環(huán)境保護(hù)外文翻譯--烏克蘭的水污染尋求可能的解決辦法

1、<p>　　3000單詞，1.6萬(wàn)英文字符，6300漢字</p><p><b>　　畢業(yè)論文外文原文</b></p><p>　　外文題目：Water Pollution in Ukraine: The Search for possible Solutions </p&g

2、t;<p>　　出 處： International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2004, 20(2):205-218 </p><p>　　作 者：NIKOLAI NAZAROV, HADRIAN F. COOK & GRAHAM WOODGATE</p><p><b>　　原 文：<

3、;/b></p><p>　　Water Pollution in Ukraine: The Search for Possible</p><p><b>　　Solutions</b></p><p>　　NIKOLAI NAZAROV, HADRIAN F. COOK & GRAHAM WOODGATE</p>

4、<p>　　Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College at Wye, Kent, UK</p><p><b>　　ABSTRACT</b></p><p>　　In Ukraine, average and maximum concentrations of certain pollutants in inland

5、water bodies are unacceptably high, while the number of heavy pollution accidents (one-out effluent discharges capable of causing health hazards) is increasing. Meanwhile, the transition from a centrally planned to a fre

6、e market economy is associated with severe economic downturn and a marked industrial decline. However, no comprehensive analyses related to issues linking water pollution and socio-economic situation d</p><p&g

7、t;　　Introduction</p><p>　　This paper attempts to link water pollution issues with the socio-economic situation in Ukraine. The methodology involves an analysis of official statistics concerning surface water

8、 quality in Ukraine in terms of concentrations of certain pollutants and pollution accidents.1 Then consideration is given to relevant socio-economic issues and efficiency of pollution prevention in the country. The year

9、s emphasized in the analysis, 1993–1996, represent the initial period of rapidly worsening economic</p><p>　　Since then, the country has been pursuing a course of political democratization and economic liber

10、alization, which has brought about significant changes in state politics, the national economy and public welfare. Economic difficulties continued through the late 1990s and Ukraine’s economy began showing signs of impro

11、vement only around the year 2000. </p><p>　　During the period 1991–2003, patterns of environmental pollution changed and the average concentration of pollutants tended to decrease. However, levels of river p

12、ollution became more variable and the Ukrainian MEP reports shortterm maximum concentrations reaching tens of standard maximum admissible concentrations (MEP, 1998, 2000, 2002). Problems of acute water pollution are espe

13、cially pronounced in industrialized and densely populated areas where most sources of pollution, including that of su</p><p>　　At present, in most parts of Ukraine the quality of river water is not of a sati

14、sfactory standard and the authorities responsible for protection of the environment are unable to deal with the problem, mainly because of financial and staff shortages. Whether it is river pollution, poor air quality, s

15、oil contamination or any other environmental issue, it is inadequately addressed (Barannik et al., 1996; MEP, 2002).</p><p>　　This paper intends to draw on major findings of research focused on waterquality

16、in Ukrainian rivers and upon major factors that influence it. The main objective of the research described is to identify sources other then national environmental protection authorities that could help to mitigate the p

17、roblem of river (and environmental) pollution. Such analysis is relevant to consideration of policy importation to the former USSR states, including consideration of UK and EU policies for water prot</p><p>

18、　　An Overview of Surface Water Pollution by River Basins</p><p>　　There are eight major river basins in the country (Figure 1). The largest is the Dnipro river basin, which occupies about 45% of Ukrainian in

19、land territory. The basins of the Pivdenny Bug and the small rivers of Crimea are located entirely within Ukraine’s territory, while many rivers of other basins originate outside Ukraine. This presents further problems f

20、or river basin management at the state level.</p><p>　　The pressure of human activities on natural ecosystems within the basins is spread unevenly. There are areas under urban and industrial development, min

21、ing, agriculture, nature reserves and wilderness. Therefore air and water pollution is highly</p><p>　　Figure 1. Schematic location of river basins in Ukraine. Source: Gritzenko (1995).</p><p>　

22、　location specific and variable in magnitude. There exist heavily polluted areas with adverse ecosystem and human health implications, alongside areas where the natural environment has virtually been unaltered.</p>

