畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯---智能停車系統(tǒng)

1、<p><b>　　英文3086單詞</b></p><p><b>　　中文5616字</b></p><p>　　出處：Teodorovi? D, Lu?i? P. Intelligent parking systems[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2006, 175(

2、3): 1666-1681.</p><p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文資料譯</p><p>　　學 院： 機械電子工程學院 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化 </p><p>　　姓 名：

3、 </p><p>　　學 號： </p><p>　　外文出處： </p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 </p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p&g

4、t;<p><b>　　智能停車系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　Teodorovi? D, Lu?i? P</p><p><b>　　摘要：</b></p><p>　　這篇文章探討了停車預(yù)約系統(tǒng)和停車收益管理系統(tǒng)的基本概念。所謂的“智能”停車廠是通過基于模糊邏輯技術(shù)和整數(shù)規(guī)劃技術(shù)組合的存車控制系統(tǒng)來“在

5、線“決定是否接受或拒絕新司機要求停車。這種模型的第一步是要為許多不同模式的車輛到達提供最好的停車策略。這些停車策略都是使用整數(shù)規(guī)劃的方法開發(fā)的。第二步，從最好的策略中學習，定義具體的規(guī)則。該方法的獨特性在于這些規(guī)則都是源自選擇假設(shè)未來交通停車模式是眾所周知的一系列例子。結(jié)果就是都在假設(shè)未來的停車模式都是眾所周知的條件下發(fā)現(xiàn)接近最好的解決方法。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵字：交通、不確定性建模、控制、停車、模糊邏輯&

6、lt;/p><p><b>　　介紹</b></p><p>　　每一天都有相當數(shù)量的自駕車司機尋找一個停車位。此外，缺乏經(jīng)驗的司機或者外地車進一步加劇了交通堵塞。尋找一個空的停車位是一個搜索過程的典型例子。每一個停車搜索策略是由一組模糊規(guī)則組成。這些規(guī)則通常難以明確地描述。計劃活動的類型，一天中的那個時間，一星期中的那天，目前在特定線路的擁擠情況，城市街道的狀況和潛在的

7、可用停車位都會對停車位搜索策略有重大的影響。在過去的四十年里眾多的停車搜索模型被開發(fā)出來。在許多交通工具（出行方式，航空承運人的選擇，機場的選擇等等）要決策的情況下，決策者（旅客，司機）都預(yù)先知道這些互相競爭的選擇和他們的特點。在另一方面，司機們通常會在一個時間序列中發(fā)現(xiàn)一個又一個不同的停車選擇，顯然，這個時序會對司機的最終決定停車位有非常大的影響。</p><p>　　在過去的二十年里，交通局在許多城市（赫爾辛

8、基、科隆、美因茨、斯圖加特、威斯巴登、奧爾堡、海牙）便開始用實時可變信息標志[方向的箭頭，停車設(shè)施的名稱，狀態(tài)（已滿、未滿、可用停車位數(shù)量）]來通知和引導司機停車?？赏＼囄坏臄?shù)量信息可以顯示在主要道路、街道和十字路口，或者也可以通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)布。</p><p>　　問停車導引系統(tǒng)有何益處的問題是符合邏輯的。當前實踐表明停車引導系統(tǒng)通常是不改變停車率或平均停車時間。司機們很容易熟悉停車引導系統(tǒng)，而且大多數(shù)會信任和支

9、持這個系統(tǒng)的幫助。引導系統(tǒng)顯著地提高了發(fā)現(xiàn)空停車位的可能性，減輕了對市中心不熟悉的自駕游客的焦慮，減少了在停車廠前的隊伍，減少了旅行車輛的總數(shù)量（尤其在市中心），降低平時出行時間，能源消耗，還有空氣污染。停車引導系統(tǒng)是綜合停車政策和交通管理系統(tǒng)的一部分，其其它組成是街道停車控制（包括對非法停車車輛的處罰）、停車費用結(jié)構(gòu)和停車稅收管理系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　當司機已近在網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并接近他們的目的地時，停車引導系統(tǒng)幫

10、助他們發(fā)現(xiàn)泊車位。在這份調(diào)查中提出了停車預(yù)定系統(tǒng)和停車收益管理系統(tǒng)的概念。這種系統(tǒng)甚至可以幫助司機在開始他們的旅途前就找到空車位。所提出的“智能”停車位存車控制系統(tǒng)是基于仿真，優(yōu)化技術(shù)和模糊邏輯的組合，做出“即時”拒絕或接受一個新的停車要求的決定。該方法可用于城市停車場和大型國際機場停車場。</p><p>　　文章組織如下：第二節(jié)提出停車定價的問題，第三節(jié)對停車問題和其它工業(yè)進行類比，在第四節(jié)介紹了停車收益管理

