, it also allows you carry the static state HTML contents and servers the script mix to put together the born dynamic state exportation. JSP the script language that the Java is the t

31、acit approval, however, be like the ASP and can use other languages( such as JavaScript and VBScript), the norm of JSP also allows to use other langu</p><p>　　1.3JSP CHARACTERISTICS</p><p>　　Is

32、a service according to the script language in some one language of the statures system this kind of discuss, the JSP should be see make is a kind of script language. However, be a kind of script language, the JSP seemed

33、to be too strong again, almost can use all Javas in the JSP.</p><p>　　Be a kind of according to text originally of, take manifestation as the central development technique, the JSP provided all advantages of

34、 the Java Servlet, and, when combine with a JavaBeans together, providing a kind of make contents and manifestation that simple way that logic separate. Separate the contents and advantage of logical manifestations is, t

35、he personnel who renews the page external appearance need not know the code of Java, and renew the JavaBeans personnel also need not be design </p><p>　　Generally speaking, in actual engine of JSP, the page

36、of JSP is the edit and translate type while carry out, not explain the type of. Explain the dynamic state web page development tool of the type, such as ASP, PHP3 etc., because speed etc. reason, have already can't

37、satisfy current the large electronic commerce needs appliedly, traditional development techniques are all at to edit and translate the executive way change, such as the ASP → ASP+;PHP3 → PHP4.</p><p>　　In th

38、e JSP norm book, did not request the procedure in the JSP code part( be called the Scriptlet) and must write with the Java definitely. Actually, have some engines of JSP are adoptive other script languages such as the EM

39、AC- Script, etc., but actually this a few script languages also are to set up on the Java, edit and translate for the Servlet to carry out of. Write according to the norm of JSP, have no Scriptlet of relation with Java a

40、lso is can of, however, mainly lie in the ability and J</p><p>　　1.4JSP MECHANISM</p><p>　　To comprehend the JSP how unite the technical advantage that above various speak of, come to carry out

41、various result easily, the customer must understand the differentiation of" the module develops for the web page of the center" and" the page develops for the web page of the center" first. </p>

42、<p>　　The SSJS and ASP are all in several year ago to release, the network of that time is still very young, no one knows to still have in addition to making all business, datas and the expression logic enter the

43、original web page entirely heap what better solve the method. This kind of model that take page as the center studies and gets the very fast development easily. However, along with change of time, the people know that th

44、is kind of method is unwell in set up large, the Web that can upgrade app</p><p>　　At the same time, the people always at look for the better method of build up the Web application procedure, the modul

45、e spreads in customer's machine/ server the realm. JavaBeans and ActiveX were published the company to expand to apply the procedure developer for Java and Windows to use to come to develop the complicated procedur

46、e quickly by" the fast application procedure development"( RAD) tool. These techniques make the expert in the some realm be able to write the module for the per</p><p>　　Be a kind of take module as

47、 the central development terrace, the JSP appeared. It with the JavaBeans and Enterprise JavaBeans( EJB) module includes the model of the business and the data logic for foundation, provide a great deal of label and a sc

48、ript terraces to use to come to show in the HTML page from the contents of JavaBeans creation or send a present in return. Because of the property that regards the module as the center of the JSP, it can drive Java and n

49、ot the developer of Java uses equ</p><p>　　See now how JSP is handle claim of HTTP. In basic claim model, a claim directly was send to JSP page in. The code of JSP controls to carry on hour of the logic proc

50、essing and module of JavaBeanses' hand over with each other, and the manifestation result in dynamic state bornly, mixing with the HTML page of the static state HTML code. The Beans can be JavaBeans or module of EJBs

51、. Moreover, the more complicated claim model can see make from is request other JSP pages of the page call sign or Java </p><p>　　The engine of JSP wants to chase the code of Java that the label of JSP, code

52、 of Java in the JSP page even all converts into the big piece together with the static state HTML contents actually. These codes piece was organized the Java Servlet that customer can not see to go to by the engine of JS

53、P, then the Servlet edits and translate them automatically byte code of Java.</p><p>　　Thus, the visitant that is the website requests a JSP page, under the condition of it is not knowing, an already born, t

54、he Servlet actual full general that prepared to edit and translate completes all works, very concealment but again and efficiently. The Servlet is to edit and translate of, so the code of JSP in the web page does not nee

55、d when the every time requests that page is explain. The engine of JSP need to be edit and translate after Servlet the code end is modify only once, then this S</p><p>　　Compared with the traditional CGI, th

