外文翻譯--金剛石刀具磨損的評(píng)價(jià) 英文版

1、DOI 10.1007/s00170-004-2091-xOR I GI NAL AR T I C LEInt J Adv Manuf Technol (2005) 26: 959–964W. Polini · S. TurchettaEvaluation of diamond tool wearReceived: 28 May 2003 / Accepted: 9 January 2004 / Published onlin

2、e: 19 May 2004 © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2004Abstract The present study proposes a test protocol regard-ing the wear of sintered diamond tools. A set of parameters, which characterise the grade of wear, and i

3、ts relationship with the cutting ability of the examined tools, are established. The proposed protocol establishes the procedure and the equipment for carrying out the tests, the features of the materials to use and the

4、format of the report to present the results obtained. The developed test protocol indicates an universally applicable way for measurement of the wear of the diamond tool. It is an in- dispensable instrument for correctly

5、 carrying out the wear tests and for reliably interpreting the results. The protocol developed so far mainly regards laboratory tests, considering the slowness and precision of the measurements involved. Given the total

6、ab- sence of norms, this protocol could be absorbed by national and international norm establishing organisations. This protocol has also been applied to two types of tools and the results obtained have appeared reliable

7、 and replicable. The test protocol proposed in this study makes it possible to overcome the difficulties con- nected to the scarcity of technical data regarding the properties of the tool, which is typical in this field

8、since the recipes for tool manufacturing are patented.Keywords Cutting tool · Diamond sintered mill · Macro-geometric wear parameters · Test protocol · Wear1 IntroductionThe increasing demand both in

9、the industrial field and in urban furnishing for elements in natural stone with increasingly com- plex geometry makes it necessary to use increasingly flexibleW. Polini · S. Turchetta (u) Dipartimento di Ingegneria

10、Industriale, Università di Cassino, via G. di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, Italy E-mail: turchetta@unicas.it Tel.: +39-0776-2994013 Fax +39-0776-2993886and automatic machines, such as numerically controlled machin- ing

11、 centres. These centres make it possible to carry out large numbers of operations by means of diamond mills. No stud- ies on optimisation of the cutting process have been carried out for these jobs. Therefore, until now,

12、 a sometimes imperfect so- lution has been accepted [1, 2]. Optimisation means reducing machining costs and/or times and/or improving the quality of the products obtained by working on different factors, such as cutting

13、strengths, tool properties, process temperatures and vi- brations [3–5]. A critical point is the actual tool. Optimisation of the tool properties in relation to the wear process leads to optimisation of the whole process

14、. The present study aims at understanding the diamond tool wear process. This behaviour has a direct influence on energy consumption and on tool life. In particular, diamond tool wear necessitates appropriate def- initio

15、ns and measurements. In other words, it is necessary to establish, in a clear and unequivocal way, the parameters that characterise the wear process and their measurement by means of a reliable and replicable procedure.

16、The aim of the present study is to define a test protocol regarding wear of sintered diamond tools. The total absence of bibliographic references or norms regarding the procedures for conducting wear tests on sintered di

17、amond tools has made it imperative to prepare an adaptable test protocol that offers a universally valid mode for carrying out the macro-geometric wear test with the aim of obtaining replicable and comparable results. It

18、 is an indispensable instru- ment for correctly carrying out tests and for reliably interpreting the results. It offers stone machining companies the possibil- ity of comparing tools that producers sell as being similar,

19、 but during machining present extremely differing performances. In fact, at the present state, diamond tools available on the market are characterised solely by the specification of the material they can process, while o

20、ther technical features are subject to indus- trial patent and, therefore, are unknown to marble and granite machining firms. This protocol could be used by tool manufac- turers to evaluate the performance of their tools

21、 compared to those of competitors and at the same time to equip their sup- plies with information on the useful life of the tools offered. This last aspect represents a service that transformers are requesting961whole ra

22、nge of speeds used during the actual machining. The method to be followed to achieve the test regarding tool life is the same as that used for achieving the cut operation with observations to be noted and measurements to