11、系統(tǒng)，第五節(jié)介紹了智能停車空間的存車控制系統(tǒng)，第六部分介紹了能夠建立智能泊車位庫存控制系統(tǒng)模型的算法，第七節(jié)給出“智能”停車系統(tǒng)的結(jié)果和第八節(jié)提出了作為結(jié)束語和進一步的研究方向。</p><p><b>　　停車定價</b></p><p>　　在全世界大部分城市司機支付使用不同的停車設(shè)施。在某些情況下，停車的價格能夠明顯減少交通擁擠。停車收入通常用于彌補停車設(shè)施費用

12、（車庫入口，票打印機，停車收費表，停車標志，服務(wù)員），或者是提高其他交通運輸業(yè)的活動。不同的停車定價策略應(yīng)該是復(fù)雜交通堵塞問題全面解決方法的一部分。毫無疑問，停車定價代表著一個重要的需求管理策略。例如：交通部門、地方政府和私營部門可以在擁擠的城市地區(qū)對獨立司機和長期停車司機采用更高的停車關(guān)稅，對上下班交通車合用小組提供特殊的停車折扣。顯然停車定價應(yīng)該認真研究城市區(qū)域（鬧市區(qū)，住宅，商業(yè)區(qū)，物品交易市場）。</p><

13、p>　　在一些城市（麥迪遜、威廉康辛州）已經(jīng)有了時變停車費，迫使上下班族開始轉(zhuǎn)變不同公共交通的選擇。為了努力促進公共交通，舊金山交通當局在公立和商業(yè)停車場增加了停車關(guān)稅。芝加哥官方也多次提高停車利率。結(jié)果，泊位的汽車總數(shù)量和停車持續(xù)時間都顯著減少。最偉大的就是全天停車數(shù)量上的減少。西雅圖官方在市中心的倆個停車場為共乘車顯著降低了關(guān)稅。停車定價策略也可以對雇主支付員工起到積極的作用。雇主去除員工的停車補貼可以顯著減少私車的總數(shù)量。任

14、何停車定價策略的主要作用是在一定時期內(nèi)減少車輛的總數(shù)量，改變上下班族選擇交通模式和不同的停車場所。與此同時，當實施任何停車策略時，為顧客提供足夠的停車空間、為城區(qū)內(nèi)的居民提供優(yōu)惠停車、為不同停車位置提供優(yōu)惠停車、考慮低收入家庭、保護附近街道防止非法停車都是很重要的。</p><p>　　當解決復(fù)雜的交通擁擠和停車問題時，供給和需求的基本經(jīng)濟概念應(yīng)該充分應(yīng)運。所謂的價值收費也是被稱為擁擠定價，或者變量收費。擁擠定價

15、背后的出發(fā)點是迫使司機多在非車輛高峰期旅行和開車，更少的是在高峰期。擁擠定價的想法主要關(guān)于道路（司機們支付使用快速私人車道，低占用車道支付高占用車道費，在周一到周五進入市中心支付更多）或者機場的運營（在高峰期更多的車道費）。停車問題的內(nèi)容中，這意味著：（a）為不同的用戶應(yīng)該存在不同的停車關(guān)稅；（b）在一天當中停車費應(yīng)該增加或減少幾次。</p><p>　　停車問題和運營管理系統(tǒng)：對一些其他行業(yè)的推理</p&

16、gt;<p>　　航空產(chǎn)業(yè)，飯店，租車，鐵路，油輪，醫(yī)療保健，廣播工業(yè)，餐飲及其他產(chǎn)業(yè)在出售他們的產(chǎn)品時都利用稅收管理的概念。稅收管理可以描述為在合適的時間合適的地點將合適的產(chǎn)品傳遞給合適的顧客的一組不同的科學的公司財務(wù)經(jīng)營技巧。 稅收管理的根據(jù)是在航空工業(yè)。行業(yè)中不同管理理念的基本特點成功應(yīng)用是：（a）隨著時間的各種需求;(b)資產(chǎn)優(yōu)化變量；（c）易腐爛的資產(chǎn)；（d）有限的資源；（e）市場細分；（f）增加新的活力是昂貴的

17、，困難的或不可能的；（g）每位客戶的直接成本對于可提供服務(wù)的總成本，可以忽略不計；（h）提前銷售產(chǎn)品。停車空間庫存控制問題的主要特點如下：</p><p><b>　　停車需求是可變的。</b></p><p>　　就像賓館的房間，或餐廳的椅子，停車位同樣需要機會賣出（顧客使用）。</p><p>　　任何停車場可供司機用的停車位都會不足。&l

18、t;/p><p>　　市場細分意味著不同的客戶樂意為相同的服務(wù)(旅館房間，飛機座位，出租車位)支付不同的價格。一個要在開會十五分鐘之前停車的商人比一個計劃和妻子一起步行穿越市中心，而提前四天預(yù)定停車位的退休人更愿意支付高額停車費。</p><p>　　建立新的停車場可能會非常昂貴，而且有時也很困難。</p><p>　　停車位可以非常容易提前預(yù)定。</p>