23、<p>　　Highly polluted areas usually coincide with densely populated urbanized areas where most infrastructure and industrial production plants are located and, therefore, need to be given primary attention when im

24、plementing measures on prevention of pollution. According to information released by the Ukrainian MEP, average concentrations of certain pollutants in river water are often above 1 MAC (maximum admissible concentration)

25、, and acute short-term concentrations may reach 40–90 MACs and more (MEP,</p><p>　　At present there is chronic pollution of water in all of the major river basins of Ukraine. According to the MEP, in the lat

26、e 1990s, 2000 and 2001 there was neither major improvement nor deterioration of river water quality (MEP, 2000, 2002). The findings of an analysis dating from the mid 1990s therefore remain relevant. More significant cha

27、nges took place during early post-independence years. The period 1992–1996 was characterized by rapid changes from a centrally planned to a free </p><p>　　Figure 2. Decline of GDP in Ukraine during the perio

28、d 1989–1998, using 1989 as the base</p><p>　　year (100%). Source: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (1999).</p><p>　　market economy, hyperinflation, closure of many industries, de

29、velopment of service and trade sectors and a deterioration of living standards. However, with respect to national gross domestic product (GDP), after 1996economic decline slowed down significantly (Figure 2). In 2000, fo

30、r the first time in a decade, there was an increase in GDP. GDP grew by an average of 7% for all states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), including Ukraine. The growth is primarily linked to profitable e&l

31、t;/p><p>　　Official data issued by the Ukrainian MEP show that during the period 1993–1996 concentrations of a range of polluting substances constantly exceeded 1 MAC in all river basins (Table 1). It should be

32、 noted that values of Ukrainian MACs are usually less strict than those of European Union (EU) MACs. However, taking into account that concentrations of certain pollutants sometimes exceed 1 MAC by many times, these leve

33、ls of pollution are high enough to be of threat to human health and water ecology</p><p>　　With the exception of Crimea, all basins also experienced heavy pollution accidents (HPA). In some basins, pollution

34、 and number of HPA (NHPA) tended to decrease; in others there was an increase, or no clear change in pollution or NHPA. On some occasions there were hundreds of HPA (Table 2).</p><p>　　In the largest river b

35、asin, the Dnipro, the annual average concentration (AC) of most pollutants was rather variable (Table 3).</p><p>　　In 1996 the AC of seven selected pollutants was still too high—1 MAC or more. This is seriou

36、s because the Dnipro basin occupies almost half of the entire territory of Ukraine. Furthermore, six large water reservoirs designed for the purposes of hydroelectricity and water supply are located within the basin. On

37、the other hand, the basin is not heavily industrialized in terms of extractive and manufacturing industries.</p><p>　　Compared to 1993, by 2000 there was a 22% reduction in average concentration </p>

38、<p>　　of the selected pollutants and also a 37% drop in the magnitude of recorded maximum concentrations (MC) of the pollutants (Table 4). At the same time, however, the Dnipro basin experienced a dramatic increase

39、in NHPA between 1993 and 1996, from 10 in 1993 to522 in 1996 (more than 5100%). According to recent releases of data by the MEP, during the period 1997–2000 pollution levels in the basin declined, but not by more than ab

40、out 2% per annum (MEP, 2000, 2002). In 2000, NHPA in Ukraine was still </p><p>　　In the same manner, an analysis has been conducted for the Zakhidny Bug, Danube, Dnistr, Pivdenny Bug, Priazovie, Seversky Don

41、etz and Crimea basins (see Table 4) using data from MEP reports on the state of the environment released in 1994, 1997, 1998, 2000 and 2002.</p><p>　　Selected as an example, in 1996 the average and maximum c

42、oncentrations of certain pollutants in all river basins were significant (Table 5).</p><p>　　Dramatic variations in pollutant concentrations might be due to the frequent HPA, but there is also a possibility

43、that the quality of reported data is low as a result of poor and irregular monitoring of water quality or misrepresentation of data in MEP reports.</p><p>　　Many major rivers in Ukraine originate outside its

44、 borders, and so can be subject to water pollution abroad. For example, some pollutants in the River Danube come from Western and Central European countries located upstream, including the former Yugoslavia, a region dis

