ccd圖像圖像處理外文翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文文獻翻譯

1、<p><b>　　附錄</b></p><p><b>　　附錄1</b></p><p><b>　　翻譯部分</b></p><p>　　Raw CCD images are exceptional but not perfect. Due to the digital nature

2、of the data many of the imperfections can be compensated for or calibrated out of the final image through digital image processing.</p><p>　　Composition of a Raw CCD Image.</p><p>　　A raw CCD im

3、age consists of the following signal components:</p><p>　　IMAGE SIGNAL - The signal from the source.Electrons are generated from the actual source photons.</p><p>　　BIAS SIGNAL - Initial signal

4、already on the CCD before the exposure is taken. This signal is due to biasing the CCD offset slightly above zero A/D counts (ADU).</p><p>　　THERMAL SIGNAL - Signal (Dark Current thermal electrons) due to th

5、e thermal activity of the semiconductor. Thermal signal is reduced by cooling of the CCD to low temperature.Sources of Noise</p><p>　　CCD images are susceptible to the following sources of noise:</p>

6、<p>　　PHOTON NOISE - Random fluctuations in the photon signal of the source. The rate at which photons are received is not constant.</p><p>　　THERMAL NOISE - Statistical fluctuations in the generation

7、 of Thermal signal. The rate at which electrons are produced in the semiconductor substrate due to thermal effects is not constant.</p><p>　　READOUT NOISE - Errors in reading the signal; generally dominated

8、by the on-chip amplifier.</p><p>　　QUANTIZATION NOISE - Errors introduced in the A/D conversion process.</p><p>　　SENSITIVITY VARIATION - Sensitivity variations from photosite to photosite on th

9、e CCD detector or across the detector. Modern CCD's are uniform to better than 1% between neighboring photosites and uniform to better than 10% across the entire surface.Noise Corrections</p><p>　　REDU

10、CING NOISE - Readout Noise and Quantization Noise are limited by the construction of the CCD camera and can not be improved upon by the user. Thermal Noise, however, can be reduced by cooling of the CCD (temperature regu

11、lation). The Sensitivity Variations can be removed by proper flat fielding.</p><p>　　CORRECTING FOR THE BIAS AND THERMAL SIGNALS - The Bias and Thermal signals can be subtracted out from the Raw Image by tak

12、ing what is called a Dark Exposure. The dark exposure is a measure of the Bias Signal and Thermal Signal and may simply be subtracted from the Raw Image.</p><p>　　FLAT FIELDING -A record of the photosite to

13、photosite sensitivity variations can be obtained by taking an exposure of a uniformly lit 'flat field". These variations can then be divided out of the Raw Image to produce an image essentially free from this so

14、urce of error. Any length exposure will do, but ideally one which saturates the pixels to the 50% or 75% level is best.</p><p>　　The Final Processed Image</p><p>　　The final Processed Image whic

15、h removes unwanted signals and reduces noise as best we can is computed as follows:</p><p>　　Final Processed Image = (Raw - Dark)/Flat</p><p>　　All of the digital image processing functions desc

16、ribed above can be accomplished by using CCDOPS software furnished with each SBIG imaging camera. The steps to accomplish them are described in the Operating Manual furnished with each SBIG imaging camera. At SBIG we off

17、er our technical support to help you with questions on how to improve your images.</p><p>　　HOW TO SELECT THE CORRECT CCD IMAGING CAMERA FOR YOUR TELESCOPE</p><p>　　When new customers contact SB

18、IG we discuss their imaging camera application. We try to get an idea of their interests. We have found this method is an effective way of insuring that our customers get the right imaging camera for their purposes. Some

19、 of the questions we ask are as follows:What type of telescope do you presently own? Having this information allows us to match the CCD imaging Camera's parameters, pixel size and field of view to your telescope. We

20、 can also help you interface the CC</p><p>　　Do you want to automatically guide long uninterrupted astrophotographs? As the company with the most experience in CCD autoguiding we can help you install and ope

21、rate a CCD autoguider on your telescope. The Model STV has a worldwide reputation for accurate guiding on dim guide stars. No matter what type of telescope you own we can help you correctly interface it and get it workin

22、g properly.</p><p>　　SBIG CCD IMAGING CAMERAS</p><p>　　The SBIG product line consists of a series of thermoelectrically cooled CCD imaging cameras designed for a wide range of applications rangi

