綠色壁壘英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯--從可持續(xù)發(fā)展的角度看綠色壁壘

1、<p>　　Green Barriers from the Standpoint of Sustainable Development</p><p>　　Abstract: Green barriers are one kind of non-tariff barrier (NTB). This paper points out that green barriers evolved from sus

2、tainable development theory and environmental protection, but are compatible with true comparative advantage. The best way to surmount green barriers for Chinese enterprises is to implement circular production processes

3、and clean production techniques.</p><p>　　Key Words: Green barriers, sustainable development, ecology environment, circular economy, life-cycle analysis.</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><

4、p>　　Since the opening up and economic reform of China, its foreign trade volume has risen continuously from US$20.6 billion in 1978 to US$1,422 billion in 2005. The sum of exports plus imports as a fraction of GDP is

5、65.8%, the share of exports is 36.2%, the share of imports is 29.6% in 2006 in China (The National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2006). Exports mainly concentrate on labor intensive and resource intensive industries: la

6、bor intensive products accounting for 40% of total manufacturing ex</p><p>　　2. Green Barriers</p><p>　　While there are no accurate and clear definitions in international treaties or agreements,

7、 a‘green barrier’ is a new term to mean the application of strict technical standards and regulations in international trade (Dong, 2003). Besides a green environmental label, green barriers also include environmental su

8、rtaxes, market access requirements, green technology standards, green packaging, green sanitary measures and green subsidiaries (Leng, 2005).</p><p>　　Normally, a green barrier is regarded as an environmenta

9、l barrier implemented by developed countries, who, on the grounds of protection of animal or plant life, establish strict and compulsory measures to restrict certain imported products (Gao, 2004). According to some autho

10、rs, green barriers are a type of protectionism, unfair to developing countries and restricting their economic development (Tang and Tan, 2004).</p><p>　　In fact, the evolution and practice of green barriers

11、conforms to sustainable global economic development along the lines of true comparative advantage. Developed countries realized sooner the facts concerning environmental externalities and their damage to humans and the e

12、nvironment.Some developed countries set up technological standards on the environment and natural resources, requiring that both the end products and all the production processes (R&D, producing, packing, transportin

13、g, consumi</p><p>　　If green barriers are defined as unfair and discriminatory measures relating to trade as some Chinese scholars think, a resisting and rejecting attitude will persist. This will ignore the

14、 positive effects of green barriers on protecting the environment as well as the health of human beings, animals and plants. Unless arbitrary or unjustifiable environmental trade methods hinder international trade, a rat

15、ional attitude and analysis should be adopted.</p><p>　　3. A Rational Analysis of Green Barriers</p><p>　　Green barriers are the outcome of economic development (Feng, 2004). Mass production and

16、 development of technology bring about two results. One is the positive effect on economy, increasing income and living standards; the other is the huge, sometimes irreversible negative influence on natural resources and

17、 the environment. Many examples can be seen worldwide:desert encroachment, deforestation, water shortages, acid rain, biodiversity reduction; in short, air, land and sea pollution in general. </p><p>　　3.1.

18、An International Environmental Management System Incorporating Rational Green Barriers</p><p>　　First of all, the WTO/GATT is not against environmental measures related to trade adopted by its member countri

19、es. Article XX (b) and (g) allow WTO members to adopt and enforce measures if these are either necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, or if the measures relate to the conservation of exhaustible natu

20、ral resources. However, such measures should not represent a disguised restriction on international trade nor be discriminatory in application. This Article has been reg</p><p>　　Furthermore, the ISO promulg

21、ated ISO 14000 in 1996 in order to maintain global ecological balance and to harmonize environmental protection and economic development. ISO 14000 includes environmental management standards, environmental auditing, env

22、ironmental labeling, and environmental impact assessments. It aims at establishing an Environmental Management System , promoting its implementation through environment assessment and auditing to improve the global envir

23、onment. ISO 14000 has an active </p><p>　　3.2. The Positive Externality of Green Barriers</p><p>　　The positive externality of green barriers is not only embodied in environmental and technologi