45、rupted by recent military conflict.</p><p>　　The basin of Crimea, with only a few individual small rivers, is very different from other river basins in Ukraine. In 1996, river pollution in the Crimea basin w

46、as still lower than that in other basins, probably due to the influence of tourist resorts. Crimea has traditionally been a resort region with a low number of manufacturing and processing industries capable of causing se

47、rious pollution. However, during the period 1993–2000 pollution levels in Crimean rivers were on the increase. The pol</p><p>　　Comprehensive analysis of the information briefly mentioned earlier in this sec

48、tion would suggest that countrywide there was approximately a 20% reduction in average levels of river pollution and nearly 50% increase in NHPA during the period 1993–2000. According to MEP reports (1994, 1997, 1998, 20

49、00, 2002), in 2000 the greatest pollution load per unit of basin area fell on the rivers of the Dnistr basin. This was followed in descending order of magnitude by the rivers of the Seversky Donetz, Pr</p><p&g

50、t;　　The trends of change in NHPA and pollution levels do not correspond well for the Danube, Pivdenny Bug, Dnipro, Priazovie and Crimea basins. This is partly be due to basin size and water resource differences, the natu

51、re of economic activities, and density and distribution of population, but can also be accounted for by ‘non-heavy’ pollution accidents and unrecorded HPA: nonheavy pollution accidents are those related to small but freq

52、uent discharges of under-treated and untreated effluents. The ac</p><p>　　It is not surprising that the general trend in pollution change is negative, because Ukraine’s economy experienced a deepening crisis

53、 throughout the 1990s, which caused many plants and enterprises to reduce or even completely cease activities. For example, in 1996, general water use in the country was 1675 million m3 (or 8.6%) less than that in 1995.

54、However, the trend of deteriorating treatment of waste water and the growing number of pollution accidents brings about the possibility of chronic </p><p>　　Sources of Pollution</p><p>　　Most ri

55、ver pollution in Ukraine comes from point sources in the industrial and household sectors, as well as mining and landfill sites. Pollution from agriculture was significant before Ukraine’s independence in 1991. At presen

56、t, discharges of agrochemical and organic contaminants from farms are insignificant, due to a lack of funds to invest into agricultural production (Barannik et al., 1996).</p><p>　　Due to the predominantly i

57、ndustrial character of pollution, it is possible to identify the following ‘oblasts’ (administrative territorial units): Zaporozhie, Kirovograd, Dnepropetrovsk, Lugansk and Donetzk (Figure 3). These are areas where a lot

58、 of mining and heavy metallurgy enterprises are located, together with all the major cities in the country that are centres of industrial production and are provided with large municipal waste-water treatment facilities.

59、 In 1996, at the scale of administ</p><p>　　Hard hit by economic crisis, many national industries completely shut down, while others operated at only a fraction of their potential capacity. Export-oriented o

60、il, gas, metal processing and agricultural enterprises, however, have been less severely affected. Although there has been some economic upturn during the last few years, it has not yet brought about substantial positive

61、 changes to the general state of Ukraine’s industries and population welfare.</p><p>　　As a result of economic decline, the welfare of most people has decreased significantly since 1990. For example, in 1990

62、, when there was virtually no unemployment, the national average monthly wage was nearly US$200 and the price of bread was about US$0.15. In 2000, official unemployment was about 6%, the average monthly wage was about US

63、$40, while the price of bread was US$0.2. Nevertheless, during the 1990s there appeared a small (up to 3% of the total population) but very rich and powerful</p><p>　　Taking into account the economic hard

64、ships being experienced by most of the national industries and the population alike, it is not surprising that enterprise managers as well as the general public do not pay due attention to prevention of environmental pol

65、lution. However, no comprehensive study of how the socio-economic situation in Ukraine influences the quality of water pollution prevention has been carried out.</p><p>　　According to an earlier assessment,

66、major pollutants in river water come from industrial and municipal sources (MEP, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2000). Sharp fluctuations in pollutant concentration and NHPA suggest that river pollution is often caused by short-term

