外文翻譯----不同的室外設(shè)計(jì)條件對空調(diào)設(shè)備制冷性能和設(shè)計(jì)冷負(fù)荷的影響（英文）

1、Influence of different outdoor design conditions on design cooling load and design capacities of air conditioning equipmentsMehmet Azmi Aktacir a,*, Orhan Bu ¨yu ¨kalaca b, Hu ¨samettin Bulut a, Tuncay Y?l

2、maz ba Harran University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osmanbey Campus, S ?anl?urfa, Turkey b C ¸ ukurova University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adana, TurkeyReceived 14 March 2007; accepted 30 O

3、ctober 2007 Available online 20 February 2008AbstractOutdoor design conditions are important parameters for energy efficiency of buildings. The result of incorrect selection of outdoor design conditions can be dramatic i

4、n view of comfort and energy consumption. In this study, the influence of different outdoor design conditions on air conditioning systems is investigated. For this purpose, cooling loads and capacities of air conditionin

5、g equipments for a sample building located in Adana, Turkey are calculated using different outdoor design conditions recommended by ASHRAE, the cur- rent design data used in Turkey and the daily maximum dry and wet bulb

6、temperatures of July 21st, which is generally accepted as the design day. The cooling coil capacities obtained from the different outdoor design conditions considered in this study are compared with each other. The cost

7、analysis of air conditioning systems is also performed. It is seen that the selection of outdoor design conditions is a very critical step in calculation of the building cooling loads and design capacities of air conditi

8、oning equipments. ? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Weather design data; HVAC system; Cooling load; Cost analysis1. IntroductionLocal climatic conditions are important parameters for the energy efficienc

9、y of buildings. Because the energy consumption in buildings depends on climatic condi- tions and the performance of heating ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems changes with them as well, better design in buil

10、ding HVAC applications that take account of the right climatic conditions will result in better comfort and more energy efficient buildings. Outdoor design conditions are weather data information for design purposes show

11、ing the characteristic features of the climate at a particular location. They affect building loads and economical design. The result of incorrect selec- tion of outdoor conditions can be dramatic in view of energy and c

12、omfort. If some very conservative, extremeconditions are taken, uneconomic design and over sizing may result. If design loads are underestimated, equipment and system operation will be affected. However, selecting the co

13、rrect type of weather data is a difficult problem. To overcome the problem, Yoshida and Terai [1] constructed an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) type weather model by applying a system identification technique to th

14、e original weather data. Li et al. [2] studied climatic effects on cooling load determination in subtropical regions. They found that the outdoor climatic conditions developed for cooling load estimations are less string

15、ent than the current outdoor design data and approaches adopted by local architectural and engineering practices. Zogou and Stamatelos [3] provided a comparative discus- sion on the effect of climatic conditions on the d

16、esign opti- mization of heat pump systems and showed that climatic conditions significantly affect the performance of heat pump systems, which should lead to markedly different strategies for domestic heating and cooling

17、, if an optimiza- tion is sought on sustainability grounds. Lam [4] studied0196-8904/$ - see front matter ? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2007.10.021* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 414

18、344 00 20; fax: +90 414 344 00 31. E-mail address: aktacir@harran.edu.tr (M.A. Aktacir).www.elsevier.com/locate/enconmanAvailable online at www.sciencedirect.comEnergy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 1766–1773Buildin

19、gs’’ [9]. Table 1 shows the overall heat transfer coef- ficients of the high school envelope.3. Outdoor design conditionsIn the analysis, the various outdoor design condition data sets of Adana were used. Details of the

20、data sets are given in Table 2. As shown in the table; there are five data sets. The first data set is the current outdoor design conditions (CUR- RENT) [8] used by project engineers in Turkey. The second and third data

21、sets are outdoor design conditions for cooling (ASHRAE_04, ASHRAE_1, ASHRAE_2) and evapora- tion systems recommended by ASHRAE [7] at the 0.4%, 1% and 2% frequency levels (ASHRAE_EVAP_04, ASH- RAE_EVAP_1, ASHRAE_EVAP_2),

22、 respectively. The fourth data set is the maximum dry bulb and wet bulb tem-peratures, which are given by ASHRAE [7] at the 0.4%, 1% and 2% frequency levels (ASHRAE_MAX_04, ASH- RAE_MAX_1, ASHRAE_MAX_2), respectively. Th

23、e last data set is the daily maximum dry and wet bulb tempera- tures of July 21st (DAILY MAX) as design day data, which are calculated from the meteorological data obtained from the Turkish State Meteorological Service (

24、Turkish initials ‘DM_ I’).4. Air conditioning systemThe sample building is conditioned by an all air condi- tioning system with constant air volume (CAV). The system commonly consists of an air handling unit (AHU), air c

25、ooled chiller system, supply and return fans, duct and control units. Fig. 2 is a schematic of an all air central air condition- ing system showing typical operating conditions. The returned room air (state R) is mixed w

26、ith the required out- door air (state O) at the air handling unit. The mixed air (state M) passes through the cooling coil. The outdoor air is usually warmer and more humid than the return air under typical operation con

27、ditions. Therefore, the cooling processTable 1 Overall heat transfer coefficients (U) of the sample building envelopeWall Roof Floor WindowU (W/m2 K) 0.783 0.508 0.757 2.8Table 2 Various outdoor design conditions for Ada

28、na, TurkeyNo. Description of the data set Name of the data set Risk level (%) DB (?C) WB (?C)1 Current design (DBmax-WBmax) CURRENT – 38.0 26.0 2 ASHRAE-cooling (DB-CWB) ASHRAE_04 0.4 36.1 21.6 ASHRAE_1 1 34.6 21.8 ASHRA

29、E_2 2 33.2 22.3 3 ASHRAE-evaporation (WB-CDB) ASHRAE_EVAP_04 0.4 31.7 26.0 ASHRAE_EVAP_1 1 30.5 25.4 ASHRAE_EVAP_2 2 29.9 24.9 4 ASHRAE-max (DBmax-WBmax) ASHRAE_MAX_04 0.4 36.1 26.0 ASHRAE_MAX_1 1 34.6 25.4 ASHRAE_MAX_2

30、2 33.2 24.9 5 Daily-max (DBmax-WBmax) DAILY MAX – 35.2 24.1MIXING SECTIONSUPPLY FANSQcoilOutdoor AirOSQcoolingSPACECOOLING UNITMixing AirMRETURN FANRReturn AirEXHAUSTR EFig. 2. Schematic of air movement of an all air con