56、e JSP has the equal advantage. First, on the speed, the traditional procedure of CGI needs to use the standard importation of the system to output the equipments to carry out the dynamic state web page born, but the JSP

57、is direct is mutually the connection with server. And say for the CGI, each interview needs to add to add a progress to handle, the progress build up and destroy by burning constantly and will be a not small burden for c

58、alculator of be the ser</p><p>　　JSP的技術發(fā)展歷史</p><p>　　作者： Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates</p><p>　　來源： Servlet&JSP</p><p>　　Java Server Pages(JSP)是一種基于web的腳本編程技術，類似于網(wǎng)景公司

59、的服務器端Java腳本語言—— server-side JavaScript(SSJS)和微軟的Active Server Pages(ASP)。與SSJS和ASP相比，JSP具有更好的可擴展性，并且它不專屬于任何一家廠商或某一特定的Web服務器。盡管JSP規(guī)范是由Sun公司制定的，但任何廠商都可以在自己的系統(tǒng)上實現(xiàn)JSP。 </p><p>　　在Sun正式發(fā)布JSP(Java Server Pages)之后，

60、這種新的Web應用開發(fā)技術很快引起了人們的關注。JSP為創(chuàng)建高度動態(tài)的Web應用提供了一個獨特的開發(fā)環(huán)境。按照Sun的說法，JSP能夠適應市場上包括Apache WebServer、IIS4.0在內(nèi)的85%的服務器產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　本文將介紹JSP相關的知識，以及JavaBean的相關內(nèi)容，當然都是比較粗略的介紹其中的基本內(nèi)容，僅僅起到拋磚引玉的作用，如果讀者需要更詳細的信息，請參考相應的JSP的書籍。

61、</p><p><b>　　1.1 概述</b></p><p>　　JSP(Java Server Pages)是由Sun Microsystems公司倡導、許多公司參與一起建立的一種動態(tài)網(wǎng)頁技術標準，其在動態(tài)網(wǎng)頁的建設中有其強大而特別的功能。JSP與Microsoft的ASP技術非常相似。兩者都提供在HTML代碼中混合某種程序代碼、由語言引擎解釋執(zhí)行程序代碼的能

62、力。下面我們簡單的對它進行介紹。</p><p>　　JSP頁面最終會轉換成servlet。因而，從根本上，JSP頁面能夠執(zhí)行的任何任務都可以用servlet來完成。然而，這種底層的等同性并不意味著servlet和JSP頁面對于所有的情況都等同適用。問題不在于技術的能力，而是二者在便利性、生產(chǎn)率和可維護性上的不同。畢竟，在特定平臺上能夠用Java編程語言完成的事情，同樣可以用匯編語言來完成，但是選擇哪種語言依舊十

63、分重要。</p><p>　　和單獨使用servlet相比，JSP提供下述好處：</p><p>　　JSP中HTML的編寫與維護更為簡單。JSP中可以使用常規(guī)的HTML：沒有額外的反斜杠，沒有額外的雙引號，也沒有暗含的Java語法。</p><p>　　能夠使用標準的網(wǎng)站開發(fā)工具。即使是那些對JSP一無所知的HTML工具，我們也可以使用，因為它們會忽略JSP標簽（

64、JSP tags）。</p><p>　　可以對開發(fā)團隊進行劃分。Java程序員可以致力于動態(tài)代碼。Web開發(fā)人員可以將經(jīng)理集中在表示層（presentation layer）上。對于大型的項目，這種劃分極為重要。依據(jù)開發(fā)團隊的大小，及項目的復雜程度，可以對靜態(tài)HTML和動態(tài)內(nèi)容進行弱分離（weaker separation）和強分離（stronger separation）。</p><p&

65、gt;　　此處的討論并不是說人們應該放棄使用servlet而僅僅使用JSP。事實上，幾乎所有的項目都會同時用到這兩種技術。在某些項目中，更適宜選用servlet，而針對項目中的某些請求，我們可能會在MVC構架下組合使用這兩項技術。我們總是希望用適當?shù)墓ぞ咄瓿上鄬墓ぷ?，僅僅是servlet并不一定能夠勝任所有工作。</p><p>　　1.2 JSP的由來</p><p>　　Sun公司

66、的JSP技術，使Web頁面開發(fā)人員可以使用HTML或者XML標識來設計和格式化最終頁面。使用JSP標識或者小腳本來生成頁面上的動態(tài)內(nèi)容(內(nèi)容是根據(jù)請求來變化的)。</p><p>　　Java Servlet是JSP技術的基礎，而且大型的Web應用程序的開發(fā)需要Java Servlet和JSP配合才能完成，Servlet這個名稱源于Applet，現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)的翻譯方式很多，本書為了避免誤會，決定直接采用Servlet

