水利工程畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯---三峽水利樞紐工程

1、<p>　　The Three Gorges Projects</p><p>　　First. The dam site and basic pivot disposal </p><p>　　The Three Gorges Projects is select to be fixed on San Dou Ping in Yichang, located in about

2、40 kilometers of the upper reaches of key water control project of Ge Zhou Ba which was built. River valley, district of dam site, is widen, slope, the two sidesof the bank is relatively gentlely. In the central plains

3、have one island (island, fort of China,), possess the good phased construction water conservancy diversion condition. The foundation of pivot building is the hard and intact body of grani</p><p>　　Two. Impor

4、tant water conservancy project buildings</p><p><b>　　1. dam </b></p><p>　　The dam is a concrete gravity dam, which is 2309 meters long, it’s height is 185 meters , the dam is 181 met

5、ers high the most. Release floodwater dam section lie riverbed, 483 of the total length, consist of 22 form hole and 23 release floodwater in the deep hole, among them deep hole is imported 90 meters , the mouth size of

6、hole is 7*9 meters; Form hole mouth is 8 meter wide, overflow weir is 158 meters, form hole and deep hole adopt nose bank choose, flow way go on and can disappear. Dam sect</p><p>　　2. power stations </p&

7、gt;<p>　　The power stations adopt the type after the dam to assign the scheme, consist of two groups of factory buildings on left, right and underground factory building altogether. Install 32 sets of hydroelectri

8、c generating set together, 14 factory buildings of left bank among them, 12 factory buildings of right bank, 6 underground factory buildings. The hydraulic turbine, in order to mix the flowing type, the specified capacit

9、y of the unit of the unit is 700,000 kilowatts.</p><p>　　3. open up to navigation building </p><p>　　The open up to navigation buildings include permanent lock and ship lift (of the the technolo

10、gical public relations, the steel cable that plans to be replaced with spiral pole technology in the original plan promotes technology), lie in the left bank. Permanent lock double-line five continuous chain of locks. Si

11、ngle grades of floodgate room effective size for 280*34*5, can pass the 10,000 ton-class fleet. The promoting type for single track first grade vertically of the ship lift is designed, it</p><p>　　Three. The

12、 major project amount and arranges in time limit </p><p>　　The subject building of the project and major project amount of the water conservancy diversion project are: Excavate 102,830,000 cubic meters in cu

13、bic metre of earth and stone, fill out and build 31,980,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, concrete builds 27,940,000 cubic meters, 463,000 tons of reinforcing bars, make and fit 32 with hydroelectric ge

14、nerating set. All project construction tasks were divided into three stages and finished, all time limit was 17 years. The first sta</p><p>　　Four. Enormous benefit of the Three Gorges Projects</p>&l

15、t;p>　　The Three Gorges Projects is the greatest water control project in China ,also in the world , it is the key project in controlling and developing the Changjiang River. The normal water storage level of the Three

16、 Gorges Projects reservoir is 175 meters, installed capacity is 39,300 million cubic meters; The total length of the reservoir is more than 600 kilometers, width is 1.1 kilometers on average; The area of the reservoir is

17、 1084 sq. km.. It has enormous comprehensive benefits such as prevent</p><p>　　1. prevent flood </p><p>　　Primary goal of building the Three Gorges Projects is to prevent flood . The key water c

18、ontrol project in Sanxia is the key project that the midstream and downstream of the Changjiang River prevent flood in the system. Regulated and stored by the reservoir of Sanxia, form the capacity of reservoir in the up

19、per reaches as river type reservoir of 39,300 million cubic meters, can regulate storage capacity and reach 22,150 million cubic meters, can intercept the flood came above of Yichang effective</p><p>　　2. ge

20、nerates electricity</p><p>　　The most direct economic benefits of the Three Gorges Projects is to generate electricity . Equilibrate the contradiction that contemporary China develops economic and serious en

21、ergy shortage at a high speed, the hydroelectric resources that a clean one can be regenerated are undoubtedly optimum choices. The total installed capacity of power station of Sanxia is 18,200,000 kilowatts, annual aver

