計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)外文翻譯-web3.0

1、<p><b>　　中文3283字</b></p><p><b>　　英文原文：</b></p><p>　　Web 3.0: A real personal Web! </p><p>　　More opportunities & more threats </p><p>　

2、　1.WHAT IS WEB 3.0?</p><p>　　Web 3.0 is the second phase of the Web evolution.In Web 1.0,producers created contents for the users to use it and share it.While in Web 2.0,the users equally participated in the

3、 content creation and it’s sharing. Web 3.0 has changed the entire process by bringing machines closer to the users and producers for more dynamic, interactive and efficient creation of the contents and its management .

4、</p><p>　　In Web 3.0, the principle is based upon linking, integrating and analyzing data from various data sources into new information streams.Researchers, developers and even the users are defining Web 3

5、.0 in their own way with one thing in common i.e. personalization of the Web. Or in other words, Web 3.0 will be about feeding you the information that you want, when you want it. However, the standard definition of Web

6、 3.0 has not yet been emerged at this moment since Web 3.0 is mainly under developi</p><p>　　Semantic Web mainly operates on Resource Description Framework (RDF) which is a standard model for data interchang

7、e on the web.RDF was designed to provide a common way to describe information so it can be read and understood by computer applications.RDF is written in XML that can be easily exchanged between different machines using

8、different operating systems.Meantime,RDF joins structure of the web with Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) and allows original data in each database to form in an o</p><p>　　The base of Web3.0 applications

9、 resides in RDF for providing a mean to link data, which has been created in Web 2.0 era, from multiple websites or databases. With SPARQL, a query language for RDF data, applications can access native graph based RDF st

10、ores and extract data from traditional databases.Web Ontology Language (OWL) is another language which can play a main role in the applications of Web 3.0. OWL and RDF are much of the same things, but OWL is a stronger l

11、anguage with greater machine </p><p>　　Technology from the Semantic web and data from the Web 2.0 are the two main building blocks of the new Web 3.0. By integrating these blocks, Web 3.0 seems to comprise o

12、f two platforms,semantic technologies and social computing environment.</p><p>　　Semantic technologies have the open standards and can be applied on the top of the existing web.</p><p>　　These S

13、emantic technologies can play a key role in the future Web 3.0 application</p><p>　　like,advanced data management by using RDF, creation of a ubiquitous web equally accessible from mobile devices by using Ca

14、scading Style Sheet (CSS) 6,stimulation towards creativity and innovation by minimizing the distance between man and machine,discovering new business models by shortening the innovation cycle, movement towards a true glo

15、balization and last but not the least merging the social web community information together by using the semantic web technology RDF e.g. SIOC-project.org.</p><p>　　2.WEB 2.0 VS. WEB 3.0</p><p>

16、　　We are currently in Web 2.0 era but rapidly approaching towards Web 3.0. A thin red line exists between Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 which isolates their scope of work and cause of development.The main purpose for the Web 3.0 i

17、s to fix and improve the constraints of Web 2.0 rather to replace it.However,we will try to find the major distinctions between Web 2.0 and Web 3.0.</p><p>　　The principle for the evolution of Web 2.0 was th

18、e promotion of information sharing and content creation, either by the producers or by the users themselves. While Web 3.0 is targeted towards linked sets of data created in different languages and at different places. I

19、n Web 2.0, a large number of social webs,blogs,databases like Wikipedia and so called video on demand (YouTube) etc. have emerged. Web3.0 focuses on the integration of these datasets that are created in Web 2.0 era.<

20、;/p><p>　　The use of technology creates another important difference between Web 2.0 and Web 3.0. Mainly, three development approaches have been used to create interactive, expressive and scalable applications

21、in Web 2.0: Asynchronous Java Script and XML (AJAX), Adobe Flex and Google Web Toolkit.AJAX, suggested by Google, is a widely used programming language in many of the Web 2.0 applications. Flex based upon Flash, provide

22、s a fine-grained control over an application’s look and feel. Google Web Toolkit</p><p>　　All the current websites which are good representative of Web 2.0 are big search engines,using AJAX programming langu

23、age. Although Web 3.0 is in the developing stage yet Dbpedia is a good example for linking the datasets with Wikipedia through RDF technology and providing a SPARQL based query of these datasets.In short,Web 3.0 has mad

24、e Web 2.0 uniform, ubiquitous and more efficient with an additional benefit of new standards of programming language. </p><p>　　3.WEB 3.0 & SECRITY CHALLENGES</p><p>　　Though we have yet to

25、secure Web 1.0 & Web 2.0 but according to the marketers and those at the cutting edge of Web developments, Web 3.0 has arrived. This Web 3.0 is not the replacement for the Web we know today, rather an extension of th

26、e information with which we already work. The creation of multipurpose applications by mixing the public and private data in the Web 3.0 can come up with more complex and challenging security issues.</p><p>

27、　　New type of relationship between users and producers in the web development made Web 2.0 more interactive and popular among all the stakeholders.However, the approach’s interactivity also made it popular with hackers.

