外文翻譯--車床和車削

1、<p>　　中文+英文 14頁(yè) 8516字?jǐn)?shù)</p><p><b>　　翻譯部分</b></p><p>　　Lathe and Turning</p><p>　　The Lathe and Its Construction</p><p>　　A lathe is a machine tool used

2、 primarily for producing surfaces of revolution flat edges. Based on their purpose ,construction , number of tools that can simultaneously be mounted , and degree of automation ,lathes or, more accurately, lathe-type mac

3、hine tools can be classified as follows:</p><p>　　(1) Engine lathes</p><p>　　(2) Toolroom lathes</p><p>　　(3) Turret lathes</p><p>　　(4) Vertical turning and boring mil

4、ls</p><p>　　(5) Automatic lathes</p><p>　　(6) Special-purpose lathes</p><p>　　In spite of that diversity of lathe-type machine tools, they all have all have common features with res

5、pect to construction and principle of operation .These features can best be illustrated by considering the commonly used representative type, the engine lathe. Following is a description of each of the main elements of a

6、n engine lathe , which is shown in Fig.11.1.</p><p>　　Lathe bed . The lathe bed is the main frame , involving a horizontal beam on two vertical supporis. It is usually made of grey or nodular cast iron to da

7、mp vibrations and is made by casting . It has guideways to allow the carriage to slide easily lengthwise. The height of the lathe bed should be appropriate to enable the technician to do his or her jib easily and comfort

8、ably.</p><p>　　Headstock. The headstock is fixed at the left hand side of the lathe bed and includes the spindle whose axis is parallel to the guideways (the silde surface of the bed) . The spindle is driven

9、 through the gearbox , which is housed within the headstock. The function of the gearbox is to provide a number of different spindle speeds (usually 6 up to 18 speeds) . Some modern lathes have headstocks with infinitely

10、 variable spindle speeds, which employ frictional , electrical , or hydraulic drives.</p><p>　　The spindle is always hollow , I .e ,it has a through hole extending lengthwise. Bar stocks can be fed througth

11、that hole if continous production is adopted . A lso , that hole has a tapered surface to allow mounting a plain lathe center . The outer surface of the spindle is threaded to allow mounting of a chuck , a face plate , o

12、r the like .</p><p>　　Tailstock . The tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts , its lower base, an intermediate part, and the quill . The lower base is a casting that can slide on the lathe bed

13、along the guidewayes , and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location , depending upon the length of the workpiece . The intermediate parte is a casting that can be moved tran

14、sversely to enable alignment of the axis of the the tailstock with that of the headstock . The </p><p>　　The carriage. The main function of the carriage is mounting of the cutting tools and generating longit

15、udinal and /or cross feeds. It is actually an H-shaped block that slides on the lathe bed between the headstock and tailstock while being guided by the V-shaped guideways of the bed . The carriage can be moved either man

16、ually or mechanically by means of the apron and either the feed rod or the lead screw.</p><p>　　When cutting screw threads, power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw. In all other turni

17、ng operations, it is the feed rod that drives the carriage. The lead screw goes through a pair o half nuts , which are fixed to the rear of the apron . When actuating a certain lever, the half nuts are clamped together a

18、nd engage with the rotating lead screw as a single nut, which is fed , together with carriage, along the bed . when the lever is disengaged , the half nuts are released </p><p>　　Lathe Cutting Tools</p>

19、;<p>　　The shape and geometry of the lathe tools depend upon the purpose for which they are employed. Turning tools can be classified into tow main groups,namely,external cutting tools and internal cutting tools ,

20、 Each of these groups include the following types of tools:</p><p>　　Turning tools. Turing tools can be either finishing or rough turning tools . Rough turning tools have small nose radii and are used for ob

21、taining the final required dimensions with good surface finish by marking slight depth of cut . Rough turning tools can be right –hand or left-hand types, depending upon the direction of feed. They can have straight, ben

22、t, or offset shanks.</p><p>　　Facing tools . Facing tools are employed in facing operations for machining plane side or end surfaces. There are tools for machining left-hand-side surfaces and tools for right