67、而不做任何翻譯，讀者如果愿意，可以稱之為“小服務程序”。Servlet其實和傳統(tǒng)的CGI、ISAPI、NSAPI等Web程序開發(fā)工具的作用是相似的，在使用Java Servlet以后，用戶不必再使用效率低下的CGI方式，也不必使用只能在某個固定Web服務器平臺運行的API方式來動態(tài)生成Web頁面。許多Web服務器都支持Servlet，即使不直接支持Servlet的Web服務器也可以通過附加的應用服務器和模塊來支持Servlet。得益于J

68、ava的跨平臺的特性，Servlet也是平臺無關的，實際上，只要符合Java Servlet規(guī)范，Servlet是完全與平臺無關且是與Web服務器無關的。由于Java Servlet內(nèi)部是以線程方式提供服務，不必對于每個請求都啟動一個進程，并且利用多線程機制可以同時為多個請求服務，因此Java Servlet效率非常高。</p><p>　　但Java Servlet也不是沒有缺點，和傳統(tǒng)的CGI、ISAPI、N

69、SAPI方式相同，Java Servlet是利用輸出HTML語句來實現(xiàn)動態(tài)網(wǎng)頁的，如果用Java Servlet來開發(fā)整個網(wǎng)站，動態(tài)部分和靜態(tài)頁面的整合過程會非常難以實現(xiàn)。為了解決Java Servlet的這種缺點，SUN推出了JSP。</p><p>　　許多年前，Marty受到邀請,參加一個有關軟件技術的小型研討會.坐在Marty旁邊的人是James Gosling--- Java編程語言的發(fā)明者。隔幾個位置

70、,是來自華盛頓一家大型軟件公司的高級經(jīng)理。在討論過程中,研討會的主席提出了Jini的議題,這在當時是一項新的Java技術。主席向該經(jīng)理詢問他的想法.他回答說,雖然現(xiàn)在言之過早，但這看起來會是非常有前途的一項技術。他們會持續(xù)關注這項技術,如果這項技術變得流行起來,他們會遵循公司的“接受并擴充(embrace and extend)”的策略.此時, Gosling隨意地插話說“你的意思其實就是不接受且不擴充(disgrace and dis

71、tend)。”</p><p>　　在此, Gosling的抱怨顯示出，他感到這個公司會從其他公司那里拿走技術,用于他們自己的目的.出人意料的是，形勢已經(jīng)完全不同。Java團隊并沒有發(fā)明這一思想----將頁面設計成由靜態(tài)HTML和用特殊標簽標記的動態(tài)代碼混合組成.。ColdFusion多年前就已經(jīng)這樣做了。甚至ASP(來自于前述經(jīng)理所在公司的一項產(chǎn)品)都在JSP出現(xiàn)之前推廣了這種方式。實際上,JSP不只采用了這種

72、通用概念,它甚至使用許多和ASP相同的特殊標簽。</p><p>　　JSP是建立在Java servlets模型之上的表達層技術，它使編寫HTML變得更簡單。像SSJS一樣，它也允許你將靜態(tài)HTML內(nèi)容與服務器端腳本混合起來生成動態(tài)輸出。JSP把Java作為默認的腳本語言，然而，就像ASP可以使用其他語言(如JavaScript和VBScript)一樣，JSP規(guī)范也允許使用其他語言。</p>&l

73、t;p>　　1.3 JSP的特點</p><p>　　按照腳本語言是服務于某一個子系統(tǒng)的語言這種論述，JSP應當被看作是一種腳本語言。然而，作為一種腳本語言，JSP又顯得過于強大了，在JSP中幾乎可以使用全部的Java類。</p><p>　　作為一種基于文本的、以顯示為中心的開發(fā)技術，JSP提供了Java Servlet的所有好處，并且，當與一個JavaBeans類結合在一起時，J

74、SP提供了一種使內(nèi)容和顯示邏輯分開的簡單方式。分開內(nèi)容和顯示邏輯的好處是，更新頁面外觀的人員不必懂得Java代碼，而更新JavaBeans類的人員也不必是設計網(wǎng)頁的行家里手，就可以用帶JavaBeans類的JSP頁面來定義Web模板，以建立一個由具有相似的外觀的頁面組成的網(wǎng)站。JavaBeans類完成數(shù)據(jù)提供，這樣在模板中就沒有Java代碼，這意味著這些模板可以由一個HTML編寫人員來維護。當然，也可以利用Java Servlet來控制