28、In the evolution of the Web,the issues related to scalability,performance and security that do exist in the current Web 2.0 will also penetrate in the new Web 3.0 applications with more challenging tasks for the IT profe

29、ssionals.</p><p>　　Most of the times the web owners ask the developers to focus on the functionality rather than the security, letting the hackers either add malicious content or exploit the vulnerabilities

30、of the websites.These new developments have opened the new windows for the hackers to play a “cat and mouse” game with the developers. In this new Web 3.0, machines will play a key role for the web development and they w

31、ill not only be used for the creation of the interactive applications but also as an automat</p><p>　　Security challenges that remain open in this new Web 3.0 include credibility of the data, control over th

32、e metadata,and privacy implications of massive data mash-ups. In Web 3.0, RDF Schema (RDFS) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL) enhance the URI-based direct merging of data into a single RDF store but without defining th

33、e trust boundaries8 of this newly created data. The creation of the entire applications is based upon the mashing up of the data and functionality from all over the Web. But t</p><p>　　Control over the new m

34、etadata is another challenge for Web 3.0 applications. Sharing of this huge amount of data can change the entire business models of the current markets. Push approach will certainly be replaced by pull approach;Artificia

35、l Intelligence (AI) agents will bring only the high value required information.Mashing ups of this high value information into innovative applications can disturb the entire value chain of the current business models. &l

36、t;/p><p>　　Another important security concern for the Web 3.0 applications is the privacy implications of massive data mash-ups.If someone allows you a legal access to a tagged/bagged good data, considering tha

37、t you will have a good control of it, what will happen if you make a mistake and publish it for the world for anyone to use it?Illegal and manipulated forms of the same type of data will be available on the web, which wi

38、ll lead to multiplications of the errors for anyone.Above are the few important s</p><p>　　For example, Google’s street view in different cities of USA and UK has raised many questions among the internationa

39、l organizations working for the privacy laws.Another incident reported by Associate Press about the hacking of official websites of 103 countries by a “Ghost-Net” has made this very clear that nothing is secure on the We

40、b now.This is happening in Web 2.0, we must expect something challenging from the future Web 3.0.</p><p>　　CONCLUSION</p><p>　　We conclude that despite of all these challenges, the Semantic tech

41、nologies have accelerated the evolution of the Web. Security of the public and private metadata is a main challenge for the future Web, because lenient control and the illegal access can bring the irreversible changes to

42、 the business market. These changes can force even the legal businesses to use the illegal means to survive in the current screw up of the economic crisis. Man-machine relationship will play a key role for the fut</p&

43、gt;<p><b>　　中文翻譯：</b></p><p>　　Web 3.0：一個(gè)真正的個(gè)人網(wǎng)站！</p><p>　　更多的機(jī)會(huì)和更多的威脅</p><p>　　1、什么是Web 3.0</p><p>　　Web 3.0是網(wǎng)絡(luò)演進(jìn)的第二階段。在Web 1.0時(shí)代，生產(chǎn)者創(chuàng)造用戶使用、分享的內(nèi)容。而在

44、Web 2.0中，用戶同等的參加在內(nèi)容創(chuàng)作和分享過程中。Web 3.0卻整個(gè)的改變了全過程，它使機(jī)器更接近用戶和生產(chǎn)者，并且在內(nèi)容的創(chuàng)造和管理方面更動(dòng)態(tài)，交互好且更高效。</p><p>　　Web 3.0的原理是根據(jù)連接，集成和分析來自各種數(shù)據(jù)源的數(shù)據(jù)得到新的信息流。研究人員，開發(fā)人員和用戶以一個(gè)共同的自己的方式來定義Web 3.0，即個(gè)性化的Web?；蛘邠Q句話說，Web 3.0來提供任何時(shí)候你想要的信息。然而