23、-hand-side surfaces. Those side surfaces are generated through the use of the cross feed, contrary to turning operations, where the usual longitudinal feed is used.</p><p>　　Cutoff tools. Cutoff tools ,which

24、 are sometimes called parting tools, serve to separate the workpiece into parts and/or machine external annual grooves.</p><p>　　Thread-cutting tools. Thread-cutting tools have either triangular, square, or

25、tranpezoidal cutting edges, depending upon the cross section of the desired thread .Also , the plane angles of these tools must always be identical to those of the thread forms. Thread-cutting tools have straight shanks

26、for external thread cutting and are of the bent-shank type when cutting internal threads .</p><p>　　Form tools. Form tools have edges especially manufactured to take a certain form, which is opposite to the

27、desired shape of the machined workpiece . An HSS tools is usually made in the form of a single piece ,contrary to cemented carbides or ceramic , which are made in the form of tipes. The latter are brazed or mechanically

28、fastened to steel shanks. Fig.1indicates an arrangement of this latter type, which includes the carbide tip , the chip breaker ,the pad ,the clamping screw (with a washer an</p><p><b>　　Fig.1</b>

29、</p><p>　　Lathe Operations</p><p>　　In the following section , we discuss the various machining operations that can be performed on a conventional engine lathe. It must be borne in mind , howeve

30、r , that modern computerized numerically controlled lathes have more capabiblities and do other operations ,such as contouring , for example . Following are conventional lathe operations.</p><p>　　Cylindrica

31、l turning . Cylindrical turning is the the simplest and the most common of all lathe operations . A single full turn of the workpiece generate a circle whose center falls on the lathe axis; this motion is then reproduced

32、 numerous times as a result of the axial feed motion of the tool. The resulting machining marks are , therefore ,a helix having a very small pitch, which is equal to the feed . Consequently , the machined surface is alwa

33、ys cylindrical.</p><p>　　The axial feed is provided by the carriage or the compound rest , either manually or automatically, whereas the depths of cuts is controlled by the cross slide . In roughing cuts , i

34、t is recommended that large depths of cuts (up to 0.25 in. or 6 mm, depending upon the workpiece material) and smaller feeds would be used. On the other hand , very fine feeds, smaller depth of cut (less than 0.05in. , o

35、r 0.4 mm) , and high cutting speeds are preferred for finishing cuts.</p><p>　　Facing . The result of a facing operation is a flat surface that is either the whole end surface of the workpiece or an annular

36、intermediate surface like a shoulder . During a facing operation ,feed is provided by the cross slide, whereas the depth of cut is controlled by the carriage or compound rest . Facing can be carried out either from the p

37、eriphery in ward or from the center of the workpiece outward . It is obvious that the machining marks in both cases tack the form of a spiral. Usually, </p><p>　　Groove cutting. In cut-off and groove-cutting

38、 operations ,only cross feed of the tool is employed. The cut-off and grooving tools , which were previously discussed, are employed.</p><p>　　Boring and internal turning . Boring and internal are performed

39、on the internal surfaces by a boring bar or suitable internal workpiece is solid, a drilling operation must be performed first . The drilling tool is held in the tailstock, and latter is then fed against the workpiece.&l

40、t;/p><p>　　Taper turning . Taper turning is achieved by driving the tool in a direction that is not paralled to the lathe axis but inclined to it with an angle that is equal to the desired angle of the taper .

