生態(tài)外文翻譯---生態(tài)足跡，可持續(xù)性與生產力

1、<p>　　生態(tài)足跡，可持續(xù)性與生產力</p><p>　　John Davies</p><p>　　更高的生產力水平指的是能夠滿足城市居民需求的同時不增加生態(tài)足跡。</p><p><b>　　背景</b></p><p>　　生態(tài)足跡（EFP）是一種用來測定可持續(xù)性能力的環(huán)境規(guī)劃工具。生態(tài)足跡可以形象地解

2、釋能量流，同時它也和任何特定的經濟體系有關，并且能夠將其轉換成為支持這個能量流所需要的土地和水域面積。通過使用這個工具，我們首先要了解的第一件事是我們地球上的資源是有限的，所以人類對地球的作用和消耗不能無限的擴張。北美洲的人均平均生態(tài)足跡是4到5公頃，這也是美國人消耗的分量。與此對比的是，在全球，土地的人均生態(tài)足跡是1.5公頃。北美正在消耗他它本應該得到的3到4倍。在富有的國家的居民每個人的消耗超過了資源的供給的3倍。這個現象的發(fā)生是建

3、立在犧牲別人的代價上的——即那些生活在發(fā)展中國家的人們。</p><p>　　城市的生態(tài)足跡指的是用來滿足城市需求的土地表面，這些土地的作用包括提供燃料產品并且重吸收所產生的二氧化碳。在倫敦，城市的生態(tài)足跡將近有8000萬公頃，是它本身土地，即627000公頃的125倍。倫敦的人口只占了英國總人口的12％，但它所需要的相當于整個英國的生產性土地面積。事實上，這些陸地還包括了延伸到的更加遙遠的地方，比如加拿大的小麥

4、草原和美國的中西部，馬托格羅索大豆土地和第三世界的森林，或者是阿薩姆和肯尼亞的茶園。</p><p>　　無法否認的是，在發(fā)展中國家中的城市的生態(tài)足跡是低的多的。還有需要注意的是生態(tài)足跡并無法指示出在城市中當地環(huán)境的相關健康程度和質量，并且它并不能告訴我們在這個城市里是那些部分和地區(qū)消耗大部分的資源。</p><p>　　在城市空間里，資源大量涌入，但是人們并不會對其來源或者產生的廢棄物的

5、目的地有很多考慮；城市的投入和產出對于人們來說是沒有關系的。W E Rees（“Is sustainable City an Oxymoron？”，1997）把焦點放在技術性的解決方法：這包括零影響發(fā)展，比如找到方法以使得城市資源需求的最小化。</p><p>　　生產力指的是生產量和使用資源（包括土地，勞動力，機器和材料）的比率。一個高產率的生產系統(tǒng)會產生最少量的廢棄物，同時能夠充分利用廠房和更加優(yōu)化產品的設計

6、來滿足消費者的需求。無法否認的是，一個國家的生產力水平越高，那么也會使得這個國家人民的生活水平越高，比如說在實際工資水平下，會有更加低的產品價格，更加好的雇傭條件和相對減少的工作時間。更高的生產力水平會使得城市人口的需求得到滿足，而且并不增加生態(tài)足跡。</p><p>　　生態(tài)足跡，可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力和生產力在國家和全球尺度上是緊密聯系在一起的。</p><p>　　城市的生態(tài)足跡指的是用來滿

7、足城市需求的土地表面，這些土地的作用包括提供燃料產品并且重吸收所產生的二氧化碳。</p><p>　　可持續(xù)發(fā)展力，城市化和自然資源</p><p>　　城市的可持續(xù)性發(fā)展是在100頁的“人居環(huán)境議程”中定義的，由180個國家在1996年伊斯坦波爾的聯合國城市峰會上簽署。它聲明：“人們必須在完整考慮可持續(xù)發(fā)展的原則和組成的前提下，來規(guī)劃，發(fā)展并且改善我們的定居地，就像在21世紀議程中所指出