45、，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Web 3.0的定義此刻尚未出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)閃eb 3.0主要是由萬維網(wǎng)聯(lián)盟（W3C）開發(fā)并成為現(xiàn)實(shí)的。</p><p>　　Web 3.0的數(shù)據(jù)鏈接是在像資源分配框架（RDF）和SPARQL這樣的語義技術(shù)下實(shí)現(xiàn)的，這些技術(shù)已經(jīng)用于開發(fā)語義Web。語義WEB的基本特征是，讓一個(gè)人或一臺(tái)機(jī)器開始與一個(gè)單一的數(shù)據(jù)庫相連接，然后增加其訪問的能力直至無限的數(shù)據(jù)庫。這些數(shù)據(jù)庫并不是靠有線來連接而是由地方，概念，年齡等一些

46、共同的元素作為基礎(chǔ)。語義Web是一種用為了使用應(yīng)用而不是為了顯示的目的來使用計(jì)算機(jī)的方式來定義和連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的數(shù)據(jù)。Tim Berners-Lee把它定義為“ 如果HTML和Web的所有在線文件看起來像一個(gè)巨大的書，而RDF，架構(gòu)和推理語言使世界看起來像一個(gè)巨大的數(shù)據(jù)庫”。它是靠萬維網(wǎng)聯(lián)盟（W3C）來領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的和涉及大量的工業(yè)合作伙伴和研究人員共同努力來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。</p><p>　　語義Web主要是操作資源描述框架（R

47、DF），這是在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)交換的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型。RDF的目的是提供一個(gè)共同的方式來描述信息，以便于它可以讀取和理解計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用。RDF是用XML編寫的，可以很容易地在不同的機(jī)器上或不同操作系統(tǒng)之間進(jìn)行交換。同時(shí)，RDF加入了統(tǒng)一資源標(biāo)識(shí)符（URI）的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)，并允許在每個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫中的原始數(shù)據(jù)形成原始的形式，如XML，Excel等。</p><p>　　Web3.0應(yīng)用的基礎(chǔ)駐留在RDF中，并且提供了一種從多個(gè)網(wǎng)站或數(shù)據(jù)庫

48、連接數(shù)據(jù)的方法，這種方法已經(jīng)被應(yīng)用在Web 2.0時(shí)代。使用RDF數(shù)據(jù)的查詢語言SPARQL，應(yīng)用程序可以訪問本地的基于圖形的RDF存儲(chǔ)器，并從傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫中提取數(shù)據(jù)。Web本體語言（OWL）是另一種語言，它可以在Web 3.0的應(yīng)用中發(fā)揮主要作用。OWL和RDF相同的東西太多，但OWL是比RDF在機(jī)器可理解性方面更強(qiáng)的語言。OWL是在RDF的基礎(chǔ)上建立起來的，但比RDF具有更多的詞匯和更強(qiáng)的語法。</p><p&g

49、t;　　繼承于Web 2.0的語義Web和數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)是兩個(gè)主要的新的Web 3.0的基石。 通過整合這些模塊，Web 3.0就像是包括了兩個(gè)平臺(tái)，語義技術(shù)和社會(huì)計(jì)算環(huán)境。語義技術(shù)有開放式的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，能被應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)有的Web基礎(chǔ)上。</p><p>　　這些語義技術(shù)在未來的Web 3.0應(yīng)用中可以發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用，比如，通過使用RDF實(shí)現(xiàn)先進(jìn)的數(shù)據(jù)管理；通過使用層疊樣式表（CSS）6創(chuàng)造一個(gè)無處不在的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，使移動(dòng)設(shè)備可以輕松訪

50、問網(wǎng)絡(luò)；通過縮短人與機(jī)器之間的距離來刺激創(chuàng)造力和創(chuàng)新；通過縮短創(chuàng)新周期來發(fā)展新的商業(yè)模式；通過使用語義網(wǎng)技術(shù)RDF，走向一個(gè)真正的全球化和最后仍然重要的社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)社區(qū)信息的合并。</p><p>　　2、WEB 2.0 VS WEB 3.0</p><p>　　目前，我們正處在Web 2.0的時(shí)代，但很快就會(huì)迅速接近Web 3.0。一根薄的紅線存在在Web 2.0和Web 3.0之間，隔離了