41、Following are the different methods used in taper-turning practice:</p><p>　?。?）Rotating the disc of the compound rest with an angle to half the apex angle of the cone . Feed is manually provided by crankin

42、g the handle of the compound rest . This method is recommended for taper turning of external and internal surfaces when the taper angle is relatively large.</p><p>　　（2）Employing special form tools for exter

43、nal , very short ,conical surfaces . The width of the workpiece must be slightly smaller than that of the tool ,and the workpiece is usually held in a chuck or clamped on a face plate . I n this case , only the cross fee

44、d is used during the machining process and the carriage is clamped to the machine bed .</p><p>　?。?）Offsetting the tailstock center . This method is employed for esternal tamper turning of long workpiece tha

45、t are required to have small tamper angles (less than 8 ) . The workpiece is mounted between the two centers ; then the tailstock center is shifted a distance S in the direction normal to the lathe axis.</p><p

46、>　　（4）Using the taper-turning attachment . This method is used for turning very long workpoece , when the length is larger than the whole stroke of the compound rest . The procedure followed in such cases involves com

47、plete disengagement of the cross slide from the carriage , which is then guided by the taper-turning attachment . During this process, the automatic axial feed can be used as usual . This method is recommend for very lon

48、g workpiece with a small cone angle , i.e. , 8 through 10 .</p><p>　　Thread cutting . When performing thread cutting , the axial feed must be kept at a constant rate , which is dependent upon the rotational

49、speed (rpm) of the workpiece . The relationship between both is determined primarily by the desired pitch of the thread to be cut . As previously mentioned , the axial feed is automatically generated when cutting a t

50、hread by means of the lead screw , which drives the carriage . When the lead screw rotates a single revolution, the carriage travels a distanc</p><p>　　= = spindle-to-carriage gearing ratio</p><

51、p>　　This equation is usefully in determining the kinematic linkage between the lathe spindle and the lead screw and enables proper selection of the gear train between them .</p><p>　　In thread cutting ope

52、rations , the workpiece can either be held in the chuck or mounted between the two lathe centers for relatively long workpiece . The form of the tool used must exactly coincide with the profile the thread to be cut , I .

53、 e . , triangular tools must be used for triangular threads , and so on .</p><p>　　Knurling . knurling is mainly a forming operation in which no chips are prodyced . Tt involves pressing two hardened rolls w

54、ith rough filelike surfaces against the rotating workpiece to cause plastic deformation of the workpiece metal.</p><p>　　Knurling is carried out to produce rough , cylindrical ( or concile )surfaces , which

55、are usually used as handles . Sometimes , surfaces are knurled just for the sake of decoration ; there are different types of patterns of knurls from which to choose .</p><p>　　Cutting Speeds and Feeds</p

56、><p>　　The cutting speed , which is usually given in surface feet per minute (SFM), is the number of feet traveled in circumferential direction by a given point on the surface (being cut ) of the workpiece in o

57、ne minute . The relationship between the surface speed and rpm can be given by the following equation :</p><p><b>　　SMF=πDN</b></p><p><b>　　Where </b></p><p>

58、;　　D= the diameter of the workpiece in feet</p><p>　　N=the rpm </p><p>　　The surface cutting speed is dependent primarily upon the machined as well as the material of the cutting and can be obta

59、ined from handbooks , information provided by cutting tool manufacturera , and the like . generally , the SFM is taken as 100 when machining cold-rolled or mild steel ,as 50 when machining tougher metals , and as 200 whe

60、n machining sofer materials . For aluminum ,the SFMis usually taken as 400 or above . There are also other variables that affect the optimal value of the surfa</p><p><b>　　N = </b></p><

61、;p>　　The selection of a suitable feed depends upon many factors , such as the required surface finish , the depth of cut , and the geometry of the tool used . Finer feeds produce better surface finish ,whereas higher

62、feeds reduce the machining time during which the tool is in direct contact with the workpiece . Therefore ,it is generally recommended to use high feeds for roughing operations and finer feeds for finishing operations. A

63、gain, recommend values for feeds , which can be taken as guidelines </p><p>　　Here I want to introduce the drilling:</p><p>　　Drilling involves producing through or blind holes in a workpiece by

64、 forcing a tool , which rotates around its axis , against the workpiece .Consequently , the range of cutting from that axis of rotation is equal to the radius of the required hole .In practice , two symmetrical cutting e

65、dges that rotate about the same axis are employed . </p><p>　　Drilling operations can be carried out by using either hand drills or drilling machines . The latter differ in size and construction . neverthele