23、 be made. The macro-geometric wear test consists of carrying out various cut- ting operations in succession and interposing the measurement of the macro-geometric wear parameters between one cut and the next. The test re

24、port will contain the graph regarding the trend of the macro-geometric wear parameters in relation to the volume of removed material. Below we have the full text of the protocol.3.1 Material to machineGiven the large num

25、ber of materials used in the natural stone machining field it is not advisable to compare tests carried out on differing materials or on materials having similar proper- ties. For this reason the properties of the materi

26、als used must be specified in a test summary according to the details given in Table 2 for the two considered granites: black Africa and Sar- dinian granites.3.2 Standard conditions of the workpieceThe cutting test must

27、involve the whole surface of the tool (i.e., the radial depth of cut must be equal to the diameter of the tool). It must be carried out on slabs having dimensions that will min- imise vibrations of the work-piece during

28、the test. The spindle and the table where the workpiece will be fixed must be stable and well-balanced. During positioning of the workpiece on the table bending of the work-piece must be carefully avoided.3.3 ToolTool we

29、ar strongly depends on the materials constituting the actual tool. In the test r´ esum´ e, characteristics of the tool usedduring the test must be specified according to indications given in the Table 3 for the

30、 two considered tools.3.4 Cutting fluidAll cutting tests in which the cutting fluid is not a variable must be achieved using water as the cutting fluid. The cutting fluid jet must be directed onto the face of the tool an

31、d completely hit the active part of the tool. If possible, indicate jet capacity and pressure in the test r´ esum´ e.3.5 Cut conditionsFor all cutting tests in which feed rate f , axial depth of cut a, and cutt

32、ing speed vt do not constitute the main test variables, cut- ting conditions must have the reference values shown in Table 4. If the aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship among tool wear and cutting parameters

33、, cutting conditions must be planned on many different levels, inside the range of interest from an in- dustrial point of view, through design of experiment techniques (DOE) techniques.3.6 Macro-geometric wear test proce

34、dure3.6.1 IntroductionThe aim of the tool life test is to establish by means of experi- mental tests how one or more parameters influence the life of the cutting tools. The reason for deciding that the life of a particul

35、ar cutting material is over is often different for different machin- ing operations. The simplest case that can occur is when the tool becomes completely unusable. In the majority of cases the tool wears progressively an

36、d the machining carried out becomes less satisfactory, for instance, cut strengths increase and produce in- tolerable bending and vibrations. Determining the end of tool life is thus fixed for reasons of comparability.Th

37、e diamond tool wear is the result of progressive con-sumption of both diamond and binding. The diamond grit wear is strongly connected with the grit properties, while the bind- ing consumption is a function of binding ha

38、rdness. The micro- geometric effect is both the progressive rounding and breakage of the diamond grits, constituting the sectors layer by layer, and the erosion of binding. The macro-geometric result is the decrease of b

39、oth the diameter and the weight of the tool to- gether with the possible change of the tool cylindrical shape in time. The wear progression of a diamond tool strongly in- fluences the tool performances and, therefore, th

40、e effectiveness and the efficiency of the stone machining. In fact, a worn tool increases the loss of the cutting ability, the amount of vibra- tions produced during the cutting process, the probability to have a discont

41、inuous process and, therefore, the presence of chippings and undulations on the resulting stone product. The tool per- formance is a critical element for the optimisation of the stone machining.3.6.2 Machine-toolThe mach

42、ine used for the test must be of rigid structure and not tend to vibrate or bend anomalously during the test. The machine-tool must have a command for continuous speed vari- ation covering the whole range of speeds used.

43、 Furthermore, a variable speed command allows the exact predetermination of cutting speeds and reduces the time necessary for obtaining the tool life curve.3.6.3 InstrumentationThe following instruments are necessary for

44、 carrying out the necessary measurements and must be accurately constructed in order to be able to verify the tolerances indicated in the present instructions:? A stopwatch to register cutting times ? An optical microsco

45、pe equipped with a micrometric devicefor measuring the tool size? An electronic balance with a sensitivity of 0.01 g ? An instrument for measuring cutting liquid flow (may be ob-tained by measuring the time necessary to