22、age generation is 84,680 million kilowatt hours. It will offer the reliable, cheap, clean regenerated </p><p>　　Electric power resource that the Three Gorges Projects offers, if given a workforce of electric

23、ity generation by thermal power, mean building 10 more thermal power plants of 1,800,000 kilowatts, excavate more 50 million tons of raw coals every year on average. Besides environment of influencing of the waste residu

24、e, it will also discharge a large number of carbon dioxide which form the global greenhouse effects every year, cause the sulfur dioxide of acid rain, poisonous gas carbon monoxide and </p><p>　　3. shipping

25、</p><p>　　Sanxia reservoir improve Yichang go to Chongqing channel of the Changjiang River of 660 kilometers notably, the 10,000 ton-class fleet can go to the harbour of Chongqing directly. The channel can r

26、ise to 50 million tons from about 10 million tons at present through ability in one-way year, transporting the cost can be reduced by 35-37%. Unless until reservoir regulate, Yichang low water flows minimum seasons downs

27、tream,whose name is can since at present 3000 cubic meters /second improve until 50</p><p>　　Five. The questions in building the Three Gorges Projects</p><p>　　1. silt issue </p><p>

28、;　　the Changjiang River Yichang Duan Nian amount of sand failed 530 million tons, silt the reservoir of Sanxia up. The reservoir blocks water level is 175 meters high, installed capacity is 39,300 million m3 normally,its

29、 die water level is 145 meters, the minimum capacity of a reservoir is 17,200 million m3, storage capacity 22,100 million m3, the conservation storage regulates the capacity of reservoir 16,500 million m3. The operation

30、scheme of the reservoir is: Limit height is 145 meters of water</p><p>　　2. question that the slope comes down by the bank of reservoir area</p><p>　　The question that the slope comes down is th

31、rough detailed geological survey by 2 reservoir area banks, there is several to come down potentially on water bank of Kuku of Sanxia, the big one can be up to millions of m3. But closest to dam site potential landslide,

32、 too far on 26 kilometers, such as happen, come down, shock wave that evoke get dam disappear, reduce 2-3 meters to to be high, it is safe not to influence the dam. In addition, if the slippery wave happens in the bank o

33、f the storehouse</p><p>　　3. engineering question of the pivot</p><p>　　The pivot of Three Gorges is 185 meters high concrete gravity dam pivots and 18,200,000kW, the project amount is large, bu

34、t all regular projects after all, our country has more experience. The stability problem of some foundation can meet the safe requirement through dealing with. 700,000kW hydroelectric generating set, imported from foreig

35、n countries in the first batch, was made by oneself at home later. The more complicated one is lock of five grades of Line two, deep-cut in the rock bank, slo</p><p>　　4.ecological environment problem</p&

36、gt;<p>　　The respect useful to ecological environment of the Three Gorges Projects is: Prevent and cure downstream land and cities and towns to flood, reduce the air pollution of electricity generation by thermal

37、power, improve some climate, the reservoir can breed fish etc.. The respect disadvantageous to ecology is: Flood more than 300,000 mu of cultivated land, ground of fruit is more than 200,000 mu, immigrants reach the high

38、land by the storehouse, will destroy the ecological environment, the still w</p><p>　　Six. Immigrant's question in the reservoir area</p><p>　　The reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km.

39、of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that in

40、fluence, reservoir flood line there are 24,500 hectares of cultivated land in all; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters,

41、total populat</p><p>　　1.exploration and opening of the immigrants in Sanxia</p><p>　　The exploration of an immigrant in Sanxia and open country are in the engineering construction of Sanxia, im

42、plement immigrant's policy of the exploration, relevant people's governments organize and lead immigrants to arrange work, use immigrant's funds in a unified manner, exploit natural resources rationally, base

43、d on agriculture, the agriculture,industry and commerce combine, through many channel, many industries, multi-form, many method find a room for immigrants properly, immigrants' living </p><p>　　2. reorga