66、ss , the tool always rotates around its axis while the workpiece is kept firmly fixed . this is contrary to drilling on a lathe .</p><p>　　Cutting Tool for Drilling Operations</p><p>　　In drilli

67、ng operations , a cylindrical rotary-end cutting , called a drill , is employed . The drill can have either one or more cutting edges and corresponding flutes , which can be straight or helical . the function of the flut

68、es is to provide outlet passages for the chips generated during the drilling operation and to allow lubricants and coolants to reach the cutting edges and the surface being machined . Following is a survey of the common

69、ly used drills.</p><p>　　Twist drill . The twist drill is the most common type of drill .It has two cutting edges and two helical flutes that continue over the length of the drill body , The drill also consi

70、st of a neck and a shake that can be either straight or tapered .In the latter case , the shank is fitted by the wedge action into the tapered socket of the spindle and has a tang , which goes into a slot in the spindle

71、socket ,thus acting as a solid means for transmitting rotation . On the other hand , straight –sha</p><p>　　The two cutting edges are referred to as the lips , and are connected together by a wedge , which i

72、s a chisel-like edge . The twist drill also has two margins , which enable proper guidance and locating of the drill while it is in operation . The tool point angle (TPA) is formed by the lips and is chosen based on the

73、properties of the material to be cut . The usual TAP for commercial drills is 118 , which is appropriate for drilling low-carbon steels and cast irons . For harder and tougher metal</p><p>　　Twist drills are

74、 usually made of high speed steel ,although carbide tipped drills are also available . The size of twist drills used in industrial range from 0.01 up to 3.25 in . (i.e.0.25 up to 80 mm ) .</p><p>　　Core dril

75、ls . A core drill consists of the chamfer , body , neck ,and shank . This type of drill may be have either three or four flutes and an equal number of margins , which ensure superior guidance , thus resulting in high mac

76、hining accuracy . It can also be seen in Fig 12.2 that a core drill has flat end . The chamfer can have three or four cutting edges or lips , and the lip angle may vary between 90 and 120 . Core drills are employed for

77、enlarging previously made holes and not for origina</p><p>　　Gun drills . Gun drills are used for drilling deep holes . All gun drills are straight fluted , and each has a single cutting edge . A hole in the

78、 body acts as a conduit to transmit coolant under considerable pressure to the tip of the drill . </p><p>　　There are two kinds of gun drills , namely , the center cut gun drill used for drilling blind holes

79、 and the trepanning drill . The latter has a cylindrical groove at its center , thus generating a solid core , which guides the tool as it proceeds during the drilling operation.</p><p>　　Spade drills . Spad

80、e drills are used for drilling large holes of 3.5 in .(90 mm ) or more . Their design results in a marked saving in cost of the tool as well as a tangible reduction in its weight , which facilitates its handling . moreov

81、er , this type of drill is easy to be ground .[13]</p><p><b>　　車床和車削</b></p><p><b>　　車床及它的結(jié)構(gòu)</b></p><p>　　車床是一個(gè)主要用來(lái)生產(chǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)表面和端面的機(jī)床。 基于他們的目的，結(jié)構(gòu)，能同時(shí)裝夾刀具的數(shù)量，自動(dòng)化的程度

82、，車床， 或更正確的說(shuō)， 車床類型的機(jī)床依下列各項(xiàng)被分類為:</p><p><b>　　(1) 普通車床</b></p><p><b>　　(2) 刀剖車床</b></p><p>　　(3) 六角轉(zhuǎn)塔車床</p><p>　　(4) 立式的車削和鏜銑機(jī)床</p><p>

83、;<b>　　(5) 自動(dòng)化車床</b></p><p><b>　　(6) 專用車床</b></p><p>　　盡管車床類型機(jī)床的多種多樣，他們結(jié)構(gòu)和工作的原則都有很大程度上的相似性。通過(guò)具有代表性的普通車床這些特征能最好地被說(shuō)明。 </p><p>　　床身 車床的床身是主要的框架，包括在二個(gè)垂直支撐架上的水平橫梁