24、cal effects, but also in aligning world production according to true comparative advantage. The existence of green barriers requires the internalization of the environment cost into the process of production. The product

25、s must be friendly to the environment and should not damage the environment in production, transit or disposal. These requirements make traded goods comply with environmental regulation</p><p>　　exporting co

26、untries, as well as to create more resources for environmental investment. Protecting the environment in one country will have a positive impact on its neighbors and the global environment; hence acting as a positive glo

27、bal externality. The emergence of green barriers reflects the demand for the coordinated development of the environment and the direction of development of human society. The implementation of green barriers also acceler

28、ates the strength of environmental and green con</p><p>　　Stringent environmental standards and market access requirements in developed countries will spur developing countries to learn advanced technologies

29、 and improve production levels while providing for environmental protection. These green barriers will bring about a positive externality of technology spillover if their implementation has an active influence on the gre

30、ening of world production.</p><p>　　3.3. The Stimulating Effect of Green Barriers</p><p>　　The Porter Hypothesis, proposed by Michael Porter of Harvard University, puts forward the debate on the

31、 relationship between environmental regulation and competitiveness. According to the Porter Hypothesis, strict environmental regulations can induce efficiency and encourage innovations that improve competitiveness. This

32、is because strict environmental regulation triggers the discovery and introduction of clean technologies and environmental improvements. In this way, the innovative effect can i</p><p>　　The concept of green

33、 barriers integrates principles and theories of environmental science, management, and ecology. Applied to the processes of producing, storage, using, marketing and recycling, rational green barriers are conducive to str

34、ucturing a complete and environment-friendly management system. Except for those which violate the non-discriminatory principles of the WTO, green barriers have a stimulating effect on environmental R&D, technology i

35、nnovation, clean production and green market</p><p>　　4. The Circular Economy and Green Barriers</p><p>　　Green barriers can restrict some trade activities which negatively affect natural resour

36、ces, the environment, human health or life. Developed countries have established a green fence to imported goods. For China, the fundamental way to surmount green barriers is to transform traditional production and devel

37、opment modes; that is to say to carry out a circular production process (CP) which is based on the principle of efficient utilization of resources and protecting the environment.</p><p>　　Since industrializa

38、tion, economic development has been characterized by high exploitation of resources and high emissions. The traditional producing and economic method, from production, consumption to waste disposal, is the process of ‘fr

39、om cradle to grave’. The circular economy, on the other hand, is a nearly closed-loop system , provided that residual waste not recycled is disposed of in a green manner. The theme of a circular economy is the exchange o

40、f materials where one facility’s waste, i</p><p>　　The basic principle of implementing CE is reducing, reusing and recycling. Reducing refers to reducing the materials entering production and consumption. Re

41、using means prolonging the durability of products and services,while recycling can reduce disposal needs. </p><p>　　Based on ecological rules, the CP mode reasonably utilizes natural and environmental resour

42、ces in an industry chain among various enterprises and industries similar to a natural ecology chain. It promotes the optimum use of resources, recycling of material and eliminating environment deterioration.</p>

43、<p>　　Second, CP production is especially helpful for Chinese enterprises attempting to surmount green barriers. Technology spillover encourages enterprises to improve green production and optimize the social export

44、ing pattern. The social benefit of CP will reduce environmental damage. At the same time, it will narrow the gap of environmental technology standards, upgrading the ability to cope with green barriers .</p><p

45、>　　Third, CE implementation can rebound to increasing eco-efficiency, forming sustainable comparative advantage and casting off comparative cost traps. Due to the increasing scarcity of resources and decreasing enviro

46、nment quality, developing countries are not environmentally factor abundant. The export advantages of these countries, including China, are based on cheap natural resources and lax environmental policies and standards. H

47、owever, this advantage is unsustainable and will finally lose out </p><p>　　export benefits to be gained.Sustainable comparative advantage based on environmental costs being internalized can eliminate the ne

48、gative environment externality of production and reflect the social value of ecological production.</p><p>　　5. Conclusion</p><p>　　Under the current circumstances of globalization, world trade

49、and the economy are tending towards green production and environmental protection.The green barriers faced by China’s exports are a signal to China’s foreign trade development. It is desirable to realize that environment