75、網(wǎng)站的邏輯，通過Java Servlet調(diào)用JSP文件的方式來將網(wǎng)站的邏輯和內(nèi)容分離。</p><p>　　一般來說，在實際的JSP引擎中，JSP頁面在執(zhí)行時是編譯式，而不是解釋式的。解釋式的動態(tài)網(wǎng)頁開發(fā)工具如ASP、PHP3等由于速度等原因已經(jīng)滿足不了當前大型電子商務應用的需要了，傳統(tǒng)的開發(fā)技術都在向編譯執(zhí)行的方式改變，如ASP→ASP+；PHP3→PHP4。</p><p>　　在JS

76、P規(guī)范書中，并沒有明確要求JSP中的程序代碼部分(稱為Scriptlet)一定要用Java來寫。實際上，有一些JSP引擎就是采用的其他腳本語言，如EMAC-Script、WebL等，但實際上這幾種腳本語言也是構建在Java上面，編譯為Servlet來實現(xiàn)的。按照JSP規(guī)范書寫，和Java沒有任何關系的Scriptlet也是可以的，不過，由于JSP的強大功能主要在于能和JavaBeans、Enterprise JavaBeans共同運轉，

77、所以即使是Scriptlet部分不使用Java，編譯成的執(zhí)行代碼也應該是與Java相關的。</p><p>　　1.4 JSP的機制</p><p>　　要理解JSP怎樣聯(lián)合以上各種所提到的技術的優(yōu)點，從而輕而易舉地實現(xiàn)各種效果，用戶必須首先了解“組件為中心的網(wǎng)頁開發(fā)”和“頁面為中心的網(wǎng)頁開發(fā)”的區(qū)別。 </p><p>　　SSJS和ASP都是在幾年前推出的，那時

78、網(wǎng)絡還很年輕，沒有人知道除了把所有的商務、數(shù)據(jù)和表達邏輯統(tǒng)統(tǒng)堆進原始網(wǎng)頁中之外還有什么更好的解決方法。這種以頁面為中心的模型容易學習并且得到相當快速的發(fā)展。然而，隨著時間的推移，人們認識到這種方法不適于構建大型的、可升級的Web應用程序。在腳本環(huán)境中書寫的表達邏輯被鎖在頁面內(nèi)，只有通過剪切和粘貼才能被重用。表達邏輯通常和商務及數(shù)據(jù)邏輯混在一起，這使得當程序員試圖改變一個應用程序的外觀而不想破壞與之緊密結合的商務邏輯時，應用程序的維護就變

79、得十分艱難。其事實上，企業(yè)中可重用組件的應用早已經(jīng)很成熟，沒有人愿意為它們的應用程序重寫那些邏輯。HTML和圖形設計師把它們的設計的實施工作交給了Web編寫者，使他們不得不加倍工作—— 常常是手工編寫，因為沒有合適的工具可以把服務器端腳本與HTML內(nèi)容結合起來。簡而言之，隨著Web應用程序的復雜性不斷提升，以頁面為中心的開發(fā)方式的局限性變得明顯起來。 </p><p>　　與此同時，人們一直在尋找建立Web應用程

80、序的更好方法，組件在客戶機/服務器領域流行起來。JavaBeans和ActiveX被“快速應用程序開發(fā)”(RAD)工具發(fā)行商推廣給Java和Windows應用程序開發(fā)者用來快速開發(fā)復雜的程序。這些技術使某領域內(nèi)的專家可以為本領域內(nèi)的垂直應用編寫組件，而開發(fā)者可以直接拿來使用而不必掌握這一領域的專門技術。</p><p>　　作為一種以組件為中心的開發(fā)平臺，JSP出現(xiàn)了。它以JavaBeans和Enterprise

81、 JavaBeans(EJB)組件包含商務和數(shù)據(jù)邏輯的模型為基礎，提供大量標簽和一個腳本平臺用來在HTML頁中顯示由JavaBeans產(chǎn)生或回送的內(nèi)容。由于JSP的以組件為中心的性質(zhì)，它可以被Java和非Java開發(fā)者同樣使用。非Java開發(fā)者可以通過JSP的標簽(Tags)來使用高級Java開發(fā)者創(chuàng)建的JavaBeans。Java開發(fā)者不僅可以創(chuàng)建和使用JavaBeans，還能在JSP頁中使用Java語言來更精密地控制基于底層Java

