混凝土畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯</b></p><p>　　Protection,prevention,repair,</p><p>　　renovation and upgrading</p><p>　　（摘自《Management of Deteriorating Concrete Structures》Chapter 7作

2、者George Somerville ）</p><p>　　7.1 Introduction</p><p>　　The need to repair concrete structure is not new. Much of the early work involved making good via patch repairs and crack filling, for

3、aesthetic and serviceability reasons[7.1]. As the concrete infrastructure of the mid-20th century matured, there was also a demand to strengthen or upgrade to meet changes in use or increase in loadings. The need to tr

4、eat cases of corrosion emerged in the 1950s with post-war prefabricated reinforced concrete housing,and many of the references to Chapter 2 de</p><p>　　As durability concerns became more widespread, and cons

5、equences of failure more critical, repair became a growth industry, and options available on the market increased significantly in term of principles and approaches, and the individual solutions within each basic appro

6、ach. This taining over 200 short papers on all aspects of the problem.</p><p>　　The literature is full of individual case studies, describing what has been physically done and giving some reasons for selec

7、ting a particular option; it is often diffcult to draw general conclusions from these. Such articles, which are also helpful since they provide website addressers,appear most frequently in concrete-related journals s

8、uch as Concrete from the Concrete Society in the UK. In North America, the various journals of the American Concrete Institute (ACI) do a similar job, </p><p>　　There are aslo guidance documents available

9、 on individual repair, protection and upgrading methods, which explain the principles involved and are strong on the “how to …” aspects of the problem. Some examples of these can be obtained from the ICRI website for Nor

10、th America, and reference[7.4-7.9] are similar publications available from the Concrete Society in the UK. The Concrete Society portfolio is augmented by other reports on test methods and diagnosis,and on how to enhance

11、 durability in ne</p><p>　　The above brief rewiew is intended to show that there is quite a lot of information available on repair and renovation methods and also to indicate the nature of that information.

12、 It can become dated quite quickly however, as the technology is improved and new techniques are introduced. Moreover,, the nature and format of the information make it difficult to compare the technical and economic me

13、rits of alternative approaches- essential information to the owner when making a choice. This situat</p><p>　　The final major missing link from the data bases is the lack of indepth feedback on real performa

14、tion in the field over relevant periods of time. How does this compare with claims and expectations? Again this is changing, as typified by Figures 2.13-2.16 ,taken from the paper by Tilly [7.11]. Tilly's paper com

15、es from the activities of a European network CONREPNET, which has examined well over 100 case studies in some detail and, apart from providing field data, has forced on developing criter</p><p>　　Repair and

16、 renovation is a huge subject, deserving several books in its own right.This book is about assessment, management and maintenance, and repair is an integral part of that. The emphasis in this chapter is on how it fits

17、into the overall scheme of things, in moving forward from the assessment phase to taking effective action in selecting optimum solutions. This approach leads to the following sequence of subsection.</p><p>　

18、　7.2 Performance requirements for repaired structures</p><p>　　7.3 Classification of protection, repair,renovation and upgrading options</p><p>　　7.4 Performance requirements for repair and reme

19、dial measures</p><p>　　7.5 Engineering specifications</p><p>　　7.6 Moving towards the selection process</p><p>　　7.7 Performance of repairs in sevice</p><p>　　7.8 Timin

20、g of an intervention</p><p>　　7.9 Selection a repair option-general</p><p>　　7.10 The role of EN 1504 in selection </p><p>　　7.11 Selecting a repair option in practice </p>&

21、lt;p>　　7.12 Concluding remarks Appendix 7.1 and 7.2 Reference </p><p>　　7.2 Performance requirements for repaired structures</p><p>　　In simple terms, the performance requirements for repaire

22、d structures are no different from those for new construction. Structurally, the focus will be on the factors listed in Table 4.12. Progressive assessment will have led to a performance time graph, such as that in Figure

23、 3.13, for all relevant Table 4.12 factors. This paints a picture of how the present condition relates both to the performance levels provided in the original design and to the owner's perception of what constitutes

24、 minimu</p><p>　　Complicating the situation is the fact different owners may wish to manage the rehabilitation process differently. Figure 3.3 shows two viable options emanating from the asset management pro

25、cedures associated with bridge in the UK . The different strategies involved intervention on different timescales, and,most probably, different solutions. Some owners may also wish to take a conservative approach,involvi

26、ng early preventative measures. There are no definitive general rules here, but a need to </p><p>　　In moving forward, however, it is essential to be clear about the required performance levels. While the ba