50、al standards and green barriers are not intentionally aimed at undermining China’s exports due to Most-Favored Nation Treatment, but are required for the world environment and for human health and safety. Therefore, it&l

51、t;/p><p><b>　　附錄：</b></p><p>　　從可持續(xù)發(fā)展的角度看綠色壁壘</p><p>　　摘要：綠色壁壘是一種非關(guān)稅壁壘。本文指出綠色壁壘源于可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論與環(huán)境保護(hù)，但與真正的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)是兼容的。中國(guó)企業(yè)克服綠色壁壘最好的方式是實(shí)施循環(huán)生產(chǎn)工藝和清潔生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：綠色壁壘；

52、可持續(xù)發(fā)展；生態(tài)環(huán)境；循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)；生命周期分析</p><p><b>　　1引言</b></p><p>　　自從中國(guó)實(shí)行改革開(kāi)放和經(jīng)濟(jì)改革以來(lái)，其對(duì)外貿(mào)易額已經(jīng)連續(xù)上漲，由1978年206億美元升至2005年的14220億美元。2006年中國(guó)進(jìn)口的貿(mào)易額加上出口的貿(mào)易額占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的65.8%，其中，出口的份額占36.2%，進(jìn)口的份額占29.6%（中國(guó)國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局，

53、2006）。我國(guó)的出口主要集中在勞動(dòng)密集型和資源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)：勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)品占總出口制造業(yè)的40%，包括橡膠和金屬制品在內(nèi)的資源密集型產(chǎn)品占20%。這種出口模式消耗資源，并導(dǎo)致高排放、高污染，這在中國(guó)是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問(wèn)題。此外，除了農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品，機(jī)電產(chǎn)品的出口也面臨越來(lái)越大的技術(shù)障礙，如噪音、污染、安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、節(jié)能和回收要求。由于包裝方法不符合發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的環(huán)境保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，每年大約80億美元的出口產(chǎn)品受到國(guó)外綠色標(biāo)簽和商標(biāo)的影響，240億美元的產(chǎn)品間

54、接受到影響。因此，如何看待和應(yīng)對(duì)綠色壁壘是中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。</p><p><b>　　2綠色壁壘</b></p><p>　　雖然在國(guó)際條約或協(xié)定中沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)確和清晰的定義，“綠色壁壘”作為一個(gè)新的術(shù)語(yǔ)是指嚴(yán)格的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的應(yīng)用。除了綠色環(huán)境標(biāo)簽，綠色壁壘還包括環(huán)境附加稅、市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入要求、綠色技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、綠色包裝、綠色衛(wèi)生措施和綠色子公司。</

55、p><p>　　通常，綠色屏障被視為發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家實(shí)施的一種環(huán)境壁壘，他們?yōu)榱吮Ｗo(hù)動(dòng)物或植物的生命而建立嚴(yán)格的強(qiáng)制措施來(lái)限制某些進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品。一些作者認(rèn)為，綠色壁壘是一種保護(hù)主義，它對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家是不公平的，限制了發(fā)展中國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。</p><p>　　事實(shí)上，綠色壁壘的演變和實(shí)踐符合全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展與真實(shí)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家更快地意識(shí)到了外部環(huán)境和外部環(huán)境對(duì)人類(lèi)和環(huán)境的損害這一事實(shí)。一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家

56、在環(huán)境和自然資源方面建立了技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，要求最終產(chǎn)品和所有生產(chǎn)過(guò)程（研發(fā)，生產(chǎn)，包裝，運(yùn)輸，消費(fèi)和回收）符合環(huán)境保護(hù)要求。因此，綠色壁壘已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易的舞臺(tái)。</p><p>　　如果像一些中國(guó)學(xué)者認(rèn)為的那樣，綠色壁壘被定義為一種與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的不公平的和歧視性的措施，那么，抵制和拒絕的態(tài)度將會(huì)會(huì)堅(jiān)持下去。這將忽視綠色壁壘對(duì)保護(hù)環(huán)境以及人類(lèi)、動(dòng)物、植物健康的積極影響。除非任意的或不合理的環(huán)境貿(mào)易方法阻礙國(guó)際貿(mào)易，否則