8、的一樣…我們需要去尊重生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的承載能力和為未來子孫后代保存承載能力的機會….科學和技術對形成一個可持續(xù)性發(fā)展的人類定居地和維持人們賴以生存的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有著非常關鍵的作用?！痹谶@個峰會上，與會者也一致認為政府必須支持城市的可持續(xù)性發(fā)展。需要注意的是這些聲明來源于布倫特蘭報告（1987年世界環(huán)境和發(fā)展委員會），但不是每一個人都是贊成的：對于可持續(xù)發(fā)展很多人有不同的觀點。</p><p>　　可更新資源包括動植物等天然

9、物種，但它們已經被人們經濟開發(fā)了。當下人們從農村，野外，農業(yè)資源或者海洋中使用和抽取資源的速率，其中包括了許多的可更新資源，在一個極其不穩(wěn)定的水平，導致了這些資源和物種面臨了一個滅絕的風險——這樣的話，它們的存在和可持續(xù)發(fā)展當然是不和諧的。這類情況存在于許多海洋魚類中，比如黑線鱈，鱈魚，特別是北海鯡魚。</p><p>　　對可更新資源的保護需要利用權威影響去控制對資源的產權（限制進入）。假如這些措施對于保證資源

10、的長期可持續(xù)性生存沒有效果的話，就需要去采取更加長遠的控制措施了。在特定的情況下，對于魚類捕撈的限制和控制是達成這些目標的常規(guī)方法，并且經常被當下作為歐盟的政策來使用。另外一個對可更新資源的可持續(xù)性利用的策略是對特定的種類進行人工地養(yǎng)殖。但是至于對現在的消費人口的需求來說，這些選擇都因為現在所有的技術而會受到一定的限制，其中例如有對于繁殖的控制，包括對這些樣本的年齡和性別還有質量的控制。</p><p>　　當今

11、社會中城市的許多功能都和我們從歷史上繼承下來的非常不一樣。以前低交通系統(tǒng)的消耗是依賴于遍地存在的化石燃料的使用，而現在交通已經變得和距離沒有任何關系了，并且交通正在把城市變成逐漸增加的地球的腹地。而這個過程通常需要通過政府堅實的基本運輸建設的輔助來促成運行。人們定居的真正的地點已經能夠變得越來越不重要，就如全球貿易條約所決定的只有部分的國家和地區(qū)的經濟命運一樣。城市也正在沿著都市的公路和鐵路線向外一直擴展，到他們的郊區(qū)和購物商場，而與此

12、同時發(fā)生的是，他們的城市中心除了上班時間以外都缺少了人們活動的生氣。</p><p>　　大規(guī)模的城市化實質上是一個不可持續(xù)的過程。它在很大程度上增加了每個人對化石燃料，金屬，木材，肉類和制造產品的使用，并且產生了對環(huán)境主要的外部影響。和大多數傳統(tǒng)的文化系統(tǒng)不一樣的是，當代城市系統(tǒng)的運行極其依賴于一個龐大的外部提供鏈系統(tǒng)，這個系統(tǒng)的最初來源和最終目的地是農村地區(qū)和制造中心，同時這些都是通過全球運輸和通訊基礎設施來

13、實現的。</p><p>　　當城市的居住者在使用光和熱的時候，他們是不會想起柴火和原煤的；當他們想到配套的電氣用具設備時-同樣地，他們很難會意識到提供這些的電站，提煉廠或者是產氣地。沒有對這些化石燃料的常規(guī)使用，就不會有超級城市的一千萬人口的出現：同樣地，世界上也絕不會存在有一個超過十萬人口的城市，它的運行是不使用原煤，天然氣和石油的。直到在最近的幾項倡議中有提到，在大多數的城市中，人們對于食物的種植的直接體驗

14、是非常缺乏的；城市中的大部分居民都在超級市場采購他們所需要的，同時期望超市提供的食物最好是包裝好的，并且期望超市貼上標簽來提高產品的識別度，即能更好地指示出一個特定商品的質量?，F代城市占有了整個地球百分之二的土地，但是它卻使用了地球超過百分之七十五的資源。</p><p>　　在這個地球上，每一個人都要求有一個更高的生活水平，但同時都缺乏一個對于自然資源的有限性的認識，所以現在通過在各個領域對材料，勞動力和機器的

