液壓系統(tǒng)的綠色設(shè)計外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　附錄A</b></p><p><b>　　液壓系統(tǒng)的綠色設(shè)計</b></p><p><b>　　前言</b></p><p>　　綠色設(shè)計思想的前奏與認(rèn)識基礎(chǔ)與“可持續(xù)發(fā)展” 的經(jīng)濟(jì)思想和社會發(fā)展理論有著密切的關(guān)聯(lián)。</p><p>　　近幾十

2、年來，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，工業(yè)設(shè)計為人類 創(chuàng)造了前所未有的現(xiàn)代生活方式和舒適的生活環(huán)境。與此同時，人類憑借著自身的智慧和先進(jìn)的技術(shù)，肆意開采資源，加速了能源的消耗，對地球的生態(tài)平衡造成了巨大的破壞，能源危機、環(huán)境污染、物種滅 絕、人口劇增等種種問題闖入人們的視野。1987年，挪威首相布倫特蘭夫人在《我們共同的未來》報告 中第一次提出了地球“可持續(xù)發(fā)展” 的概念，尤其是1992年在巴西里約熱內(nèi)盧舉行“世界環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會” 以來，“可持續(xù)發(fā)

3、展”觀念受到各國政府、企業(yè)與知識界的高度重視。各國政府先后制定了自己國家的可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，綠色設(shè)計的思想也迅速傳播開來。 </p><p>　　綠色設(shè)計的基本思想是將防止污染，保護(hù)環(huán)境的戰(zhàn)略自覺集成到產(chǎn)品開發(fā)中，使產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)與流通 過程中能夠同時實現(xiàn)其宜人價值、生態(tài)價值與經(jīng)濟(jì)價 值。 “少量化、再利用、資源再生” 的三“RE” (Reduce，Reuse，Recycling)原則是綠色設(shè)計的基本 原則。如果把綠色

4、設(shè)計運用到液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計中，那么Reduce是指降低系統(tǒng)的能耗，減少對環(huán)境的污染， 提高液壓元件的可靠性。Reuse、Recycle指液壓介質(zhì) 的循環(huán)利用，元部件的可裝拆性、易修理性等。 </p><p><b>　　1 降低消耗 </b></p><p>　　1.1 資源的最佳利用</p><p>　　1.1.1 優(yōu)化液壓元件的連接與拆卸性&

5、lt;/p><p>　　液壓系統(tǒng)是由動力、執(zhí)行、控制與輔助元件連接件組成的。設(shè)計時要盡量提高液壓系統(tǒng)的集成度，以優(yōu)化裝配、節(jié)省材料為目標(biāo)來簡化設(shè)計方案，減少用于裝配的零件數(shù)目。采用的原則是對多個元件的功能進(jìn) 行優(yōu)化組合，實現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)的模塊化，并考慮工藝性來實現(xiàn)基本液壓回路的緊湊。如減小液壓元件的體積，簡 化液壓元件間的連接，設(shè)計易于拆卸的元件等。在滿足功能、性能的基礎(chǔ)上，重點放在元件的連接、嵌入咬合式等。焊接連接的裝配和

6、拆卸的復(fù)雜程度最高，導(dǎo)致零部件破壞性拆卸；螺釘連接的裝配容易而可拆卸程度要受環(huán)境的影響，如果生銹則會導(dǎo)致拆卸復(fù) 雜；鉚釘連接的機械裝配性較好但拆卸復(fù)雜；嵌入咬合是裝配性和拆卸性均較好的一種連接方式，但在連接強度要求高的情況下，連接的安全性可能出現(xiàn)問題。例如在齒輪泵中，齒輪與軸的聯(lián)接可采用多面軸，這樣可減少高速旋轉(zhuǎn)中產(chǎn)生的噪聲和振動，而且因取消了鍵聯(lián)接，結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，易于裝配和拆卸。為了使液壓系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)更緊湊，根據(jù)安裝形式的不同，閥類元件可制成

