[雙語翻譯]--土木工程外文翻譯--關于海嘯對建筑物及橋梁的危害的模擬實驗（原文）

1、Proceedings of 2008 NSF Engineering Research and Innovation Conference, Knoxville, Tennessee Grant #0530759 Experimental Simulation of Tsunami Hazards to Buildings and Bridges H.R. Riggs, Ian N. Robertson, Kwok Fai Che

2、ung, Geno Pawlak University of Hawaii at Manoa Yin Lu Young and Solomon C.S. Yim Princeton University Oregon State University Abstract: This project investigates tsunami hazards faced by coastal infra

3、structure through experimental and numerical simulation. Primary focus of the investigation is on scour and fluid loads from run-up, inundation, and drawdown when tsunami bores hit structures. The focus of the experi

4、ments is to obtain quality data that can be used to validate numerical models and codes. The objective of this paper is to document the complete experimental set-ups as well as the sequence of experiments and to prov

5、ide some preliminary data. The paper will provide a reference of the experimental design that subsequent publications can cite. 1. Introduction: Coastal infrastructure such as buildings, bridges, highways, and h

6、arbor facilities near shorelines that are susceptible to tsunami inundation are at risk of significant damage if the structures are not adequately designed for such loads. The 2004 Great Indian Ocean Tsunami demonstr

7、ated this, and the devastation has been well-documented. Ref. [1-3] show clear examples of damage as a result of both scour and fluid loading from that tsunami. The structural damage is very similar to what can happe

8、n from hurricane storm surge and waves. Such damage from Hurricane Katrina is shown in Figure 1–Figure 3. Figure 1. US-90 bridge from Bay St. Louis to Pass Christian showing dislocation due to buoyancy and hydrodynam

9、ic loads [4] Figure 2. Double-tee negative bending failure in parking structure at Grand Casino, Biloxi – bottom picture is inset from top picture [5] Although there are some clear differences between the damage mech

10、anisms of tsunami and hurricane surge/waves, there are also similarities and the resulting damage is strikingly similar. The tsunami threat has been receiving increased attention. A recent special issue of the ASC

11、E Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering focused on tsunami engineering, which was defined as ‘those activities that are significant for the engineering goal of designing and protecting the built en

12、vironment and the people that dwell therein, with regard to potential tsunami hazards’ [6]. Unfortunately, designers NSF GRANT # 0530759 NSF PROGRAM NAME: NEES Research Proceedings of 2008 NSF Engineering Research and

13、 Innovation Conference, Knoxville, Tennessee Grant #0530759 The wavemaker is a piston-type, electric motor. It consists of 29 boards, each 2.0 m high. Regular, irregular, and tsunami (solitary) waves can be generate

14、d, both single and multi-directional. The wave periods range from 0.5 s to 10 s. The pistons have a maximum stroke of 2.1 m and a maximum velocity of 2.0 m/s. Information on the facility can be found on the web [13].

15、 Unfortunately, the TWB does not have a reconfigurable beach, and beach configurations for specific projects must be custom made. For our experiments, we required a number of beach slopes and fringing reef configurat

16、ions. It would have been too expensive, and taken too long, to reconfigure beaches that spanned the entire 26.5 m width of the basin. In addition, to obtain the data required, we were mostly interested in two- dimensi

17、onal flow. As a result, we constructed two concrete walls along the length of the basin to create three channels, two of which are 2.16 m wide and are used in our experiments (Figure 5). The outer wall has three 1.1

18、m x 0.7 m Plexiglas viewports downstream to obtain a vertical plane view and video capture of the fluid flow and sediment transport. The remainder of the basin, approximately 21.8 m wide, is used by OSU for unrelated

19、 tsunami experiments and for a payload project. All three channels experienced the same wave fields, which were controlled by our tests. Figure 4. Tsunami Wave Basin (TWB) [13] Our experiments required five sets of bas

20、ic beach configurations: two with a constant slope from the bottom of the basin at slopes of 1:10 and 1:15, and three with beach slopes of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:15 and a fringing reef. In the cases of a fringing reef, the

21、 beach slope terminated at an elevation of 1 m above the basin bottom and was horizontal thereafter. The basic configuration is shown in Figure 6 for the 1:10 beach slope with reef. For the run-up/inundation studies

22、and the structural loading studies, the beach was concrete (except for the 1:15 slope, the upper portion of which was a steel plate). For the scour studies, the slope was created by sand. Water depths of 1.0, 1.05, 1

23、.10, and 1.15 m were used. Wave heights from 0.1 to 0.6 m in increments of 0.1 m were used. While the focus was on solitary waves, to model a tsunami, some cnoidal and storm waves were also run to obtain a broader ran

24、ge of data. Figure 5. Channels installed in TWB In the following sections, the experimental setups and results from each of the three thrusts are discussed in more detail. 3. Wave Energy Dissipation: The coastlines ar

25、ound Hawaii and other tropical locations are fronted by fringing reefs, which typically consist of a steep reef face and a shallow reef top with highly irregular surface. These large coastal features between land and

26、 ocean may have significant implication for tsunami hazards assessment and mitigation. Apart from anecdotal reports of tsunami damage or lack of damage to coastlines with reef structures, a systematic study of the p

27、rotection provided by fringing reefs to coastal infrastructure is not immediately evident. Five series of experiments were specifically designed to investigate tsunami transformation and energy dissipation over f

28、ringing reefs. The two constant-slope experiments are primarily used to test the effects of bedform roughness on tsunami bore formation and energy dissipation. The three reef configurations were designed to cover nat

29、ural fringing reef profiles gathered from Oahu, Hawaii and Guam, Mariana Islands. For some of the tests, a reef crest is added at the reef edge to create a shallow lagoon behind. Figure 6 shows, for example, the exper

30、imental setup for the 1:10 reef configuration. A resistance wave gauge near the wave maker records the incident wave profile, while gauges placed at 1 m intervals over the reef face record the profile transformation.