15、謹慎考慮和使用以使得生產力的最大化已經變得非常必要。</p><p>　　在這個地球上，每一個人都要求有一個更高的生活水平，但同時都缺乏一個對于自然資源有限性的認識，故生產力最大化已經變得非常必要。</p><p>　　在教育領域的可持續(xù)性和生產力</p><p>　　高等院校環(huán)境保護協(xié)會（EAUC）于1996年成立，并且這個協(xié)會是通過成員組織運行來為其他成員服務的

16、。它通過尋求途徑以幫助英國的高等教育機構來提高他們的環(huán)境質量和可持續(xù)發(fā)展績效。高等學校環(huán)境保護協(xié)會有超過200個成員機構，他們在英國的高等院校中把對可持續(xù)性發(fā)展，環(huán)境管理結合到商業(yè)管理中去的行為做了很好的示范。高等院校環(huán)境保護協(xié)會存在著以支持它的成員們在高等院校中傳遞改進過的環(huán)境質量和可持續(xù)發(fā)展績效：協(xié)會給成員們訓練，建議和支持，還可以提供某個部門一個存在有最佳方法的表格。而這個方法會和生產力有一個最根本的聯系，這樣能夠讓可利用資源得到

17、充分的利用的同時使得那些廢棄物被徹底消滅。在英國，這個組織是在這個領域僅有的一個主體是由成員主導來支持的機構。</p><p>　　生態(tài)足跡提供了一個可信賴的定量化指標來評價任意一個給定城市區(qū)域的空間支持需求。</p><p>　　范例研究1：集中研究一個高等進修學院中的行為</p><p>　　諾丁漢的城堡學院是2006年布羅克斯托學院和人民學院合并后而形成的。這

18、個學院有8900個學生，790個員工，并且在18個不同的位置有18個建筑。在這個學校體系中涉及有許多已經結構化了的可持續(xù)行為，并且為此目的，存在有一個由這個大學不同功能部門的成員組成的特別小組。在這個小組會議上提出的配有成本和利益分析的建議列表會被充分討論，并且會起草經討論統(tǒng)一了的行動方案。接下來的工作會依據這個方案來執(zhí)行，并且會在接下來的會議中反饋方案執(zhí)行的結果。</p><p>　　最近的一個行動計劃在下一頁

19、上：</p><p>　　范例研究2：城堡學院的清潔合同</p><p>　　就像在行動計劃中提到的一樣，除了最初提出的一些問題，因為原來的兩個學院有不同的清潔合同，其中包括了不同的供應商和不同的時間，所以還出現了許多其他的問題。物業(yè)管理小組想要為擴建了的學院來簽訂一個更有價值的清潔合約，同時想要利用這個機會來尋求一個最有利于環(huán)境的選擇?？傮w上來說，這個小組的目標是想在清潔成本上省錢，與此

20、同時希望能夠減少對環(huán)境的影響，并且能夠證明物業(yè)管理小組是能夠給學?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展做出貢獻的。</p><p>　　學院的管理組意識到，最初在一定程度上是需要有清潔方面的專業(yè)知識來最大程度地減少對環(huán)境的影響：專業(yè)顧問們的使用對于達到最好的價值是非常必須的，就和使得運行的影響最小化一樣。</p><p>　　經過一段投標的過程，而這個過程主要集中注意力于金錢和可持續(xù)發(fā)展力的價值，學院最后任命了一家

21、私人清潔公司來當顧問去承擔這個合同。被任命的承包商有使用高性能噴氣動力機器來進行深層清潔的經驗，同時能夠最大程度地減少了對水資源的使用。用這個與噴氣一起使用的產品去分解廚房，廁所和淋浴室內的脂肪類物質，結果產生了超級好的清潔效力。這個公司所使用的產品來自塞登，而塞登有一個非常全面的環(huán)境政策。來自這個供應商的所有的材料滿足了甚至超過了相關的與環(huán)境破壞有關的法律規(guī)定，同時最大程度地減少了產品包裝和制造過程中對水資源的使用。</p>