44、nization and expansion of the immigrants in Sanxia</p><p>　　The reorganization of immigrants in Sanxia and the expansion immigrants in Sanxia are that one involve undertaking that the society of reservoir a

45、rea reconstruct, resources are recombinated, the recombinating is one of the prominent characteristics of the immigrants in Sanxia, move the fundamental difference duplicated with traditional simple compensation immigran

46、ts, former state too. Implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, must demand to combine immigrants to move, reconfigure the fac</p><p>　　Seven. Investment and benefit question</p><p>　

47、　Invests 90,090 million yuan (1993 price) in investment and the Three Gorges Projects static behavior of benefit question, invests more than about 200 billion yuan dynamically while finishing in project. The investment s

48、ource of the Three Gorges Projects is as follows, state loan, state-run hydropower station each of price of electricity raise the price 0.4-0.7 fen, power station electric rate income of Ge Zhou Ba, the electric rate inc

49、ome after the power station of Sanxia generates electricity w</p><p><b>　　三峽水利樞紐工程</b></p><p>　　一、壩址及基本樞紐布置</p><p>　　三峽工程大壩壩址選定在宜昌市三斗坪，在已建成的葛洲壩水利樞紐上游約40km處。壩址區(qū)河谷開闊，兩岸岸坡較

50、平緩，江中原有一小島（中堡島），具備良好的分期施工導流條件。樞紐建筑物基礎(chǔ)為堅硬完整的花崗巖體。修建了宜昌至工地長約28km的專用高速公路及壩下游4公里處的跨江大橋——西陵長江大橋。還修建了一批壩區(qū)碼頭。壩區(qū)具備良好的交通條件。</p><p><b>　　二、主要水工建筑物</b></p><p><b>　　1.大壩</b></p>

51、;<p>　　攔河大壩為混凝土重力壩，壩長2309m，壩頂高程185 m，最大壩高181 m。</p><p>　　泄洪壩段位于河床中部，總長483 m，設有22個表孔和23個泄洪深孔，其中深孔進口高程90 m，孔口尺寸為7×9 m；表孔孔口寬8 m，溢流堰頂高程158 m，表孔和深孔均采用鼻坎挑流方式進行消能。</p><p>　　電站壩段位于泄洪壩段兩側(cè)，設有電

52、站進水口。進水口底板高程為108m。壓力輸水管道為背管式，內(nèi)直徑12.40 m，采用鋼筋混凝土受力結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　校核洪水時壩址最大下泄流量102500m3/s。</p><p><b>　　2.水電站</b></p><p>　　水電站采用壩后式布置方案，共設有左、右兩組廠房和地下廠房。共安裝32臺水輪發(fā)電機組，其中左岸廠房14臺

53、，右岸廠房12臺，地下廠房6臺。水輪機為混流式，機組單機額定容量70萬千瓦。</p><p><b>　　3.通航建筑物</b></p><p>　　通航建筑物包括永久船閘和升船機（技術(shù)公關(guān)中，計劃用螺旋桿技術(shù)取代原計劃的鋼纜繩提升技術(shù)），均位于左岸。</p><p>　　永久船閘為雙線五級連續(xù)梯級船閘。單級閘室有效尺寸為280×34

54、×5 m（長×寬×坎上最小水深），可通過萬噸級船隊。</p><p>　　升船機為單線一級垂直提升式設計，承船廂設計有效尺寸為120×18×3.5 m，一次可通過一條3000噸的客貨輪。承船廂設計運行時總重量為11800噸，總提升力為6000牛頓。</p><p>　　三、樞紐工程量及工期安排</p><p>　　工

55、程主體建筑物及導流工程的主要工程量為：土石方開挖10283萬m3,土石方填筑3198萬m3，混凝土澆筑2794萬m3,鋼筋46.30萬噸,水輪發(fā)電機組制安32臺套。全部工程施工任務分三個階段完成，全部工期為17年。</p><p>　　第一階段（1993-1997年）為施工準備及一期工程，施工需5年，以實現(xiàn)大江截流為標志。</p><p>　　第二階段（1998-2003年）為二期工程，施