67、heavy discharges of accumulated sewage. The sewage is inadequately treated or not treated at all by the many water users by whom it is generated.</p><p>　　Causes of Pollution</p><p>　　While stat

68、e environmental legislation and policies emphasize the need to protect the environment, industries consider pollution prevention uneconomical (Gritzenko, 1995). This is partly because no account is taken of the benefits

69、of pollution abatement, such as improved human health, amenity, preservation of biodiversity, etc. Other factors include a shortage of funds in commercial enterprises, and state and local budgets; a lack of foreign exper

70、tise and financial assistance; limited public supp</p><p>　　National enterprises struggling to operate in difficult economic conditions are primarily concerned with reducing and covering production costs in

71、order to remain in business. Because of the decline in economic activity, income to local and state budgets from taxes is not enough to address environmental problems adequately. For example, in 1996 the total state budg

72、et for Ukraine (a country of approximately 50 million people) was about US$15 billion, and formal expenditure for environmental prote</p><p>　　Another difficulty is that state funds allocated for environment

73、al protection are utilized in the least satisfactory manner compared to any other sector of state expenditure. For example, only 72.2% of the environmental funds allocated to enterprises and institutions in 1995, and jus

74、t 58.7% in 1996, were utilized as intended (MEP, 1997, 1998).</p><p>　　While a lot of foreign assistance has been provided for economic liberalization and political democratization, hardly any help has been

75、given to abate environmental problems. Foreign experts do come to study environmental problems in the country, and suggest ways of dealing with them, but the experts are not well aware of local culture, politics and rele

76、vant social issues, and therefore can only give general technical advice to national professionals. Also, implementation is costly; full charges</p><p>　　The general public in Ukraine is concerned about the

77、poor quality of water in many water bodies. However most people are not willing to give support to better pollution control and prevention because of their continuous struggle for their own and their families’ survival i

78、n conditions of socio-economic crisis. The harsh reality of such struggle is reflected by the fact that, since the early 1990s, Ukraine’s population has been declining due to increased mortality, reduced birth rates and

79、out-mig</p><p>　　Enforcement of the provisions of environmental legislation is vitally important, especially when there is mass non-compliance. At present the staff of environmental inspectorates under the M

80、EP is not sufficient to carry out adequate checks of all enterprises—potential polluters. According to the MEP (1998, 2000), with this level of staffing it is possible to carry out checks at no more than 20% of enterpris

81、es in the country.</p><p>　　Thus, it appears that river pollution problems have deeper roots than a simple inadequacy of pollution abatement techniques, expertise or the national system of environmental mana

82、gement. The pollution is an indirect result of the complicated and problematic socio-economic and political situation in the country.</p><p><b>　　譯 文：</b></p><p>　　烏克蘭的水污染：尋求可能的解決辦

83、法</p><p>　　尼古拉納扎羅夫，哈德良樓廚師和格雷厄姆伍德蓋特</p><p>　　英國(guó)皇家學(xué)院的農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)出版社</p><p><b>　　摘 要</b></p><p>　　在烏克蘭，平均及最高濃度的某些污染物在內(nèi)陸水體中高得令人無(wú)法接受，而一些嚴(yán)重污染事故（ 增加1人的污水排放能夠?qū)】翟斐晌：Γ┱谠黾?/p>

84、。同時(shí)，從中央計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)向自由市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)型是與嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退和顯著的工業(yè)下降相聯(lián)系的。然而，在1991-2003年間卻沒(méi)有有關(guān)將水污染和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況聯(lián)系起來(lái)進(jìn)行全面分析的課題。在目前的水平，以及在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)，有關(guān)水的質(zhì)量可以很大的提高，都認(rèn)為是不可能的。一些改進(jìn)可以通過(guò)改變控制污染的系統(tǒng)和公眾的態(tài)度，以及獲得相關(guān)的專門知識(shí)和來(lái)自國(guó)外的資金來(lái)獲得。</p><p><b>　　導(dǎo) 言</b>