7、各種結(jié)構(gòu)形式。管式連接和法蘭式連接的閥，占用的空間較大，裝拆和維修保養(yǎng)都不太方便，因此盡量采用板式和插裝式連接的閥。板式連接的普通液壓閥可安裝到集成塊上，利用集成塊</p><p>　　1.1.2 液壓介質(zhì)的回收再利用</p><p>　　液壓介質(zhì)的回收再利用也是實現(xiàn)液壓系統(tǒng)資源最佳利用的重要環(huán)節(jié)。液壓油的回收再利用的關(guān)鍵是做好油的過濾工作和油溫控制，只有清潔不變質(zhì)的油才是可以再利用的。安

8、裝過濾器是保證油清潔的關(guān)鍵對過濾精度要求高的系統(tǒng)元件要用精過濾器。及時清 洗濾芯和油箱也是保證油液清潔的一個環(huán)節(jié)。 油溫控制主要是防止油液變質(zhì)，溫度的升高引起油液的氧化，使油液變質(zhì)。另外，油溫的升高，導(dǎo)致油液粘度下降，使元件系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)外泄漏增加，系統(tǒng)的效率可以降也可以通過安裝冷卻器來降溫，冷卻器的合理選用能有效地降低溫升，防止油液變質(zhì)。</p><p>　　1.2 能量的最小損耗</p><p

9、>　　1.2.1 合理選取元件</p><p>　　要減少能量的損耗就要提高液壓系統(tǒng)的效率。選擇性能良好，效率高的液壓元件是提高液壓系統(tǒng)效率裝配的零件數(shù)目。采用的原則是對多個元件的功能進(jìn)行優(yōu)化組合，實現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)的模塊化。 </p><p>　　1)動力元件的選取。</p><p>　　應(yīng)根據(jù)具體場合合理選取，如果可能，可以優(yōu)先選用效率高的變量泵。這類泵可以根據(jù)實際

10、工況的需要自動調(diào)節(jié)排量大小，減少流量過剩，也就減少了功率損失。另外，在選取泵時，最好不要將大容量的泵降低規(guī)格使用，因為當(dāng)工作壓力和流量小于泵的額定值時，泵的總效率將下降，不能物盡其用，也就造成了功率損失。</p><p>　　2)執(zhí)行元件的選取。</p><p>　　選取液壓馬達(dá)時，一方面要注意不要將馬達(dá)降低規(guī)格使用，另一方面也要注意提高馬達(dá)的容積效率。而對于液壓缸來說，應(yīng)盡量改善其密封條

11、件，減少泄漏，減少功率損失。</p><p>　　3)控制元件及管路的選取。</p><p>　　控制元件雖然不屬于能量轉(zhuǎn)換裝置，但是如果能夠根據(jù)實際液壓系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　功能的要求，合理選擇控制元件和系統(tǒng)管路的規(guī)格，可以減少液壓系統(tǒng)的壓力損失，提高回路的效率。對于一般的液壓設(shè)備通常選用開關(guān)式控制元件，而對一些自動化程度較高，動作復(fù)雜的液壓設(shè)備可選用能對輸出

12、油液的壓力、流量進(jìn)行連續(xù)控制和遠(yuǎn)程控制的電液比例閥和電液伺服閥。在確定系統(tǒng)管路時，應(yīng)注意優(yōu)化管路系統(tǒng)，力求在滿足功能要求的情況下，系統(tǒng)簡單可靠不出現(xiàn)多余的管路，盡可能減少彎頭，從而做到在降低成本的同時，有效節(jié)省能源。</p><p>　　1.2.2 優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計</p><p>　　要想使一個液壓系統(tǒng)達(dá)到節(jié)能效果，應(yīng)對系統(tǒng)的功率損失、復(fù)雜程度、成本及可靠性等因素進(jìn)行綜合考慮，在滿足系統(tǒng)工