56、工需6年，以實現(xiàn)水庫初期蓄水、第一批機組發(fā)電和永久船閘通航為標志。</p><p>　　第三階段（2004-2009年）為三期工程，施工需6年，以實現(xiàn)全部機組發(fā)電和樞紐工程全部完建為標志。</p><p>　　一、二工程均已如期完成，三期工程也在計劃內(nèi)施工，升船機攻關(guān)在緊張進行中。</p><p>　　四、三峽工程的巨大效益</p><p>

57、　　三峽工程是中國、也是世界上最大的水利樞紐工程，是治理和開發(fā)長江的關(guān)鍵性骨干工程。三峽工程水庫正常蓄水位175m，總庫容393億m3；水庫全長600余公里，平均寬度1.1公里；水庫面積1084平方公里。它具有防洪、發(fā)電、航運等巨大的綜合效益。</p><p><b>　　1.防洪</b></p><p>　　興建三峽工程的首要目標是防洪。三峽水利樞紐是長江中下游防洪

58、體系中的關(guān)鍵性骨干工程。經(jīng)三峽水庫調(diào)蓄，在上游形成庫容為393億m3的河道型水庫，可調(diào)節(jié)防洪庫容達221.5億m3，能有效地攔截宜昌以上來的洪水，大大削減洪峰流量，使荊江河段防洪標準由現(xiàn)在的約十年一遇提高到百年一遇。遇千年一遇的特大洪水，可配合荊江分洪等分蓄洪工程的運用，防止荊江河段兩岸發(fā)生干堤潰決的毀滅性災害，減輕中下游洪災損失和對武漢市的洪水威脅，并可為洞庭湖區(qū)的治理創(chuàng)造條件。</p><p><b&g

59、t;　　2.發(fā)電</b></p><p>　　三峽工程最直接的經(jīng)濟效益就是發(fā)電。平衡當代中國高速發(fā)展經(jīng)濟與嚴重能源短缺的矛盾，清潔的可以再生的水電資源無疑是最優(yōu)的選擇。三峽水電站總裝機容量1820萬千瓦，年平均發(fā)電量846.8億千瓦時。它將為經(jīng)濟發(fā)達、能源不足的華東、華中和華南等地區(qū)提供可靠、廉價、清潔的可再生能源，對經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和減少環(huán)境污染起到重大的作用。</p><p>　　

60、三峽工程所提供的電力資源，如果以火電來算，就意味著要多修建10座180萬千瓦級的火電廠，平均每年多采掘原煤5000萬噸。除廢渣影響環(huán)境外，每年還將排放大量形成全球溫室效應的二氧化碳，造成酸雨的二氧化硫，有毒氣體一氧化碳和氮氧化物，還會產(chǎn)生大量的飄塵、降塵等；火電廠和棄渣場大規(guī)模的占地將從華東、華中這本來就人多地少的地區(qū)奪去更多的土地。這不僅使中國今后將承受更大的環(huán)境所帶來的壓力，也對全球環(huán)境造成不利的影響。</p><

61、;p><b>　　3.航運</b></p><p>　　三峽水庫將顯著改善宜昌至重慶660公里的長江航道，萬噸級船隊可直達重慶港。航道單向年通過能力可由現(xiàn)在的約1000萬噸提高到5000萬噸，運輸成本可降低35-37%。經(jīng)水庫調(diào)節(jié)，宜昌下游枯水季最小流量，可從現(xiàn)在的3000 m3/s提高到5000 m3/s以上，使長江中下游枯水季航運條件也得到較大的改善。</p><

62、;p>　　五、興建三峽工程中的問題</p><p><b>　　1.泥沙問題</b></p><p>　　長江宜昌段年輸沙量5.3億噸，將淤塞三峽水庫。水庫正常擋水位175m高程，總庫容393億m3，死水位145m高程，死庫容172億m3，防洪庫容221億m3，蓄水調(diào)節(jié)庫容165億m3。水庫運行方案為：汛期限制水位145m高程，3年一遇洪水56700 m3/s以