84、。它通常由鑄鐵或者球墨鑄鐵通過(guò)鑄造加工而成的用于減少振動(dòng)。車床上的導(dǎo)軌讓床鞍容易地沿縱長(zhǎng)滑動(dòng)。車床床身的高度應(yīng)該適中，這樣使操作人員能夠容易地而且舒適地做他或她的工作。</p><p>　　主軸箱 主軸箱安裝在車床床身的左手邊位置而且主軸與導(dǎo)軌(床的滑動(dòng)表面)平行。 主軸由齒輪箱驅(qū)動(dòng)，齒輪箱安裝在主軸箱中。齒輪箱的功能將提供一些不同的主軸轉(zhuǎn)速(通常由6到 18 速度)。一些現(xiàn)代的車床具有無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速的功能，由摩擦力

85、、電或液壓來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)。</p><p>　　主軸箱通常為中空的，舉個(gè)例子而言，它在整個(gè)長(zhǎng)度方向上是空的。如果采取連續(xù)生產(chǎn)桿狀坯料可以通過(guò)這個(gè)洞進(jìn)給。當(dāng)然，這個(gè)洞有一個(gè)錐形表面用于安裝車床頂尖。這個(gè)外部表面由螺紋連接吸盤，尖盤以及類似的東西。</p><p>　　尾座 尾座基本上三個(gè)部份組成，下部分的基礎(chǔ)，一個(gè)中間的部份和套筒。下部份的基礎(chǔ)是沿著機(jī)床床身導(dǎo)軌上滑動(dòng)的鑄件，而且它有一個(gè)夾緊裝置

86、使其鎖定在整個(gè)尾座的任何需要的位置，根據(jù)工件的長(zhǎng)度。中間部分是一個(gè)能沿著橫向移動(dòng)用的鑄件。第三個(gè)部份套筒，是一個(gè)淬火處理的鋼管，它可以根據(jù)需要滑進(jìn)滑出中間部分。它可以通過(guò)手輪實(shí)現(xiàn)，在它的周圍螺母固定在套筒上，在套筒開放一端的洞中能夠固定車床中心線或者其他的像麻花鉆鏜桿一類的東西，通過(guò)夾緊裝置套筒能夠加緊在任何位置。</p><p>　　刀架 刀架的主要功能是用在刀具的安裝和縱向和橫向的進(jìn)給。當(dāng)被機(jī)床V形導(dǎo)軌引導(dǎo)

87、的時(shí)候，它實(shí)際上是在主軸箱和尾座之間滑動(dòng)的一個(gè) H 形塊。刀架可以用手動(dòng)或機(jī)械方式通過(guò)托板箱和絲杠或光杠移動(dòng)。</p><p>　　當(dāng)用于加工螺紋的時(shí)候，動(dòng)力是由托板箱的齒輪箱提供的。在所有的其他車削操作方面，它是由光杠提供動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)刀架的。絲杠通過(guò)一對(duì)半合螺母固定。這個(gè)螺母安裝在托板箱的后面，當(dāng)操作特定的杠桿時(shí)兩個(gè)半螺釘一起被夾緊而且與旋轉(zhuǎn)的絲杠構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的螺釘，當(dāng)進(jìn)給時(shí)沿床身和刀架一起。當(dāng)杠桿脫離的時(shí)候，這兩

88、個(gè)半螺釘離開并且刀架停止運(yùn)動(dòng)。另一方面，當(dāng)使用光杠的時(shí)候，它經(jīng)過(guò)蝸輪提供力量給托板箱。后者對(duì)于光杠和沿著光杠移動(dòng)的絲杠是關(guān)鍵的，它在整個(gè)長(zhǎng)度是關(guān)鍵的一部分。一個(gè)現(xiàn)代的車床通常在主軸箱之下位于一個(gè)快速變速的齒輪箱和經(jīng)過(guò)一列齒輪傳動(dòng)的主軸。刀架被連接到絲杠和光杠而且能夠通過(guò)操作杠桿迅速簡(jiǎn)單地選擇一系列的進(jìn)給，變速齒輪箱應(yīng)用于普通的車削、平面和螺紋的切削操作。因?yàn)槟驱X輪箱被連接到主軸上的，對(duì)于托板箱移動(dòng)的距離可以被控制。。</p>