23、ng from astronomy, tricolor imaging, color photometry, spectroscopy, medical imaging, densitometry, to chemiluminescence and epifluorescence imaging, etc. This catalog includes information on astronomical imaging cameras

24、, scientific imaging cameras, autoguiding, and accessories. We have tried to arrange the catalog so that it is easy to compare products by sp</p><p>　　HOW TO GET STARTED USING YOUR CCD IMAGING CAMERA</p&g

25、t;<p>　　It all starts with the software.  If there's any company well known for its outstanding imaging camera software it's SBIG. Our CCDOPS Operating Software is well known for its user oriente

26、d camera control features and stability.  CCDOPS is available for free download from our web site along with sample images that you can display and analyze using the image processing and analysis functions of the CC

27、DOPS software. You can become thoroughly familiar with how our imaging cameras work and the capabi</p><p>　　A PERSONAL TOUCH FROM SBIG</p><p>　　At SBIG we have had much success with a program in

28、 which we continually review customer's images sent to us on disk or via e-mail.  We can often determine the cause of a problem from actual images sent in by a user. We review the images and contact each custome

29、r personally.  Images displaying poor telescope tracking, improper imaging camera focus, oversaturated images, etc., are typical initial problems.   We will help you quickly learn how to improve your images.

30、60; You can be assured of personal</p><p>　　TRACK AND ACCUMULATE  (U.S. Patent # 5,365,269)</p><p>　　Using an innovative engineering approach SBIG developed an imaging camera function calle

31、d Track & Accumulate (TRACCUM) in which multiple images are automatically registered to create a single long exposure.  Since the long exposure consists of short images the total combined exposure significantly

32、improves resolution by reducing the cumulative telescope periodic error.  In the TRACCUM mode each image is shifted to correct guiding errors and added to the image buffer. In this mode the telescope d</p>&l

33、t;p>　　DUAL CCD SELF-GUIDING  (U.S. Patent # 5,525,793)</p><p>　　In 1994 with the introduction of Models ST-7 and ST-8 CCD Imaging Cameras which incorporate two separate CCD detectors, SBIG was able t

34、o accomplish the goal of introducing a truly self-guided CCD imaging camera.  The ability to select guide stars with a separate CCD through the full telescope aperture is equivalent to having a thermoelectrically co

35、oled CCD autoguider in your imaging camera.  This feature has been expanded to all dual sensor ST series cameras (ST-7/8/9/10/2000) and all STL series</p><p>　　COMPUTER PLATFORMS</p><p>　　S

36、BIG has been unique in its support of both PC and Macintosh platforms for our cameras.  The imaging cameras in this catalog communicate with the host computer through standard serial or USB ports depending on the sp

37、ecific models.  Since there are no external plug-in boards required with our imaging camera systems we encourage users to operate with the new family of high resolution graphics laptop computers.  We furnish Op

38、erating Software for you to install on your host computer. Once the softwa</p><p>　　GENERAL CONCLUSION</p><p>　　(1) of this item from the theoretical analysis of the use of CCD technology for re

39、al-time non-contact measuring the diameter of the feasibility of measuring it is fast, efficient, accurate, high degree of automation, off-production time and so on. (2) projects to test the use of CCD technology to ach

40、ieve real-time, online non-contact measurement, developed by the CCD-line non-contact diameter measurement system has a significant technology advanced and practical application of significance. (3</p><p>&

41、lt;b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　原料CCD圖像是例外，但并非十全十美。由于數(shù)字數(shù)據(jù)的性質(zhì)有很多不完善，可以得到補償或校準出最后的形象，通過數(shù)字圖像處理。 組成原料CCD圖像。 原料CCD圖像組成，以下信號組成部分： 圖像信號-信號從s ource.electrons產(chǎn)生實際的光子源。 偏置信號-初步信號已經(jīng)在防治荒漠化公約前曝光是所采取的。這個信號是由于偏置防治荒漠化公約抵銷略高