63、下不調(diào)洪，經(jīng)泄深孔和水電站暢泄，可減少水庫沙淤積。來大洪水，水庫調(diào)洪，仍下泄56700 m3/s；汛后沖水庫淤積。九月水庫開始蓄水，約兩個月到正常蓄水位175m高程。次年汛前庫水位降至155m高程，利用蓄水發(fā)電。在155m水位，可保持川江航運。到汛期，水位又降至145m水位，由于當時流量大，仍可保持川江航運。這是創(chuàng)新的水庫運行方案。</p><p>　　2.庫區(qū)岸邊邊坡滑坡問題</p><p&

64、gt;　　經(jīng)詳細地質(zhì)調(diào)查，三峽水庫庫岸有若干潛在滑坡，大的可達數(shù)百萬m3。但是離壩址最近的潛在滑坡，也遠于26km，如發(fā)生滑坡，激起的沖擊波到壩前消減到2～3m高，不影響大壩安全。此外，庫岸如發(fā)生滑波，由于水庫寬深，不會影響航運。</p><p>　　3.樞紐工程技術(shù)問題</p><p>　　三峽樞紐185m高混凝土重力壩和1820萬kW?h發(fā)電廠房，工程量大，但畢竟都是常規(guī)工程，我國有較

65、多經(jīng)驗。局部地基穩(wěn)定問題經(jīng)過處理，能滿足安全要求。70萬kW水輪發(fā)電機組，首批從國外進口，后來由國內(nèi)自制。較復雜的是兩線五級船閘，在巖岸內(nèi)深挖，最高邊坡達170m，下部閘室垂直60m，高巖坡穩(wěn)定性是擔心的。但工程師和施工人員的精心研究設計、爆破和錨固、開挖，巖坡長期穩(wěn)定。還有3000t客輪的升船機，是世界上最大的，正在設計研究中，并先修試驗用升船機。</p><p><b>　　4.生態(tài)環(huán)境問題<

66、/b></p><p>　　修建三峽工程對生態(tài)環(huán)境有利方面為：防治下游土地和城鎮(zhèn)淹沒，減少火電空氣污染，改善局部氣候，水庫可養(yǎng)魚等。對生態(tài)不利方面為：淹沒耕地30余萬畝，果地20余萬畝，移民到庫邊高地，將破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境，水庫靜水減弱污水自凈能力，惡化水質(zhì)，影響野生動物的繁殖等。所以有利有弊，不妨礙修建三峽工程。應該把不利減少到最低程度，主要是水庫移民要植樹種草，修建梯田，保護生態(tài)環(huán)境，不要求糧食自給。做到這些

67、，要化大力氣和資金。控制重慶、涪陵、萬縣等城市排污，進行污水處理，保護水庫水質(zhì)，保護野生動物，設立保護區(qū)。保護生態(tài)環(huán)境雖有難度，但必須解決也可以解決。至于三峽風景，由于巖岸高近千米，而三峽壩只高出原來江面110m。風景基本依舊，高峽出平湖，更增加了秀麗。</p><p><b>　　六、庫區(qū)移民問題</b></p><p>　　三峽水庫將淹沒陸地面積632平方公里，涉

68、及重慶市、湖北省的20個縣（市）。三峽水庫淹沒涉及城市2座、縣城11座、集鎮(zhèn)116個；受淹沒或淹沒影響的工礦企業(yè)1599家，水庫淹沒線以下共有耕地2.45萬公頃；淹沒公路824.25公里，水電站9.22萬千瓦；淹沒區(qū)房屋面積為3459.6萬平方米，淹沒區(qū)居住的總?cè)丝跒?4.41萬人（其中農(nóng)業(yè)人口36.15萬人）?？紤]到建設期間內(nèi)的人口增長和二次搬遷等其它因素，三峽水庫移民安置的動態(tài)總?cè)丝趯⑦_到113萬人。任務艱巨，但必須要安置好移民，使