82、Beans的表達邏輯。 </p><p>　　現(xiàn)在來看看JSP是如何處理HTTP請求的。在基本請求模型中，一個請求直接被送到JSP頁中。JSP代碼控制著進行邏輯處理時與JavaBeans組件的交互，并在動態(tài)生成的、混合了靜態(tài)HTML代碼的HTML頁中顯示結果。Beans 可以是JavaBeans 或EJB組件。另外，更加復雜的請求模型可看作從被請求頁呼叫其他JSP頁或Java Servlets。</p>

83、;<p>　　JSP引擎實際上要把JSP標簽、JSP頁中的Java代碼甚至連同靜態(tài)HTML內(nèi)容都轉換為大塊的Java代碼。這些代碼塊被JSP引擎組織到用戶看不到的Java Servlet中去，然后Servlet自動把它們編譯成Java字節(jié)碼。這樣，當網(wǎng)站的訪問者請求一個JSP頁時，在它不知道的情況下，一個已經(jīng)生成的、預編譯過的Servlet實際上將完成所有的工作，非常隱蔽而又高效。因為Servlet是編譯過的，所以網(wǎng)頁中的

84、JSP代碼不需要在每次請求該頁時被解釋一遍。JSP引擎只需在Servlet代碼最后被修改后編譯一次，然后這個編譯過的Servlet就可以被執(zhí)行了。由于是JSP引擎自動生成并編譯Servlet，不用程序員動手編譯代碼，所以JSP能帶給你高效的性能和快速開發(fā)所需的靈活性。</p><p>　　和傳統(tǒng)的CGI相比較，JSP有相當?shù)膬?yōu)勢。首先，在速度上，傳統(tǒng)的CGI程序需要使用系統(tǒng)的標準輸入輸出設備來實現(xiàn)動態(tài)網(wǎng)頁的生成，

85、而JSP是直接和服務器相關聯(lián)的。而且對于CGI來說，每一個訪問就需要新增加一個進程來處理，進程不斷地建立和銷毀對于作為Web服務器的計算機將是不小的負擔。其次，JSP是專門為Web開發(fā)而設計的，其目的是為了建立基于Web的應用程序，其中包含了一整套的規(guī)范和工具。使用JSP技術可以很方便地將一大堆JSP頁面組合成為一個Web應用程序。</p><p>　　I:關于對象的介紹 Why has object

86、-oriented programming had such a sweeping impact on the software development commuity? 為什么面向對象語言有如此廣泛的影響力之于軟件開發(fā)社區(qū)？ Object-oriented programming appeals at multiple levels. For managers, it promises faster and

87、cheaper development and maintenance. For analysts and designers, the modeling process becomes simpler and produces a clear, manageable design. For programmers, the elegance and clarity of the object model and the power o

88、f object-oriented tools and libraries makes p</p><p>　　人事檔案管理系統(tǒng)外文翻譯</p><p>　　Personnel File Managerment System</p><p>　　JSP application frameworks</p><p>　　What are app

89、lication frameworks:</p><p>　　A framework is a reusable, semi-complete application that can be specialized to</p><p>　　produce custom applications [Johnson]. Like people, software applications a

90、re more alike than they are different. They run on the same computers, expect input from the same devices, output to the same displays, and save data to the same hard disks. Developers working on conventional desktop app

91、lications are accustomed to toolkits and development environments that leverage the sameness between applications. Application frameworks build on this common ground to provide developers with a reusable s</p><

92、;p>　　A framework provides developers with a set of backbone components that have the following characteristics:</p><p>　　1.They are known to work well in other applications.</p><p>　　2. They

93、are ready to use with the next project.</p><p>　　3. They can also be used by other teams in the organization.</p><p>　　Frameworks are the classic build-versus-buy proposition. If you build it, y

94、ou will understand it when you are done—but how long will it be before you can roll your own? If you buy it, you will have to climb the learning curve—and how long is that going to take? There is no right answer here, bu

95、t most observers would agree that frameworks such as Struts provide a significant return on investment compared to starting from scratch, especially for larger projects.</p><p>　　Other types of frameworks:&l

96、t;/p><p>　　The idea of a framework applies not only to applications but to application componentsas well. Throughout this article, we introduce other types of frameworks that you can use with Struts. These incl

97、ude the Lucene search engine, the Scaffold toolkit, the Struts validator, and the Tiles tag library. Like application frameworks, these tools provide semi-complete versions of a subsystem that can be specialized to provi

98、de a custom component.</p><p>　　Some frameworks have been linked to a proprietary development environment. This is not the case with Struts or any of the other frameworks shown in this book. You can use any