27、sic structural factors in Table 4.12 will remain, there are broader strategies issues involved, some non-technical,which will influence the course which individual owners may choose to follow. Different owners will have

28、 different strategic goals, depending, for example, on:</p><p>　　type of ownership – whether private or public sector;</p><p>　　changing statutory requirements;</p><p>　　the type o

29、f structure and its function;</p><p>　　future plans for the structure, independent of its current physicall state, due, say, to – a possible change in use;</p><p>　　-- impr

30、oved performance requirements arising from higher user</p><p>　　expectations;</p><p>　　-- increases in imposed loadings;</p><p>　　a greater emphasis on whole life costing, li

31、nked to budgetary plans;</p><p>　　s desire for improved sustainability.</p><p>　　In a follow-up project to CONTECVET, a group of parters containing a high proportion of owners from Spain, Swed

32、en and the UK, set out to establish a strategy for the maitenance and rehabilition of concrete structures. As part of this project, acronym REHABCON, a list of general performance requirements was developed. Table 7.1

33、, taken from a REHABCON deliverable [7.12] ,gives details. While the majority of the requirements relate to the structure as a whole, some also relate to the selected </p><p>　　Table 7.1 General performance

34、 requirements for rehabilitated structures.</p><p>　　Rehabcon [7.12]</p><p>　　General performance requirements</p><p>　　____________________________________________________________

35、______</p><p>　　Structural safety Ultimate limit state design (same expectations as for new structures)</p><p>　　? Strength</p><p>　　? Stability</p><p>　　? Robust

36、ness</p><p><b>　　? Fatigue</b></p><p>　　? Fire resistance</p><p>　　? Earthquake resistance</p><p>　　Serviceability Serviceability limit state desig

37、n (same expectations as for new structures)</p><p>　　? Deformation</p><p>　　? Displacement</p><p>　　? Vibrations</p><p>　　? Watertightness</p><p>　　? Slip

38、resistance/roughness</p><p>　　? Drainage</p><p>　　? Visibility during inclement weather</p><p>　　? Comfort/convenience to user</p><p>　　Operation and function </p&

39、gt;<p>　　? Availability, functionability </p><p>　　? Minimisation of downtime. While this is important for a rehabilitated structure, it is also important to minimise inconvenience to users during th

40、e rehabilitation action,i.e,low low impact on users during operation, maintenance and repair.</p><p>　　Aesthetics</p><p>　　? Inspectability</p><p><b>　　? Colour</b><

41、;/p><p>　　? Texture of surface</p><p>　　? Durability of aesthetics </p><p>　　? Safe-looking</p><p>　　Sustainability </p><p>　　and environmental </p>&l

42、t;p><b>　　factors </b></p><p>　　? Materials for rehabilitation works tobe sustainable, and environmentally friendly during</p><p>　　? Manufacture</p><p>　　? Constructi

43、on works </p><p><b>　　? Use</b></p><p><b>　　? Damage</b></p><p>　　? Demolition</p><p>　　? Impact on recycling and reuse</p><p>　　?

44、Deposition</p><p>　　? Acoustics, noise control</p><p>　　? Energy consumption</p><p>　　? Harmful effects, such as spillage, leakage, dust or the emission of toxic fumes, either spont

45、aneously or due to situiations such as fire, both during the rehabilitation works and afterwards</p><p>　　Heath and </p><p><b>　　Safety</b></p><p>　　? Public safety <

46、/p><p>　　? Health for humans and nature during all phases in the life-cycle </p><p>　　? Evacuation, emergency escape routes</p><p>　　Durability</p><p>　　? Durability of th

47、e original structure and the rehabilitated parts of the structure.</p><p>　　Dependability</p><p>　　? Reliability of the repair methods </p><p>　　? Maitainability</p><p>

48、;　　? Maintenance supportability</p><p>　　Flexibility</p><p>　　? Ensure that it is possible to meet future requirement</p><p><b>　　Economy</b></p><p>　　? Red

49、uce or limit whole life costs </p><p>　　? Operational costs </p><p>　　? Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation costs </p><p>　　? Improvement/strengthening costs </p><p>

50、;　　? Demolition and deposition costs</p><p>　　? User cost </p><p>　　? Limit loss of income due to insufficient functionality etc</p><p><b>　　Culture </b></p><

51、p><b>　　heritage</b></p><p>　　? Structure having cultural or historic value require special</p><p><b>　　treatment</b></p><p>　　保護(hù)，預(yù)防，修復(fù)，改造和升級</p>&l