51、他們的工作和發(fā)展事業(yè)的范圍。創(chuàng)建Web 3.0主要是為了修復(fù)和改善的Web 2.0的約束，而不是取代它。不過，我們將設(shè)法找到Web 2.0和Web 3.0的主要區(qū)別。</p><p>　　促進(jìn)信息共享和創(chuàng)造內(nèi)容是Web 2.0的進(jìn)化原則，不論是由生產(chǎn)者或者由用戶自己。雖然Web 3.0是針對(duì)聯(lián)組數(shù)據(jù)在不同的地方創(chuàng)建不同的語言。在Web 2.0中，大量的社交網(wǎng)，博客，像維基百科的數(shù)據(jù)庫，和像YouTube一樣所謂的

52、視頻點(diǎn)播等都已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。Web3.0的重點(diǎn)是建立在Web 2.0時(shí)代的整合這些數(shù)據(jù)集。</p><p>　　不同技術(shù)的使用是Web 2.0和Web 3.0之間的另一個(gè)重要區(qū)別。主要有三個(gè)進(jìn)步的方法已被用于創(chuàng)建互動(dòng)強(qiáng)，有表現(xiàn)力和可擴(kuò)展的Web 2.0的應(yīng)用程序中：異步Java腳本和XML（AJAX），Adobe Flex和谷歌Web工具包。 AJAX，是一種由Google提出的廣泛使用的編程語言，在許多Web 2.0

53、應(yīng)用程序都有廣泛的應(yīng)用。Flex基于Flash，提供了對(duì)應(yīng)用程序的外觀和感覺細(xì)粒度的控制。谷歌Web工具包是一個(gè)開源的Java開發(fā)框架，可以很容易地開發(fā)和調(diào)試AJAX應(yīng)用程序。雖然所有這三種方法鼓勵(lì)更好，更快，更具交互性的Web應(yīng)用程序，但是在Web 2.0數(shù)據(jù)庫中的信息交換卻限制了程序的互操作性，這就是所謂的“圍墻花園”。 Web 3.0的已經(jīng)帶來了一個(gè)解決“圍墻花園”的方法，使機(jī)器更接近人類，并且為了這個(gè)此目的，RDF已掌握了從編程

54、語言XML學(xué)習(xí)來的特性，那就是能夠閱讀和理解計(jì)算機(jī)。 通過這種在Web 2.0時(shí)代創(chuàng)造的技術(shù)，Web 3.0可以在數(shù)據(jù)資源的數(shù)據(jù)屬性和開發(fā)出對(duì)于用戶和開發(fā)者都更加高效的應(yīng)用程序的關(guān)系之間安排元數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p>　　目前所有作為Web 2.0優(yōu)秀代表的網(wǎng)站都是使用AJAX編程語言的大的搜索引擎。盡管Web 3.0還處于發(fā)展階段，但卻已經(jīng)有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)，DBpedia就是一個(gè)很好的例子，通過RDF技術(shù)與維基百科的數(shù)

55、據(jù)集進(jìn)行連接，這些數(shù)據(jù)集提供了一個(gè)基于SPARQL查詢?？傊琖eb 3.0使Web 2.0規(guī)格一致、無處不在并且使其在新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的編程語言下的額外好處更加有效。</p><p>　　3、WEB 3.0的安全挑戰(zhàn)</p><p>　　雖然我們還沒有保護(hù)好Web 1.0和Web 2.0，但是根據(jù)營銷人員和那些在網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展的前沿的人的說法，Web 3.0的時(shí)代已經(jīng)到來。這個(gè)Web 3.0不是為了替換

56、我們今天所知道的Web，而是對(duì)我們已經(jīng)工作了很久的信息的一個(gè)擴(kuò)展。在Web 3.0中通過混合公共的和私人的數(shù)據(jù)可以建立多用途的應(yīng)用程序。這種方法可以解決更加復(fù)雜和具有挑戰(zhàn)性的安全問題。</p><p>　　在網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展中，新型的使用者和生產(chǎn)者之間的關(guān)系，使得Web 2.0在利益相關(guān)者之間更加互動(dòng)和流行。然而，該方法的互動(dòng)性也在黑客間流行起來。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)的演變過程中，那些存在在Web 2.0中的可擴(kuò)展性，性能和安全性問題