22、;<p>　　要是有超過三年的清潔合同，據估計，和現在的成本相比，這個學院將為此能夠節(jié)省超過15萬英鎊。節(jié)省本來可以更加多，但是，在轉讓經營（就業(yè)保護）條例下，這個承包公司不得不繼續(xù)維持簽訂了先前工作合同的清潔人員的工資和工作條件。另外，學校因為改進了的清潔產品和減少了的水資源消耗減小了對環(huán)境的影響。</p><p><b>　　圖例:</b></p><p

23、>　　可持續(xù)性的優(yōu)先性（上面表格的第四列）:</p><p>　　1.這個措施會產生很有意義的成效并且可以很快實現，所以它應該立刻執(zhí)行。</p><p>　　2.這個措施會產生很有意義的成效但是實施需要花時間并且需要有一定的成本。</p><p>　　3.這個措施能夠取得一些成效，并且在執(zhí)行上有一定的問題，可以作為一個長遠目標。</p><

24、p><b>　　結論</b></p><p>　　生態(tài)足跡提供了一個可信賴的定量化指標來評價任意一個給定城市區(qū)域的空間支持需求。它是一個可靠的規(guī)劃工具，因為通過它的使用，可以獲取相關土地需求的信息，這些需求的土地指的是用來滿足并且處理居民所需要的資源和他們產生的廢棄物的相對應土地的面積：這些信息能夠協(xié)助補救決策的發(fā)展，并且?guī)椭繕说膶崿F，即能使得城市區(qū)域和一個國家的生態(tài)狀況可以更加和諧

25、共處。</p><p>　　就像上面實例研究所顯示的一樣，在大學里，如果以一種系統(tǒng)化的方式來處理，一些局部的有可持續(xù)性的行為可以導致一個成本的絕對減少，同時還能夠減小對環(huán)境的影響。我們需要有對這些活動進行持續(xù)的作用以保證能夠取得預期的補救效果，并且也需要對最優(yōu)方法進行持續(xù)更新。這些實例的研究也顯示出，大多數組織是能夠為一個國家的生態(tài)足跡的減少做出貢獻的，并且可以通過增加生產力來提高可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力，如果這個能夠在整

26、個社會推行的話，一定會產生非常有意義和積極的成效。最后，假如對于這些項目能夠有足夠周全的考慮，那么也會產生一定的經濟效益。</p><p>　　The Ecological Footprint,</p><p>　　Sustainability and Productivity</p><p>　　By John Davies</p><p>

27、;　　"Higher productivity should enable the demands of an urban population to be satisfied, without increasing the ecological footprint"</p><p>　　Background</p><p>　　The ecological footp

28、rint (EFP) is an environmental planning tool and is used to determine sustainability.EFP accounts for the flow of energy and matter to and from any defined economy and converts this into land and water area required to s

29、upport such a flow.</p><p>　　The first thing we understand by using this tool is that the resources in our planet are finite and that human enterprise and consumption cannot be expanded indefinitely. The ave

30、rage North American footprint measures 4-5 hectares and is a measure of the consumption of Americans. The world average of land available is 1.5 hectares per person. North Americans are consuming three to four times thei

31、r fair share. The per capita consumption of residents in rich countries has exceeded the supply of res</p><p>　　The ecological footprint of a city is the land surfaces required to feed it, to supply it with

32、fuel product and to reabsorb its carbon dioxide output. With London, the ecological footprint is 125 times its own territory of 627,000 hectares, to nearly 80 million hectares. With only 12%of Britain's population, L

33、ondon requires the equivalent of Britain's entire productive land. In reality, these land surfaces, of course, extend to far flung places such as the wheat prairies of Canada and the Mid-We</p><p>　　Inev

34、itably, the footprint of the cities in the developing world are much lower. In addition, it should be noted that the ecological footprint is no indication of the relative health or the quality of local environment within

35、 the city and it does not tell us which groups or areas within the cities consume most resources.</p><p>　　Resources are funneled through the urban spaces without much concern about their origin or about the

36、 destination of wastes: inputs and outputs of cities are treated as largely unrelated. W E Rees ('Is Sustainable City an Oxymoron?” 1997)focuses on technocratic solutions: this includes zero impact development, such