57、應(yīng)該采用理性的態(tài)度和分析方法。</p><p>　　3 綠色壁壘的理性分析</p><p>　　綠色壁壘是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的結(jié)果。大規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展帶來(lái)兩個(gè)結(jié)果，一個(gè)是對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的積極影響：收入和生活水平的增加；另一個(gè)是對(duì)自然資源和環(huán)境的巨大的、有時(shí)不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的負(fù)面影響。許多例子可以在世界范圍內(nèi)看到：沙漠化、森林砍伐、水資源短缺、酸雨、生物多樣性減少；總之是普遍的空氣、土地和海洋污染。在享受經(jīng)濟(jì)的

58、高增長(zhǎng)而帶來(lái)的福利增加的同時(shí)，世界正遭受?chē)?yán)重的環(huán)境惡化?！拔覀児餐奈磥?lái)”委員會(huì)在1987提出了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的思想，呼吁共同努力，人類(lèi)應(yīng)該保護(hù)環(huán)境和人、動(dòng)物、植物的健康。委員會(huì)將可持續(xù)發(fā)展定義為，既滿足當(dāng)代人的需求又不損害子孫后代滿足其需要的能力。1994，國(guó)際可持續(xù)發(fā)展機(jī)構(gòu)建議把此原則作為協(xié)調(diào)國(guó)際貿(mào)易和發(fā)展的一種手段以達(dá)到可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目的。這些原則構(gòu)成了整合貿(mào)易、環(huán)境和發(fā)展的起點(diǎn)。通過(guò)國(guó)際合作而考慮內(nèi)部環(huán)境的中心思想是對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的調(diào)節(jié)。

59、由于貿(mào)易自由化而帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)是可持續(xù)發(fā)展的必要條件，但沒(méi)有足夠的環(huán)境管制的貿(mào)易自由化會(huì)引起環(huán)境退化。因此，基于可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論和兼容性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，綠色壁壘會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極的、理性的影響。</p><p>　　3.1 包含理性綠色壁壘的國(guó)際環(huán)境管理系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　首先，世貿(mào)組織/關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定不反對(duì)其成員國(guó)采取的與貿(mào)易相關(guān)的環(huán)境措施。如果這些措施對(duì)保護(hù)人類(lèi)、動(dòng)物或植物的生命或健康是必要的，或者

60、如果措施涉及可能用竭的自然資源的保護(hù)，那么第二十條允許世貿(mào)組織成員采取并執(zhí)行措施。然而，這些措施不應(yīng)是對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的變相限制或歧視性的應(yīng)用。這一原則已被視為在世貿(mào)組織下處理環(huán)境糾紛的一般原則。此外，環(huán)境例外可以在許多世貿(mào)組織協(xié)議中被發(fā)現(xiàn)，例如農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)議、補(bǔ)貼與反補(bǔ)貼措施協(xié)定、與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)等。這些規(guī)定意味著國(guó)家有權(quán)制定對(duì)人類(lèi)、動(dòng)物、植物或環(huán)境的保護(hù)，前提是要求保護(hù)不構(gòu)成任意歧視或不必要的貿(mào)易限制。因此，綠色壁壘作為涉及貿(mào)易的環(huán)境措施，

61、至少在原則上，已被世貿(mào)組織成員廣泛接受。</p><p>　　此外，為了維護(hù)全球生態(tài)平衡和協(xié)調(diào)環(huán)境保護(hù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織在1996頒布了ISO14000。ISO14000包括環(huán)境管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、環(huán)境審計(jì)、環(huán)境標(biāo)志、環(huán)境影響評(píng)估。它的目的是建立環(huán)境管理系統(tǒng)，通過(guò)環(huán)境評(píng)估和審計(jì)促進(jìn)其實(shí)施以改善全球環(huán)境。ISO14000在減少資源消耗、降低污染排放方面有著積極的影響。歐洲聯(lián)盟已申請(qǐng)ISO14000，要求所有進(jìn)口商品符