89、<p><b>　　車刀</b></p><p>　　車刀的形狀和幾何尺寸根據(jù)車床應(yīng)用的目的而決定。車削刀具可以分為兩種主要的類型即外部的切削刀具和內(nèi)部的切削刀具，每一個(gè)這些小組包括刀具的有下列類型:</p><p>　　車刀 車刀能用于精加工或者粗加工的工具。粗加工的車刀具有小的刀尖圓弧半徑用于大的切削用量。另一方面精加工的車刀具有大的刀尖圓弧半徑用

90、于獲得最終需要的尺寸這個(gè)尺寸通過(guò)小的切削深度獲得高的表面質(zhì)量。粗車刀具有用右手或左手的兩種類型，根據(jù)進(jìn)給的方向而定。它們能有直的，彎的，或偏置的刀柄。</p><p>　　端面刀 端面車刀用于待加工的表面或者端面的平面加工。這些刀具有用左手邊操作加工表面的和用右手邊操作加工表面的。這些表面通過(guò)刀具的橫向進(jìn)給實(shí)現(xiàn)，和車削刀具相反的是，縱向進(jìn)給通常被應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　切斷刀 切

91、斷刀具，有時(shí)叫做分離刀具，可用于切斷工件以及/或以機(jī)器制造外的凹槽。</p><p>　　螺紋車刀 螺紋車具有三角形的，正方形，或梯形的刃口，取決于需要的螺紋的橫截面的樣式。同時(shí)，這些刀具的面角度總是和那些螺紋現(xiàn)狀相同的。螺紋切削刀具的直刀柄用于外部的螺紋切削而偏置刀具用于外部螺紋的切削 。</p><p>　　成形車刀 成形車刀是特別用于加工特殊形式截面的加工刀具，與被加工的工件的形

92、狀相反。高速鋼刀具通常是做成單獨(dú)的一塊整體，和硬質(zhì)合金刀具或陶瓷刀具相反的是 ， 它們是做成刀尖的形式。后者是由焊接的或者機(jī)械方式夾緊與刀柄構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體。圖一指出了一系列后者的類型，這些包括碳化物頂尖、斷屑器、刀片，緊固螺絲釘 (一個(gè)墊圈和一個(gè)螺釘 ) 和刀柄。當(dāng)做名字所說(shuō)的那樣，斷屑器的功能是時(shí)不時(shí)的切斷切屑，如此避免長(zhǎng)的帶狀切屑形成這些帶狀切屑在操作時(shí)可能會(huì)帶來(lái)問(wèn)題。 碳化物頂尖 ( 或陶瓷的頂尖 ) 可以有不同的形狀，根據(jù)他們應(yīng)用

93、的機(jī)床操作。頂尖可以是一個(gè)整體或者是中央有一個(gè)洞，根據(jù)這個(gè)頂尖是焊接還是用機(jī)械夾緊方式使其安裝在刀柄上。</p><p><b>　　車床操作</b></p><p>　　在下列的部分中，我們將討論能在傳統(tǒng)的車床上被運(yùn)行的各種不同的機(jī)床操作。 這個(gè)必須銘記于心，然而，現(xiàn)代的數(shù)控車床具有更多的功能 并且能做其他的操作，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，比如曲面仿型。下列各項(xiàng)是普通的車床操作。&

94、lt;/p><p>　　外圓車削 外圓車削是最簡(jiǎn)單的和最通常的車床操作。工件每旋轉(zhuǎn)一周就在工件上產(chǎn)生一個(gè)圓心在車身軸線上的軌道; 這個(gè)動(dòng)作的多次產(chǎn)生才能實(shí)現(xiàn)切削加工。 加工的結(jié)果是一個(gè)具有很小螺距的螺旋線。結(jié)果，已加工表面是圓形的。</p><p>　　軸向進(jìn)給是由刀架或者是小刀架提供，可用手動(dòng)或自動(dòng)化方式實(shí)現(xiàn)，然而削減的深度由橫向進(jìn)給實(shí)現(xiàn)。在粗車加工時(shí)，一般推薦大的切削深度 (從 0.2