37、as finding ways to minimise the resource demands of a city.</p><p>　　Productivity is the ratio between the amounts produced to the amount of resources used (land, labour, machines and materials).A highly pro

38、ductive system will produce the minimum waste, will make the best use of plant/buildings and improve the design of products to meet the needs of the consumer. Inevitably, the higher the productivity of a nation will lead

39、 to a higher standard of living, as indicated by the level of real incomes coupled with lower prices, better employment conditions and reduced</p><p>　　The ecological footprint, sustainability and productivi

40、ty are closely locked together in national and global situations.</p><p>　　"The ecological footprint of a city is the land surfaces required to feed it, to supply it with fuel product and to reabsorb it

41、s carbon dioxide output"</p><p>　　Sustainability, urbanisation and natural resources</p><p>　　Urban Sustainability was defined in the 100 page 'Habitat Agenda’, signed by 180 nations at

42、 the 1996 UN City Summit in Istanbul. It states that:” Human settlements should be planned, developed and improved in a manner that takes full account of sustainable principles and their components, as set out in Agenda

43、21...we need to respect the carrying capacity of ecosystems and preservation of opportunities for future generations... science and technology have a crucial role shaping sustainable human </p><p>　　At this

44、summit, it was agreed that the Government must support sustainable urban developments. It should be noted that this statement originated from the Bruntland Report (The 1987 report of the World Commission on Environment a

45、nd Development) and not everyone agrees with it: there are different imaginations of sustainability.</p><p>　　Renewable resources are natural species of plant and animals that are economically exploited. Wit

46、h many renewable resources, the current rate of usage or extraction from rural, wild or agricultural sources, or from the sea, is at unstable levels and these resources and species face risks of extinction -in this way t

47、heir existences are incompatible with sustainability. This is the case with many pelagic fish, such as haddock, cod and, notably, the North Sea herring.</p><p>　　Protection of renewable resources requires a

48、control authority to enforce property rights (restrict access) to the resource. If this action is insufficient to ensure long- term survival of the resource, further controls may be necessary. Catch controls or restricti

49、ons on fishing effort are the normal means of achieving this objective in the given situation and have been frequently used current EU policy. Another strategy for sustainability of renewable resources is to farm the spe

50、cies concerned.</p><p>　　Many of today's cities function very differently from those we inherited from history. Low transport costs, based on the ubiquitous use of fossil fuels, have rendered distances i

51、rrelevant and are plugging cities into an increasingly global hinterland. The process is often facilitated by substantial Government subsidies on transport infrastructure. The actual location of settlements is becoming l

52、ess and less important, as global trade treaties determine, in part, the fate of national and local ec</p><p>　　Large-scale urbanisation is an essentially unsustainable process. It greatly increases per capi

53、ta use of fossil fuels, metals, timber, meat and manufacturing products, with major external environmental implications. Unlike most traditional cultural systems, modern urban systems crucially depend upon a vast system

54、of external supply lines to and from rural areas and manufacturing centres, facilitated by global transport and communications infrastructures.</p><p>　　When city dwellers think heat and light, they usually

55、don't think firewood and coal fires: they think of electric or gas appliances-yet they are hardly aware of the power station, refinery or gas field that supplies them. Without the routine use of fossil fueis,mega-cit

56、ies of ten million people would not have occurred: there has never been a city of more than one million people not running on coal, gas or oil. Until recent initiatives, the direct experience of growing ood has been larg

57、ely absent</p><p>　　In a world where everyone is demanding a higher standard of living with a known limit of natural resources, it becomes essential to maximise productivity by prudent and well considered us

58、e of materials,labour and machines in all spheres.</p><p><b>　　Key</b></p><p>　　Sustainability Priority (Column 4 in above table)</p><p>　　1. This will result in signifi

59、cant efficiencies and can be achieved quickly, so it should be implemented straightaway.</p><p>　　2. This will achieve significant efficiencies but implementation is likely to take time and there are signifi

60、cant cost implications.</p><p>　　3. This will achieve some efficiency and has some implementation issues. Longer term goal.</p><p>　　"In a world where everyone is demanding a higher standar