85、</p><p>　　本文試圖通過(guò)烏克蘭將水污染問(wèn)題與社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況聯(lián)系起來(lái)。方法包括通過(guò)烏克蘭有關(guān)的官方統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字以及一定濃度的污染物和污染事故分析地表水水質(zhì)。然后，考慮有關(guān)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題和在該國(guó)家預(yù)防污染的效率問(wèn)題。1993年至1996年，代表了迅速惡化的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的初期和在1991年從蘇聯(lián)獨(dú)立出來(lái)以后的去工業(yè)化時(shí)期都強(qiáng)調(diào)分析。在1996年至2000年，地表水污染的模式變化不大（部環(huán)境保護(hù)（ MEP ），2000年）

86、。</p><p>　　自那時(shí)以來(lái)，該國(guó)一直處于推行政治民主化和經(jīng)濟(jì)自由化的過(guò)程中，這帶來(lái)了國(guó)家政治、國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和公共福利的重大變化。烏克蘭的經(jīng)濟(jì)困難，一直持續(xù)到20世紀(jì)90年代末，只有到了2000年，烏克蘭的經(jīng)濟(jì)才開始出現(xiàn)改善的跡象。</p><p>　　在1991-2003年期間，環(huán)境污染的模式改變了不少，平均污染物濃度也有減少的傾向。然而，各級(jí)河水的污染問(wèn)題變得更加嚴(yán)重，烏克蘭歐洲議會(huì)

87、的有關(guān)報(bào)告中的短期內(nèi)的最高濃度達(dá)到數(shù)萬(wàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的最高容許濃度（歐洲會(huì)員議會(huì)，1998年，2000年，2002年）。有關(guān)嚴(yán)重的水體污染問(wèn)題在工業(yè)化和人口稠密地區(qū)尤為突出，那里大多數(shù)被認(rèn)為是污染源，包括位于地球表面的地表水，（ Gritzenko ， 1995年）。</p><p>　　目前，在大部分地區(qū)，烏克蘭的河水質(zhì)量不是一個(gè)令人滿意的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，有關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)保護(hù)環(huán)境當(dāng)局也無(wú)法處理這個(gè)問(wèn)題，這主要是因?yàn)樨?cái)務(wù)和工作人員短缺造成的

88、。無(wú)論是河流污染，空氣質(zhì)量差，土壤污染或任何其他的環(huán)境問(wèn)題，都沒(méi)有被恰當(dāng)?shù)靥幚恚?996; 歐洲會(huì)員議會(huì)，2002年）。</p><p>　　本文打算側(cè)重于利用烏克蘭河流水質(zhì)的主要研究結(jié)果和各主要影響因素進(jìn)行研究。本文描述研究的主要目的是確定水污染的原因，而不是可以幫助減輕河流（和環(huán)境）污染這一問(wèn)題的國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)當(dāng)局。這種分析是和前蘇聯(lián)地區(qū)國(guó)家的進(jìn)口審議政策相關(guān)的，其中包括考慮了英國(guó)和歐盟政策的水資源保護(hù)。<

89、;/p><p>　　江河流域地表水污染的綜述</p><p>　　在烏克蘭，有8個(gè)主要江河流域（圖1 ）。遍布了烏克蘭約45 ％的內(nèi)陸領(lǐng)土。盆地和中小河流的克里米亞是完全位于烏克蘭的領(lǐng)土以內(nèi)的，而許多其他河流流域卻發(fā)源于烏克蘭境外。這就代表了在州一級(jí)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行河流的流域管理會(huì)有更大的麻煩。</p><p>　　人類在不同地區(qū)的活動(dòng)作用于自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的壓力的分布是不平衡

90、的。如城市和工業(yè)發(fā)展，采礦，農(nóng)業(yè)，自然保護(hù)區(qū)和荒野等的不同地區(qū)。因此，在這些地區(qū)的空氣和水的污染隨著地區(qū)的不同變數(shù)非常大。有些地區(qū)可能存在著嚴(yán)重的污染情況，自然環(huán)境幾乎已經(jīng)被完全改變，這些地區(qū)對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和人類健康有著不利的影響。</p><p>　　高污染地區(qū)通常位于有著大多數(shù)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)工廠的城市人口稠密地區(qū)，因此，當(dāng)執(zhí)行防止污染措施時(shí)，需要給予特別的關(guān)注。根據(jù)烏克蘭會(huì)議公布的資料，某些河水的污染物的平均