13、作性能的基礎(chǔ)上，有效降低能耗。在設(shè)計液壓系統(tǒng)時除合理地選取元件外，還要系統(tǒng)地考慮提高元件的可靠性問題。在設(shè)計時可以采用提高元件的平均強度、降低元件的平均應(yīng)力、減少元件的應(yīng)力變化、減少元件的強度變化等方法和手段來提高元件的可靠性。</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)中應(yīng)用蓄能器作為輔助能源可以作為一種節(jié)能措施。也可采用液壓和其它傳動類型相結(jié)合的方法來達(dá)到節(jié)能的目的。例如，利用機一液傳動能克服純液壓傳動的體積和重量大、傳動效率

14、低等缺點。采用氣一液傳動具有速度快、泄漏少、能耗低、經(jīng)濟(jì)性好等優(yōu)點。也可采用高水基傳動介質(zhì)，此種介質(zhì)用水代替油，因此節(jié)約能源。在我國隨著液壓技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，高水基液壓元件，也在逐漸增多。提高液壓元件的可靠性，就可以減少元件的消耗，提高系統(tǒng)的工作效率、工作性能，也就降低了成本。</p><p><b>　　2 減少污染</b></p><p>　　2.1 減少油液的泄漏

15、</p><p>　　對于液壓系統(tǒng)而言，最主要的污染源是液壓油的泄漏。液壓油的泄漏不僅對環(huán)境造成污染，同時又降低了系統(tǒng)的效率，增加了能耗。因此降低油的泄漏是非常關(guān)鍵的。液壓油的泄漏一般分內(nèi)泄漏和外泄漏，內(nèi)泄漏是指元件內(nèi)部高壓腔的油泄漏到低壓腔，它對環(huán)境雖不造成污染，但是降低了元件的性能，應(yīng)加以控制。而外泄漏是主要污染源，要降低系統(tǒng)的泄漏，關(guān)鍵是解決好液壓油的密封問題。液壓油的密封一般采用密封囤密封，0形圈以其使用

16、簡單而廣泛用于液壓系統(tǒng)中。在使用0形圈時，其零件的配合精度往往比使用V形圈、Y形圈要高，這是由0形圈的密封特性決定的。正確選擇零件的配合間隙，即密封間隙，對密封的可靠性有很大的影響；同時要合理選擇預(yù)壓縮量和密封結(jié)構(gòu)。在速度梯度大、換向頻繁、壓力沖擊大、使用可靠性要求比較高、更換密封困難或不允許經(jīng)常更換的地方，均采用V形密封圈，最好是純合成橡膠與夾布合成橡膠配合使用。Y形圈不管從密封性能或抗扭擰能力，都比V形圈要好。一般來講，為了增加密封

17、效果、提高液壓缸往復(fù)運動伸縮軸的壽命，在活塞桿、伸縮軸的端部安裝防塵圈，也可使用帶密封的防塵圈。另外，應(yīng)盡量使用高粘度的工作油，以減少泄漏。最終應(yīng)實現(xiàn)機械傳動裝置的工</p><p>　　2.2 減少噪聲污染</p><p>　　液壓系統(tǒng)噪聲是對工作環(huán)境的嚴(yán)重污染。液壓系統(tǒng)噪聲分機械噪聲和流體噪聲。在液壓系統(tǒng)中，電動機、液壓泵和液壓馬達(dá)等都以高速回轉(zhuǎn)，如果它們的轉(zhuǎn)動部件不平衡，就會產(chǎn)生周期