42、于零的A / D計數(shù)（ adu ） 。 熱信號-信號（暗電流的熱電子）由于熱活性半導(dǎo)體。熱信號是減少冷卻防治荒漠化公約低溫。來源噪音CCD圖像很容易受到以下來源的噪音： 光子噪聲-隨機波動，在光子的信號源。率在哪個光子收到的是不是常數(shù)。 熱噪聲-統(tǒng)計的波動產(chǎn)生的熱信號。率，其中電子產(chǎn)品在半導(dǎo)體基板由于熱效應(yīng)是不是常數(shù)。 讀出噪聲-在讀的錯誤信號;普遍占主導(dǎo)地位由芯片內(nèi)建的放大器。 量化噪聲-錯誤介紹了在A / D轉(zhuǎn)換過程。 敏

43、感性的變化-敏感性的變化，從p hotosite，以p hotosite對C CD探測器或整個探測器?，F(xiàn)代的CCD是統(tǒng)一，以更好地超過1 ％的鄰國間photosites和統(tǒng)一，以更好地超過10 ％ ，橫跨整個表</p><p>　　糾正偏見和熱的信號-偏見和熱信號可以減去從R AW圖像，采取什么是所謂的一個黑暗的暴露。黑暗曝光，是衡量偏差信號和熱信號和可能只是減去RAW圖像。 平場-的紀錄，該photosite

44、 ，以photosite敏感性的變化可以得到以一曝光，均勻點燃了'平場“ 。這些變化便可以劃分出RAW圖像，以產(chǎn)生一個形象，基本上是免費的從這個誤差來源。任何長度的接觸將盡，但理想的其中飽和像素到50 ％或75 ％的水平是最好的。</p><p>　　最后處理的圖像最后處理的形象，刪除無用信號，并降低噪音，最好的，我們可以計算如下： 最后處理的圖像= （原料-黑暗） /單位所有的數(shù)字圖像處理功能上文所述

45、，可以通過使用ccdops軟件家具與每個sbig成像相機。步驟來完成他們所描述的操作手冊家具與每個sbig成像相機。在sbig我們提供我們的技術(shù)支持，以幫助您的問題，就如何改善你的圖像。 如何選擇正確的CCD成像相機為您的望遠鏡當新客戶的聯(lián)系sbig我們討論他們的成像相機應(yīng)用。我們爭取的構(gòu)想他們的利益。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種方法是一種有效方式，投保我們的客戶得到正確的影像相機為他們的目的。的一些問題，我們要求分列如下： 什么類型的望

46、遠鏡，你目前自己的呢？有這方面的資料，讓我們以配合CCD成像相機的參數(shù)，像素大小和領(lǐng)域，以便您的望遠鏡。我們還可以幫助您界面CCD成像照相機的自動導(dǎo)向功能到您的望遠鏡。 你是Mac或PC使用者？由于我們的軟件支持這兩種平臺，我們可以保證您收到正確的軟件。我們也可以回答有關(guān)任何獨特功能，在一個或另一個。我們可以寄給您一個示范的副本，適當?shù)能浖?，供您檢閱。 你是否有望遠鏡的驅(qū)動器基地，你想</p><p&

47、gt;　　相機。新客戶接受他們的CCD成像相機，首先要閱讀安裝在其第ccdops操作手冊。一旦您已經(jīng)閱讀第你應(yīng)該有任何困難，安裝ccdops軟件對您的硬盤驅(qū)動器，連接USB纜線從影像相機到您的電腦，啟動影像相機和在幾分鐘內(nèi)開始把您的第一CCD圖像。我們的許多客戶都感到驚訝它是如何的方便開始采取圖像。更多信息可發(fā)現(xiàn)，通過閱讀圖像處理路段的ccdops和ccdsoftv5手冊。這方面的資料可讓您的進展，以更先進的功能，如自動黑暗的框架減法的

48、圖像，把重點放在成像相機，檢視，分析與處理的圖像上螢?zāi)?，合作，加入圖像，同時自動序列圖像，天體測量和光度測量等。oversaturated圖像等，是典型的初始的問題。我們將幫助您迅速了解如何改善您的圖像。你可以放心,個人技術(shù)支持，當您需要它。客戶支持計劃提供了sbig一個大型收集了顯著的圖像。許多客戶有其圖像發(fā)表在sbig目錄，廣告和各種天文學(xué)雜志。我們歡迎有機會檢討您的圖片，并希望您將充分利用我們的訓(xùn)練有素的工作人員來幫助您改善您的圖