62、合其環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，包括材料、生產(chǎn)、銷(xiāo)售、消費(fèi)和處置。如果ISO14000可以被普遍采用，它將減少任意的貿(mào)易壁壘并且沿著真實(shí)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)促進(jìn)世界貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)全球可持續(xù)發(fā)展，國(guó)際統(tǒng)一的調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)對(duì)于環(huán)境問(wèn)題是非常必要的。</p><p>　　3.2 綠色壁壘的正外部性</p><p>　　綠色壁壘的正外部性不僅體現(xiàn)在環(huán)境和技術(shù)的影響，也根據(jù)真實(shí)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)體現(xiàn)在世界生產(chǎn)之中。綠色壁壘的存在需要環(huán)

63、境成本內(nèi)在化的生產(chǎn)工藝。產(chǎn)品必須是環(huán)境友好型并且在生產(chǎn)、運(yùn)輸或處置中不會(huì)損害環(huán)境。這些要求交易的貨物要符合環(huán)保法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以保護(hù)進(jìn)、出口國(guó)家生態(tài)環(huán)境，同時(shí)可以為環(huán)境投資創(chuàng)造更多的資源。一個(gè)國(guó)家的環(huán)境保護(hù)將對(duì)其鄰國(guó)和全球環(huán)境有積極影響；因此，能夠作為一個(gè)積極的全球外部性。綠色壁壘的出現(xiàn)反映出對(duì)環(huán)境與人類(lèi)社會(huì)發(fā)展方向協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的需求。綠色壁壘的實(shí)施也加速了環(huán)境優(yōu)勢(shì)和綠色消費(fèi)意識(shí)。</p><p>　　發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家嚴(yán)格的環(huán)保標(biāo)

64、準(zhǔn)和市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入要求將促使發(fā)展中國(guó)家學(xué)習(xí)先進(jìn)技術(shù)，提高生產(chǎn)水平的同時(shí)保護(hù)環(huán)境。如果綠色壁壘對(duì)綠色的世界生產(chǎn)有積極影響，這些綠色壁壘將帶來(lái)技術(shù)外溢的積極外部性。</p><p>　　3.3 綠色壁壘的刺激作用</p><p>　　哈佛大學(xué)的邁克爾·波特提出了波特假說(shuō)，指出了環(huán)境規(guī)制與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)之間的關(guān)系。根據(jù)波特假說(shuō)，嚴(yán)格的環(huán)保法規(guī)可誘導(dǎo)效率、鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新、提升競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。這是因?yàn)閲?yán)格的環(huán)境規(guī)制引發(fā)

65、了清潔技術(shù)的發(fā)現(xiàn)、采用以及環(huán)境的改善。在這方面，創(chuàng)新效應(yīng)可以促使生產(chǎn)過(guò)程和產(chǎn)品更加高效和清潔。實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)新而節(jié)約的社會(huì)成本足以涵蓋直接歸因于新的法規(guī)的遵從成本和創(chuàng)新成本（托爾斯滕·貝爾恩德，2005）。因此，適當(dāng)?shù)?、?yán)格的環(huán)境管制會(huì)促使社會(huì)福利以及在此規(guī)定下經(jīng)營(yíng)的企業(yè)的私人凈效益的改善。</p><p>　　綠色壁壘的概念整合了環(huán)境科學(xué)、管理、生態(tài)學(xué)的理論原則。應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)過(guò)程、存儲(chǔ)、使用、銷(xiāo)售和回收，理性的

66、綠色壁壘有利于構(gòu)建一個(gè)完整的環(huán)保管理系統(tǒng)。除了有些違反了世貿(mào)組織的非歧視原則，綠色壁壘對(duì)環(huán)境的研發(fā)、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、清潔生產(chǎn)、綠色營(yíng)銷(xiāo)有刺激作用。在瑣碎的關(guān)于壁壘的案件中，它們只保護(hù)自己國(guó)家環(huán)保生產(chǎn)。</p><p>　　4 循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)和綠色壁壘</p><p>　　綠色壁壘能夠限制一些對(duì)自然資源、環(huán)境、人類(lèi)健康或生命造成不利影響的貿(mào)易活動(dòng)。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已經(jīng)建立了針對(duì)進(jìn)口貨物的綠色籬笆。在中國(guó)，克服綠