69、其生活有所改善，并幫助移民創(chuàng)造生產(chǎn)條件，經(jīng)過20年艱苦奮斗，富裕起來。多數(shù)移民退至高地，一部分移民到外地。三峽水庫將淹沒陸地面積632平方公里，涉及重慶市、湖北省的20個縣（市）。三峽水庫淹沒涉及城市2座、縣城11座、集鎮(zhèn)116個；受淹沒或淹沒影響的工礦企業(yè)1599家，水庫淹沒線以下共有耕地（含柑桔地）2.45萬公頃；淹沒公路824.25公里，水電站9.22萬千瓦；淹沒區(qū)房屋面積為3459.6萬平方米，淹沒區(qū)居住的總?cè)丝跒?4.41萬人

70、（其中農(nóng)業(yè)人口36.15萬人）。考慮到建設期間內(nèi)的人口增長和二次搬遷等其它因素，</p><p>　　1.三峽移民的開發(fā)性和開放性</p><p>　　國家在三峽工程建設中，實行開發(fā)性移民方針，由有關(guān)人民政府組織領(lǐng)導移民安置工作，統(tǒng)籌使用移民經(jīng)費，合理開發(fā)資源，以農(nóng)業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)、農(nóng)工商結(jié)合，通過多渠道、多產(chǎn)業(yè)、多形式、多方法妥善安置移民，移民的生活水平達到或者超過原有水平，并為三峽庫區(qū)長遠的經(jīng)

71、濟發(fā)展和移民生活水平的提高創(chuàng)造條件。開發(fā)性移民方針，是我國水庫移民的一項重大改革。這一方針，是在總結(jié)新中國建立以來移民工作的經(jīng)驗教訓和三峽庫區(qū)八年移民試點的基礎(chǔ)上提出來的。三峽水庫移民一開始，就貫徹了開發(fā)性移民的方針政策，堅持國家扶持、政策優(yōu)惠、各方支援、自力更生的原則，由政府出面，有計劃地開發(fā)本地資源，拓展安置容量，并幫助提供配套服務，廣辟生產(chǎn)生活門路，使之達到“搬得出，穩(wěn)得住，逐步能致富”的目標。同時，國家批準三峽庫區(qū)為“三峽經(jīng)濟開

72、放區(qū)”，享受沿海地區(qū)對外開放的某些特殊政策，并號召發(fā)達省、市對口支援三峽移民，把移民企業(yè)和相關(guān)生產(chǎn)要素推向了更為廣闊的大市場。三峽庫區(qū)各級政府也出臺了一些開展對口支援、招商引資的優(yōu)惠措施。庫區(qū)移民呈現(xiàn)出了以開放促開發(fā)、以開發(fā)促安置的良性局面。</p><p>　　2.三峽移民的重組性和擴張性</p><p>　　三峽移民是一項涉及庫區(qū)社會重構(gòu)、資源重組的事業(yè)，重組性是三峽移民的顯著特征之一

73、，也是與傳統(tǒng)的單純補償性移民、原樣搬遷復制的根本區(qū)別。實行開發(fā)性移民方針，必然要求結(jié)合移民搬遷，對生產(chǎn)要素進行重新組合，從而提高資源的配置效率，形成新的生產(chǎn)力。所謂擴張，既是規(guī)模的拓展，更是結(jié)構(gòu)的改善，功能的強化和質(zhì)量的提高。用發(fā)展經(jīng)濟學的觀點看，實施開發(fā)性移民的過程，就是庫區(qū)經(jīng)濟擴張的過程。開發(fā)性移民從實施擴張開始，到實現(xiàn)擴張為止，整個移民搬遷和重建家園的過程貫穿著經(jīng)濟的擴張，充滿著對未來擴張的向往。當然，在實際運作中，要注重一切從移

74、民實際出發(fā)，堅持理性擴張。</p><p><b>　　七、投資和效益問題</b></p><p>　　三峽工程靜態(tài)投資900.9億元（1993年物價），工程完成時動態(tài)投資約2000余億元。三峽工程投資來源有：國家貸款，國有電站電價每千瓦時加價0.4～0.7分錢，葛洲壩水電站電費收入，三峽水電站發(fā)電后的電費收入等，國家是有此財力保證投資到位的。</p>