95、5 到 6 毫米左右，取決于工件的材料) 并且會(huì)采取較小的進(jìn)給量。 另一方面，非常小的進(jìn)給量，非常小切削深度 (小于 0.05 或 0.4 毫米)，和高的切削速度應(yīng)用于精加工。</p><p>　　平面車削 平面加工的結(jié)果是一平表面這個(gè)表面既可以是整個(gè)端面或或者是軸間處的一個(gè)環(huán)形表面 。 在平面車削過(guò)程中，進(jìn)給量是由橫向進(jìn)給提供的，然而削減的深度是有刀架或者小刀架提供的。平面車削可以從工件的外圓向中心也可以從

96、工件的中心向外圓。很明顯這兩種加工都產(chǎn)生螺旋形的加工軌跡。通常，在平面加工過(guò)程中最好要夾緊刀架，因?yàn)榍邢髁θ菀淄苿?dòng)刀具 ( 當(dāng)然 ， 整個(gè)的刀架 ) 遠(yuǎn)離工件。在大多數(shù)平面加工過(guò)程中，工件被夾緊在吸盤上或者工作臺(tái)上。</p><p>　　凹槽切削 在切斷和切槽的加工中，只應(yīng)用刀具的橫向進(jìn)給。那切斷和切槽工具，在先前已經(jīng)討論過(guò)了，用過(guò)了。</p><p>　　鉆孔和內(nèi)表面車削 鉆孔和內(nèi)

97、表面車削是在工件內(nèi)表面上有鉆桿或者是適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)表面切削刀具， 如果最初的工件是實(shí)心的，必須先進(jìn)行鉆孔加工。 鉆孔刀具安裝在刀架上， 而后刀架相對(duì)于工件進(jìn)行進(jìn)給。</p><p>　　圓錐面車削 圓錐面車削是通過(guò)驅(qū)動(dòng)刀具沿著與車床軸線方向不平行而是與軸線傾斜方向即想得到的圓錐角。下列各項(xiàng)是用圓錐面車削的不同的方法:</p><p>　?。?）旋轉(zhuǎn)小刀架上的刀盤使其達(dá)到半頂角的度數(shù)。進(jìn)給是通

98、過(guò)手動(dòng)方式旋轉(zhuǎn)小刀架上的手柄方式完成的。這一個(gè)方法大多數(shù)應(yīng)用于較大的內(nèi)圓錐角和角大的外圓錐角切削。</p><p>　?。?）采用專用成形刀具 對(duì)非常短的錐形表面加工。工件的寬度一定要比刀具的稍微小一點(diǎn)，而且工件通常被安裝在吸盤上或者在工作臺(tái)上。在這種情形下，只有橫向進(jìn)給應(yīng)用于這種加工過(guò)程中而且刀架被夾緊到機(jī)器床身上。</p><p>　?。?）偏置尾座中心 這一個(gè)方法應(yīng)用于較長(zhǎng)的和錐

99、角較?。ㄐ∮?度）的外圓錐面車削。工件被裝在兩個(gè)頂尖之間 ; 然后尾座在垂直于車床主軸線移動(dòng)距離 S。</p><p>　?。?）采用錐面切削裝置 這一個(gè)方法應(yīng)用于車削較長(zhǎng)的工件。當(dāng)長(zhǎng)度比小刀架長(zhǎng)度還要大時(shí) 在如此的情況橫向進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)和刀架完全脫離，然后橫向進(jìn)給由附加裝置提供。 在這一個(gè)過(guò)程中，自動(dòng)的軸向進(jìn)給能像往常一樣使用。這一個(gè)方法是為非常長(zhǎng)的工件以及比較小的圓錐體角度，比如8 度到10度。</p&g