57、也將滲透在新的Web 3.0應(yīng)用中。也為IT專業(yè)人士提供了更多具有挑戰(zhàn)性的任務(wù)。</p><p>　　大部分時(shí)候，網(wǎng)站所有者要求開發(fā)商專注于功能，而不是安全，這種行為讓黑客可以更輕松的加入惡意內(nèi)容，或利用這些網(wǎng)站的漏洞。這些新的發(fā)展為黑客打開了與開發(fā)商新的玩“貓捉老鼠”的游戲的窗口。機(jī)器將在這個(gè)新的Web 3.0網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用，他們不僅會(huì)被用于創(chuàng)建交互式應(yīng)用程序，也可作為一個(gè)自動(dòng)化的工具來發(fā)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)和應(yīng)用程

58、序的缺陷和對(duì)他們的利用。</p><p>　　在這個(gè)新的Web 3.0時(shí)代，安全挑戰(zhàn)的問題依然存在，這些問題包括有公信力的數(shù)據(jù)，元數(shù)據(jù)的控制權(quán)，mash-ups的海量數(shù)據(jù)的隱私問題。在Web3.0中，RDF Schema（RDFS）和Web本體語言（OWL）加強(qiáng)了基于URI的直接生成的數(shù)據(jù)，并將它們合成為一個(gè)用單一的RDF來存儲(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)，但卻沒有定義這個(gè)新創(chuàng)建的數(shù)據(jù)的信任邊界。整個(gè)應(yīng)用程序的創(chuàng)建是基于所有在Web上

59、的數(shù)據(jù)和功能。但數(shù)據(jù)和功能操作的信任級(jí)別是不確定的。如果攻擊者故意偽造數(shù)據(jù)和生產(chǎn)等服務(wù)，這種信任級(jí)別也會(huì)令他們更困惑。</p><p>　　新的元數(shù)據(jù)控制權(quán)的問題是Web 3.0的應(yīng)用程序的另一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。分享這個(gè)巨大的數(shù)據(jù)量，可以改變當(dāng)前市場的整個(gè)商業(yè)模式。推的方法將肯定會(huì)被拉的方法所取代，人工智能（AI）代理商將只會(huì)帶來擁有高價(jià)值的信息。將這種高價(jià)值的信息應(yīng)用于創(chuàng)新性的應(yīng)用將會(huì)擾亂現(xiàn)有的業(yè)務(wù)模式的整個(gè)價(jià)值鏈。&l

60、t;/p><p>　　Web 3.0應(yīng)用程序的另一個(gè)重要的安全關(guān)注是mash-ups的海量數(shù)據(jù)的隱私問題。如果有人讓你合法進(jìn)入一個(gè)標(biāo)簽的數(shù)據(jù)，考慮到你能夠完全控制它，如果你犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，并將它發(fā)布給世界上任何人，而且大家都可以使用它，會(huì)發(fā)生什么事？非法的和可操作的相同類型的數(shù)據(jù)將會(huì)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上流傳，這將導(dǎo)致人們所犯的錯(cuò)誤倍增。以上是新開發(fā)的Web3.0的一些重要的安全問題，我們?cè)浇咏?，我們就越覺得它確實(shí)十分復(fù)雜且充滿挑

61、戰(zhàn)，而不只是一個(gè)個(gè)性化的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。</p><p>　　例如，工作在美國和英國不同城市的谷歌街景人員提出了許多關(guān)于為隱私法工作的國際組織的問題。另據(jù)美聯(lián)社報(bào)道103個(gè)國家和地區(qū)的官方網(wǎng)站被稱為“Ghost-Net”的黑客入侵，這件事情清楚的表明現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上的東西沒有什么是安全的。這是發(fā)生在Web 2.0時(shí)代，但是我們必須考慮未來的Web 3.0時(shí)代將會(huì)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。</p><p><b>

62、;　　4、結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　我們的結(jié)論是，盡管有這些挑戰(zhàn)，但是語義技術(shù)加速了Web的進(jìn)化。公共和私人的元數(shù)據(jù)的安全性是未來網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一個(gè)主要挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)閷捤傻目刂坪头欠ń尤霕I(yè)務(wù)市場可能帶來不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的變化。這些變化可能迫使合法的企業(yè)使用非法手段在經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)中存活下來。人機(jī)關(guān)系將在未來的網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展中起到關(guān)鍵作用。雖然機(jī)器本身并不能做事情，但他們?cè)谶@種關(guān)系中的主導(dǎo)地位可能對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)行業(yè)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生巨大的損害