61、d of living with a known limit of natural resources, it becomes essential to maximise productivity"</p><p>　　Sustainability and productivity in education</p><p>　　The Environmental Associat

62、ion for Universities and Colleges (EAUC) was established in 1996 and is run by members for members. It seeks to help the UK Further and Higher Education Institutes to improve their environment and sustainability performa

63、nce. With a membership of over 200 institutions, the EAUC is leading the way in integrating sustainability and environmental management into the business management of universities and colleges in the UK. The EAUC exists

64、 to support its members in deliver</p><p>　　As providing a forum for be practice in the sector. There is an underlying linkage to productivity, in that the best use is made of available resources and that wa

65、stage is eliminated. The organization is the only member-led support body of its kind in the UK.</p><p>　　"The ecological footprint gives a reliable and quantifiable indication of the spatial support re

66、quirements of any urban area"</p><p>　　Case study one:Focussed action at a college of further education</p><p>　　Castle College in Nottingham was formed by the merger of Broxtowe College an

67、d the People's College in 2006. The College has 8900 FTE students,790 staff and has 18 buildings on 18 sites. It is deeply involved in structured sustainable action and, to this end, has a dedicated team which is mad

68、e up of members from various functions within the college. Lists of proposed suggestions with costs and benefits are fully discussed at team meetings and agreed action plans are drawn up. Follow up work is th</p>

69、<p>　　A recent Action Plan is given on the opposite page:</p><p>　　Case study two: Cleaning contracts at Castle College</p><p>　　In addition to the initiative as indicated in the Action Pla

70、n, problems did arise where the original two colleges had different cleaning contracts with different suppliers, and with different times. The Estates Management Team wanted to use the enlarged college to set up a better

71、- value cleaning contract, and also use this opportunity to look for the most environmentally preferable option.Overall,the goals of the College were to save money on cleaning costs, while reducing the impact on the envi

72、</p><p>　　The college management realised at an early stage that there was a need for specialist knowledge about cleaning in a way which minimises impact on the environment: the use of consultants were essen

73、tial to achieve best value, as well as minimise its operational impact.</p><p>　　After a tendering process. Which focused on value for money and sustainability, the College appointed a Private Cleaning Compa

74、ny to advise and undertake the contract. The appointed Contractor had experience of the use of machinery with high powered jets that deep clean, but at the same time minimize water use. The products used in conjunction w

75、ith the jets broke down the fats found in kitchens, toilets and showers, which resulted in a superior clean. The company uses products from Seiden, which </p><p>　　as minimise the amount of product packaging

76、 and water- use during manufacture. </p><p>　　Estimates indicate that the College will save more than ￡150,000,in comparison with current costs, over a three- year cleaning contract. The cost savings would h

77、ave been much higher but, under the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations, the contract company had to maintain the pay and conditions of the cleaners who previously worked on the contract. In a

78、ddition, the college's environmental impact has been reduced by the improved cleaning products and through reduced use </p><p>　　Conclusion</p><p>　　The ecological footprint gives a reliable

79、 and quantifiable indication of the spatial support requirements of any urban area. It is a sound planning tool, since through its use, knowledge can be obtained of the necessity of the land surface required to feed it a

80、nd to deal with the resources required by and discarded from the inhabitants: this information should assist in the development of remedial decision making and with the object of making the urban areas more compatible an

81、d in harmony with t</p><p>　　As shown in the case studies, local sustainability actions at a college can lead to total cost reductions, as well as reducing the impact on the environment, if tackled in a syst

82、ematic manner. There is a need for continual action on these activities to ensure that remedial results are obtained and best practice is continually updated. The case studies indicate that most organizations can make a

83、contribution to the reduction of the national ecological footprint and improve sustainability with inc</p><p>　　References</p><p>　　Rees,WE,(1997),Is’ Sustainable City’ an Oxymoron? Local Enviro

84、nment2:303-310.</p><p>　　Habitat Agenda(1996)UN Summit in Istanbul. </p><p>　　The Environmental Association for Universities and Colleges, www.eauc.org.uk. </p><p>　　Castle College,