52、t;p>　?。ㄕ浴痘炷两Y(jié)構(gòu)腐蝕惡化的管理》 第7章 作者 喬治·薩默維爾）</p><p><b>　　7.1簡介</b></p><p>　　混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)需要修復(fù)對我們來說并不陌生。由于審美和可維護(hù)性的原因[7.1]，早期工作大多數(shù)都是涉及通過補丁和灌漿修復(fù)好。隨著世紀(jì)20年代中期的具體基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施走向成熟，也有通過加強或升級，以滿足使用中的變化或在負(fù)

53、荷增加的需求。隨著戰(zhàn)后預(yù)制鋼筋混凝土房屋興建，需要處理腐蝕的情況下出現(xiàn)在20世紀(jì)50年代，而且更多的資料參考第2章詳細(xì)高速公路結(jié)構(gòu)的腐蝕例子，隨著在20世紀(jì)60年代初，除冰鹽在高速公路結(jié)構(gòu)的的使用的迅速增加。參考文獻(xiàn)[7.2]對此給出的詳細(xì)介紹，并且參考文獻(xiàn)[7.3]是一個關(guān)于英國和法國的預(yù)制混凝土橋梁的詳細(xì)審查。</p><p>　　由于耐用性相關(guān)問題變得更加廣泛，失敗的后果變得更加嚴(yán)重，維修成為一個日益增長的

54、行業(yè)，并且在以基本原理和基本方法下，市場上的可選擇性顯著的增加，并有伴隨著基本的解決方法的個性化方案。泰寧短論文200多對這個問題的所有方面。</p><p>　　文學(xué)是一個充滿著個人案例的研究，描述了什么本身做了，并為做出一個特定的選擇而給予一些理由；從這些，我們很難得出一般性的結(jié)論。這類文章也是有益的，因為他們提供網(wǎng)站地址的；這類文章大多最常見于混凝土相關(guān)的期刊，如英國混凝土協(xié)會的《混凝土》期刊。在北美，美國

55、混凝土協(xié)會（簡稱“ACI”）的各種期刊都在做類似的工作，并集中在混凝土修復(fù)工作，并由國際混凝土修復(fù)研究所（簡稱“ICRI”）出版了一個雙月刊的公告欄提供，并在美國這些網(wǎng)站提供可用的出版物的詳細(xì)信息；總體來看，這些都是關(guān)于特定主題的指導(dǎo)性文件或者同類的文章。</p><p>　　對個別的維修，保護(hù)和改善方法，可利用的指導(dǎo)性文件也是有的，這解釋了其中的原則，并就“如何...”方面的問題表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)勢。從北美的國際混凝土修

56、復(fù)研究所網(wǎng)站上能夠看到一些案例，并且參考文獻(xiàn)[7.4-7.9]也是類似的出版物，從英國的混凝土協(xié)會可以獲得的。混凝土社團(tuán)的文件資料集增加了關(guān)于測試方法和診斷的報告，并就如何加強新建筑的耐久性的報告。技術(shù)報告61 [7.10]是后者的一個例子，其中的詳細(xì)信息轉(zhuǎn)移到了修復(fù)和改造的情況?；炷列迯?fù)協(xié)會也有自己的一個網(wǎng)站。</p><p>　　上述簡短的重溫，旨在表明有不少混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的修復(fù)及改造的方法的信息是可利用的，同

57、時也表明這些信息的性質(zhì)。然而，隨著技術(shù)的提高和新技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)推廣，這些信息很快就過時了。此外，信息的性質(zhì)和格式使得雇主在比較各種途徑必要的信息技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的優(yōu)點，卻難以作出抉擇?，F(xiàn)在，隨著通過健全的規(guī)范和測試方法的支持，認(rèn)真謹(jǐn)慎的嘗試著研發(fā)一個系統(tǒng)的科學(xué)的原理用來區(qū)分修復(fù)和改造，這種情況正在發(fā)生變化?！?504 EN”的出現(xiàn)就是一個典型的例子，將在本章后面的部分將被大量的引用參考。</p><p>　　從數(shù)據(jù)庫中最終