67、色壁壘的基本方式是改造傳統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)和發(fā)展模式，也就是說(shuō)以有效利用資源和保護(hù)環(huán)境的原則為根據(jù)進(jìn)行的循環(huán)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程。</p><p>　　工業(yè)化以來(lái)，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展以高資源開(kāi)發(fā)和高排放為特征。傳統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)方式，從生產(chǎn)、消費(fèi)到廢物處理，是“從搖籃到墳?zāi)埂钡倪^(guò)程。另一方面，循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)幾乎是一個(gè)閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)，無(wú)法循環(huán)的殘留廢物以綠色的方式進(jìn)行處置。循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的主題是物資交流，一個(gè)設(shè)施的廢物，包括能源、水、材料以及信息，是另一個(gè)設(shè)備的輸入

68、。循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)“從搖籃到搖籃”促進(jìn)廢物的減少和再利用。在調(diào)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和環(huán)境改善方面，循環(huán)生產(chǎn)是一個(gè)綠色生產(chǎn)模式。</p><p>　　貫徹循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的基本原理是減量化、再利用和再循環(huán)。減量化是指減少進(jìn)入到生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)的材料。再利用意味著延長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的耐久性，同時(shí)再循環(huán)可以減少處理的需要。</p><p>　　基于生態(tài)規(guī)律，類(lèi)似于自然生態(tài)鏈，循環(huán)生產(chǎn)模式是合理地利用各企業(yè)和行業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中的自然資源

69、和環(huán)境資源。它能夠促進(jìn)資源的最佳利用、回收材料和消除環(huán)境惡化。</p><p>　　其次，循環(huán)生產(chǎn)對(duì)于中國(guó)企業(yè)試圖跨越綠色壁壘是特別有利的。技術(shù)的溢出鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)提高綠色生產(chǎn)和優(yōu)化社會(huì)輸出模式。循環(huán)生產(chǎn)帶來(lái)的社會(huì)利益將減少環(huán)境的破壞。同時(shí)，它將縮小環(huán)境技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的差距，提高應(yīng)對(duì)綠色壁壘的能力。</p><p>　　第三，循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的貫徹實(shí)施可以提高生態(tài)效率，形成可持續(xù)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的同時(shí)擺脫比較成本陷

70、阱。由于資源的稀缺和環(huán)境質(zhì)量的降低，發(fā)展中國(guó)家的環(huán)境因素也不豐富。包括中國(guó)在內(nèi)的國(guó)家的出口優(yōu)勢(shì)是廉價(jià)的自然資源和寬松的環(huán)境政策和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。然而，這一優(yōu)勢(shì)是不可持續(xù)的，它最終會(huì)隨著環(huán)境納入國(guó)際貿(mào)易制度而消失。環(huán)境成本的內(nèi)在化有助于為出口減少資源的過(guò)度消耗。它能保護(hù)中國(guó)的出口企業(yè)免受生態(tài)傾銷(xiāo)的指責(zé)。越早實(shí)施循環(huán)生產(chǎn)，越大地獲得出口效益?；趦?nèi)部環(huán)境成本的可持續(xù)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)可以消除生產(chǎn)中消極的外部環(huán)境，反映生態(tài)生產(chǎn)的社會(huì)價(jià)值。</p>

71、<p><b>　　5 結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　在當(dāng)前全球化的環(huán)境下，世界貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)趨向于綠色生產(chǎn)和環(huán)境保護(hù)。中國(guó)的出口所面對(duì)的綠色壁壘是中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易發(fā)展一個(gè)信號(hào)。環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和綠色壁壘并不是由于最惠國(guó)待遇而蓄意破壞中國(guó)的出口，而是世界環(huán)境和人類(lèi)的健康與安全所需要的，認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)是可取的。因此，抱怨、批評(píng)和抵制綠色壁壘將是徒勞的?？朔系K、尋求真正的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的有效的手段和方