18、性的不平衡力，引起轉(zhuǎn)軸的彎曲振動，因而產(chǎn)生噪聲。這種振動傳到油箱和管路時，會因共振產(chǎn)生很大的聲響。為了控制這些噪聲，應(yīng)對轉(zhuǎn)子進(jìn)行動平衡試驗，設(shè)計時注意避開共振區(qū)。機械噪聲還包括機械零件缺陷和裝配不合格而引起的高頻噪聲。因此必須嚴(yán)格保證制造和安裝的質(zhì)量。在液壓系統(tǒng)噪聲中流體噪聲占相當(dāng)大的比例，這種噪聲是由于油液的流速、壓力的突變、流量的周期性變化、以及泵的困油、氣穴等原因引起的。以液壓泵為例，在液壓泵的吸油和壓油循環(huán)中，產(chǎn)生周期性的壓力和

19、流量變化，形成壓力脈動，從而引起液壓振動，并經(jīng)出口傳播至整個液壓系統(tǒng)；同時液壓回路的管道和閥類元件將液壓泵的壓力變化反射，在回路中產(chǎn)生波動，與泵發(fā)生共振，產(chǎn)生噪聲。另一方面，開式液壓系統(tǒng)中溶解了大約5％ 的空氣，當(dāng)系統(tǒng)中的壓力低于空氣分離壓時，油中的氣體就迅速地大量分離出來，形成氣泡，這些氣泡遇到高壓便被壓破，產(chǎn)生較強的液壓沖擊。因此在設(shè)計液壓泵時，齒輪泵的齒輪模數(shù)盡量取小，齒數(shù)盡量取多，卸荷槽</p><p>

20、<b>　　附錄B</b></p><p>　　The liquid presses the green design of the system</p><p>　　The prelude and the understanding foundation of the green design thought and the economy of"can

21、keep on a development" thought to develop theories to have a close connection and society.</p><p>　　In the last several decades, along with science technical development, the industrial design is mankin

22、dcreate the unprecedented modern life style and comfortable life environment.At the same time, mankind with lend the intelligence of the oneself and the technique of the forerunner, mine a resources without restraint, ac

23、celerate the depletion of the energy, bring huge breakage to the permafrost ecosystem balance, the energcrisis,pollution of the environment,species puts out to cut off,the popula</p><p>　　The basic thought o

24、f[with] green design will prevent°from a pollution, the strategy of the environmental protection awares of self to integrate to the product development, can make during the period of producing and circulating the pr

25、oduct carry out a worth and economic price value of its pleasant value,ecosystem in the meantime. Three"RE"(Reduce, Reuse,Recycling) principles of"the jot turn,make use of again, the resources rebirth"

26、; are the basic principles of[with] green designs.If make use of t</p><p>　　1Lower depletion</p><p>　　1.1One resources of the best make use of</p><p>　　1.1.1 excellent turn the co

27、njunction that the liquid presses a component with dismantle to unload </p><p>　　The liquid presses system from the motive,performance,control and assistance component conjunction the piece constitute.Design

28、 to raise the integration degree that the liquid presses system as far as possible, with the excellent disguise go together with,economical material for target to simplify the design project, reduce spare parts number of

29、 used for the assemble.The adoptive principle is the function to several components to enter to go excellent turn a combination, the mold piece that carri</p><p>　　1.1.2 liquids press to lie quality to be r

30、ecycled</p><p>　　The liquid presses to lie quality to be recycled is also the important link that carries out a liquid to press the best exploitation of the system resources.Liquid's pressing the key of

31、the be recycled of oil is to work well oil of the percolation work and oil temperature control, only sweep the oil of the constant quality and just can make use of again.Install the filter is the key that promises the oi

32、l sweep to request a high system component to use a extractive filter towards filtering accura</p><p>　　1.2 least of the energies exhaust</p><p>　　1.2.1 reasonable selection component</p>

33、<p>　　Wanting to reduce energy to exhaust the efficiency that will raise a liquid to press system.Choose function good, efficiency the high liquid press a component is the spare parts number that raises a liquid to

34、 press the system efficiency to assemble.The adoptive principle is the function to several components to carry on excellent turn a combination, the mold piece that carries out system turn, andtest</p><p>　　(