58、主要丟失的數(shù)據(jù)鏈接，在經(jīng)一段時期，該領(lǐng)域的實際性能缺少深入的反饋。請問這怎么能和要求期望做比較呢？再次，數(shù)據(jù)在改變，Tilly的論文中的圖表2.13-2.16很典型的證明了這點。Tilly的論文來自一個歐洲的網(wǎng)絡(luò)CONREPNET的活動，這項活動除了提供現(xiàn)場數(shù)據(jù)，已詳細(xì)的研究超過100個案例，這也迫使制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以一個共同的基礎(chǔ)上來進(jìn)行評估來允許做出兩者選一的決定。此信息也將被廣泛用于在本章的后面。</p><p>

59、　　修復(fù)和改造，是一個巨大的課題，是值得許多書籍以此為研究的。本書是關(guān)于評估，管理和維護(hù)，修復(fù)是一個不可分割的組成部分。在本章的重點是，在選擇最佳的解決方案時，如何從評估階段邁向采取有效的行動，以做出適用于對事物的總體方案。這種做法致使分出了下列的各部分。</p><p>　　7.2修復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)的性能要求。</p><p>　　7.3分類保護(hù)，維修，改造和升級選項。</p>&l

60、t;p>　　7.4維修和補救措施的性能要求。</p><p><b>　　7.5工程規(guī)范。</b></p><p>　　7.6移動對選擇過程。</p><p>　　7.7性能維修服務(wù)。</p><p><b>　　7.8定時的干預(yù)。</b></p><p>　　7.9選

61、擇修復(fù)選項，一般</p><p>　　7.10 “1504 EN”在選擇中的作用</p><p>　　7.11在實踐中選擇修復(fù)的方式。</p><p>　　7.12結(jié)束語附錄7.1和7.2參考。</p><p>　　7.2修復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)的性能要求。</p><p>　　簡單來說，對需要修復(fù)的結(jié)構(gòu)的要求，與新的建筑的沒有什么不

62、同。在結(jié)構(gòu)方面上，重點將是在表4.12中列出的因素。程序性的評估將導(dǎo)致性能時間的圖表，例如在圖3.13所示，所有表4.12中相關(guān)的因素。這描繪了目前的狀況如何在原設(shè)計規(guī)定的性能水平和雇主可能接受的所構(gòu)成的最低性能，同時銘記，更多的為我們所知的是結(jié)構(gòu)（表6.2問題）。</p><p>　　復(fù)雜的情況是不同的業(yè)主可能要管理康復(fù)過程是不同的。圖3.3顯示了兩個可行的方案，在英國所產(chǎn)生的和橋梁相關(guān)的資產(chǎn)管理相關(guān)程序。涉及

63、不同的策略不同時間尺度上的干預(yù)，而且，最可能的是，不同的解決方案。一些業(yè)主還不妨采取保守的做法，涉及早期預(yù)防措施。這里有沒有明確的一般規(guī)則，但需要知道所有的選項，及與其效力相關(guān)的信心。</p><p>　　然而，在進(jìn)一步設(shè)計，要明確所需的性能水平是必不可少的。雖然在表4.12中的基本的結(jié)構(gòu)性因素將繼續(xù)存在，但是所涉及有更廣泛的戰(zhàn)略問題，一些非技術(shù)性的問題，可能將會影響個別業(yè)主選擇的進(jìn)程。當(dāng)然，業(yè)主會根據(jù)以下的情況

64、將有不同的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，例如：</p><p>　　所有制類型 - 無論是私人還是公共部門。</p><p><b>　　改變法定要求。</b></p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)的類型及其功能。</p><p>　　未來計劃的結(jié)構(gòu)，獨立于當(dāng)前物理的狀態(tài)，由于，比如說，</p><p>　　- 在使用中產(chǎn)生可能

65、變化；</p><p>　　- 改進(jìn)的性能以滿足要求較高的用戶的期望；</p><p>　　- 施加載荷的增加。</p><p>　　更加重視在與預(yù)算計劃相關(guān)的整個生命周期的消費成本。</p><p>　　提高可持續(xù)性的意愿。</p><p>　　在接下來的與CONTECVET的項目，一個含有相當(dāng)高比例來自西班牙、瑞典

66、和英國的業(yè)主成員的小組著手去確立一個混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的保養(yǎng)維護(hù)和修復(fù)的方案.作為這個項目的一部分，簡稱“REHABCON”的戰(zhàn)略一般性能要求見表7.1，該表來自一個“REHABCON’中的[7.12]，提供詳細(xì)資料。雖然大多數(shù)的要求都涉及作為一個整體結(jié)構(gòu)，有的還涉及到選定的修復(fù)選項，還涉及修復(fù)過程本身。</p><p>　　表7.1一般性能要求平反結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　Rehabcon [