91、濃度往往超過(guò)1個(gè)MAC （最高容許濃度），而短期的急性的濃度可達(dá)到40-90 MAC甚至更多（歐洲會(huì)員議會(huì)， 1998年， 2002年）。</p><p>　　圖1烏克蘭的河流流域位置示意圖 來(lái)源：Gritzenko (1995).</p><p>　　目前，在烏克蘭的所有主要江河流域都處于慢性污染的狀態(tài)。根據(jù)歐洲會(huì)員議會(huì)，烏克蘭的河流水質(zhì)在20世紀(jì)90年代后期，2000年和2001年

92、既沒(méi)有重大的改進(jìn)，也沒(méi)有惡化，（歐洲議會(huì)議員，2000年，2002年）。追溯到20世紀(jì)90年代中期的調(diào)查結(jié)果的分析仍可以得出相同的結(jié)論。在早期獨(dú)立后的幾年發(fā)生更重要的變化。1992-1996年期間的特點(diǎn)是從中央計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)向自由市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速變化，持續(xù)通貨膨脹，許多行業(yè)倒閉，服務(wù)貿(mào)易部門的發(fā)展和生活水平的惡化。然而，從一個(gè)國(guó)家國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（ GDP ）可以看出， 在1996年以后經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)明顯放慢，（圖2 ） 。在2000年，從蘇聯(lián)解體以來(lái)第一

93、個(gè)10年，各國(guó)GDP有了一定的增長(zhǎng)，所有從聯(lián)合體獨(dú)立出來(lái)的國(guó)家的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值平均增長(zhǎng)了7 ％（獨(dú)聯(lián)體），其中包括烏克蘭。GDP的增長(zhǎng)主要是通過(guò)自然資源的出口利潤(rùn)實(shí)現(xiàn)的，俄羅斯與獨(dú)聯(lián)體國(guó)家有著密切的貿(mào)易聯(lián)系（俄羅斯的國(guó)家電視代表（ NTV電視臺(tái)），2001年）。從2000年到現(xiàn)在，烏克蘭的經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。在2001年全國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長(zhǎng)9 ％ ，而在2002年國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長(zhǎng)了4.1 ％ （美國(guó)中央情報(bào)局（ CIA ），200</p&

94、gt;<p>　　烏克蘭發(fā)布的官方數(shù)據(jù)的電位顯示，在1993-1996年期間在所有的河流流域集中了一系列不斷超過(guò)1 MAC的污染物質(zhì)（見(jiàn)表1 ）。應(yīng)該指出的是，烏克蘭互助的價(jià)值觀通常沒(méi)有歐洲聯(lián)盟（歐盟）互助的價(jià)值觀嚴(yán)格。但是，考慮到一定污染物的濃度有時(shí)超過(guò)1MAC的許多倍，這些污染物的污染程度很高，足以威脅人類健康和生態(tài)用水（Barannik等，1996年）。</p><p>　　圖2 以1989

95、年為基期（ 100 ％ ）烏克蘭在1989-1998年期間的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的下降。來(lái)源：歐洲復(fù)興和開發(fā)銀行（ 1999年） </p><p>　　表1 烏克蘭主要污染物的水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</p><p>　　污 染 物 計(jì) 量 單 位 MAC的 價(jià) 值</p><p>　　亞硝酸鹽 鎂 二氧化氮/升

96、 0.2</p><p>　　銨 鎂 銨/升 2.0</p><p>　　石油產(chǎn)品 毫克/升 50</p><p>　　酚類 C6H5OH毫克/升 1</p><p>　　錳

97、 錳 毫克/升 50</p><p>　　銅 銅 毫克/升 1000</p><p>　　鋅 鋅 毫克/升 1000</p><p>　　來(lái)源：MEP (1996).</p><p>　　表2

98、1993年， 1994-1995年， 1996年， 1998年和2000年在烏克蘭流域HPA的數(shù)量</p><p>　　河流流域 1993年 1994 - 1995年 1996年 1998年 2000年 </p><p>　　Zakhidny Bug 79 60 71 68 62 </p