35、1)theselectionofthemotivecomponent.</p><p>　　According to concrete situation reasonable selection, if possibility, can have the initiative to choose to use an efficiency to change quantity a pump highly.This

36、 pump can regulate a row to have great capacity automatically according to the demand of[with] actual work condition small, reduce the discharge excess, also reduce powerloss.Moreover,whileselectbyexaminations pump, best

37、 don't lower the pump of the big capacity the specification usage, because of being the work pressure and discharge sm</p><p>　　(2)Carry out the selection of the component.</p><p>　　Wanting

38、to notice and do not lower motor on the other hand when select by examinations the liquid press motor the specification usage, also want to notice the capacity efficiency of the exaltation motor on the other hand.But pre

39、ss an urn to the liquid to say, should improve it to seal completely a condition as far as possible, reducing leakiness, reducing the power loss.</p><p>　　(3)Control the selection of the component and the tu

40、be road.</p><p>　　Control although the component don't belong to the energy conversion to equip, if can press system according to the actual liquid.The request of the function, the reasonable choice cont

41、rol component and system take care of the specification of the road, can reduce the pressure loss that the liquid presses system, the efficiency of the exaltationbacktrack.Pressanequipments to the general liquid to usual

42、ly choose to use the switch type control component, but is higher to some automation degree, ac</p><p>　　1.2.2 excellent turn the design of the system</p><p>　　Wanting to want make a liquid pre

43、ss system to attain the economy energy result, the factors such as power loss,complicated degree,cost and credibility etc.s that reply system carry on comprehensive consideration, lowering in satisfying the foundation of

44、 the system work function and effectively can consume.While designing a liquid to press system in addition to selecting by examinations a component reasonably, also wantsystematically a dependable problem of consider the

45、 exaltation component.While</p><p>　　Applied in the system the ability machine is to lend support to energy and can be a kind of economy energy measure.Can also adopt a liquid to press to spread to move the

46、 method that the type combine together with other to attain the purpose of[with] economy energy.For example, make use of machine a liquid to spread the physical volume and weight that the kinetic energy overcomes a pure

47、liquid to press to spread tmovebig,spread to move low etc. weakness of efficiency.The adoption annoys a liquid</p><p>　　2 Reduce a pollution</p><p>　　2.1 reduce the leakiness of the oil liquid&

48、lt;/p><p>　　Press the system but speech to the liquid, the pollution source of the most is the leakiness that the liquid presses oil.The liquid presses the leakiness of the oil to not only bring pollution to en

49、vironment, lowering the efficiency of the system again in the meantime, increase can consume.The leakiness that therefore lowers oil is very decisive.The liquid presses the leakiness of the oil general the part of duty l

50、eak and leak to leak, inside the leakiness mean internal high pressure gap of com</p><p>　　2.2 reduce the noise a pollution</p><p>　　Liquid's pressing the system noise is the serious pollut

51、ion to the work environment.The liquid presses the system noise the machine noise and fluid noise for cent.In the liquid press the system, the electric motor,liquid presses the pump and liquid to press motor etc.s all tu

52、rn round at a high speed, if they turn to move the parts unbalance, will produce the unbalance dint of the periodic, cause the bent vibration of the shaft, as a result produce a noise.This kind of vibration spreads to fu

53、el t</p><p>　　With the tube road, meeting because the resonance produces a very big voice ring.For controling these the noise, reply to turn son to carry on moving balance to experiment, design notice to ave

54、rt from resonance area.The machine noise still includes the machine spare parts blemish and assembles an unqualified and causable high voice of noise .Therefore have to promise the quality of the manufacturing and instal

55、l strictly.Press the system noise the midstream body noise voice to share a very great </p><p>　　in the meantime,The piping and valve component press liquid the pressure variety glint of the pump, produce mo

56、tion in the back track, take place a resonance with pump, creation noise.On the other hand, the open type liquid pressed to fuse about 5% airs in the system, being the pressure in the system low in When the air separatio