19、<p>　　引進及開發(fā)的停車預(yù)定系統(tǒng)（通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和手機環(huán)境制造）將會在現(xiàn)代的停車技術(shù)中有很大的提高。司機將會在出發(fā)前和旅行途中就會得到建議和指導。停車預(yù)定系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該和停車收益管理系統(tǒng)耦合。這樣，停車經(jīng)營者和交通當局能夠?qū)嵤┎煌耐＼嚥呗浴Ｒ坏┧緳C容許停車，就可能實現(xiàn)用內(nèi)部車庫指導系統(tǒng)引導司機到一個空的停車位。</p><p>　　介紹停車收益管理系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　讓我們假

20、設(shè)我們有停車預(yù)定系統(tǒng)。司機們可以在任何時間（在家預(yù)定，行車途中預(yù)定，通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等等）提出停車請求。一定數(shù)量的司機可能在停車前取消他們的預(yù)定，這些取消可能隨時發(fā)生。和某些其他行業(yè)一樣，一定數(shù)量的司機可能在預(yù)定車位和付費之后沒有去停車。那些司機行為應(yīng)該受到處罰嗎？根據(jù)停車需求和供應(yīng)的數(shù)量，答案可能是“是”或“否”。</p><p>　　預(yù)定系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該足夠靈活，容許一些車手即使沒有確認預(yù)定也能找到一個空的車位。規(guī)定一些不

21、用的停車關(guān)稅好嗎？答案很明顯“是”。殘疾人和老年人可以支付更低的停車關(guān)稅，他們提前好幾天預(yù)約車位。支付更高關(guān)稅的應(yīng)該是私人司機，長期停車司機，沒有提前預(yù)定的司機。很明顯，會有很多可能的停車定價策略。預(yù)定的生成和取消，司機隨即出現(xiàn)和對司機停車要求的即時回應(yīng)表明停車場收入管理是一個復(fù)雜的問題。</p><p>　　在過去的30年里，有相當大數(shù)量的論文談?wù)摵娇展咀粠齑婵刂茊栴}的不同方面。本文提出的模型受高度發(fā)達的航

22、空管理的隨機性和確定性模型激發(fā)。</p><p>　　讓我們假設(shè)我們有一些不同的停車關(guān)稅。最簡單的預(yù)定系統(tǒng)（類似于過去的航空訂票系統(tǒng)）應(yīng)該是“不同關(guān)稅層停車庫存”（圖1），指示按關(guān)稅層區(qū)分停車位。在這種情況下，一旦停車位被分配到一個關(guān)稅層，它就只能在那個關(guān)稅層被預(yù)定，否則保留。區(qū)分停車車位有一定的優(yōu)勢和劣勢。這種情況下，付較低關(guān)稅的用戶相對比較好得到“保護”。換句話說，這個系統(tǒng)將會付出大量關(guān)注對殘疾人，老年人，提

23、前好幾天預(yù)定車位的人和多座車司機。區(qū)分停車車位的一個明顯不足是指定給低關(guān)稅用戶的車位通常是空的，即使高關(guān)稅用戶的需求量非常高。換句話說，即使不是所有的車位都被占也很有可能拒絕一些司機。</p><p>　　圖1 不同關(guān)稅層停車庫存</p><p>　　智能停車位庫存控制系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　這個問題的復(fù)雜性和不同參數(shù)的不確定性使我們得出這樣一個結(jié)論：幾乎不可

24、能有分析地解決這個問題。人工神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和模糊系統(tǒng)自從有了從經(jīng)驗中學習的能力就成為“智能”系統(tǒng)。他模糊系統(tǒng)本身不是學習機制。另一方面，相當數(shù)量基于數(shù)值數(shù)據(jù)的模糊系統(tǒng)正在生成。本文中，我們從以前發(fā)現(xiàn)的各種情況最優(yōu)解中獲得了數(shù)字數(shù)據(jù)。這樣一來，模糊規(guī)則的根據(jù)來源于“最可能精確的決斷”。這里提出的模糊系統(tǒng)體現(xiàn)了一種學習機制，因為它允許停車要求的連續(xù)監(jiān)測和模糊規(guī)則庫的時時更新。這次研究的初步設(shè)想是創(chuàng)造一個“智能”停車位存車控制系統(tǒng)，對每一個司機要求

25、做出實時決定。換句話說，本文假設(shè)能創(chuàng)造一個系統(tǒng)，它能及時識別每個司機在一定時間預(yù)定和退訂一定數(shù)量車位的情況特征。像其他智能系統(tǒng)，“智能”停車位庫存控制系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該能夠在新的知識和信息的基礎(chǔ)上推廣，適應(yīng)和學習。</p><p>　　這種發(fā)達的“智能”系統(tǒng)是基于模糊邏輯。在過去的幾年，理論結(jié)果表明模糊邏輯系統(tǒng)是普遍相似的，這也解釋了為什么模糊邏輯系統(tǒng)在工程應(yīng)用中是多么成功。</p><p>　　建

26、立智能停車位庫存控制系統(tǒng)的算法</p><p>　　“智能”預(yù)定系統(tǒng)的模糊規(guī)則是通過與王建明和孟德爾提出算法的相應(yīng)數(shù)字信息產(chǎn)生的。本文建立模糊系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的算法有以下步驟進行：</p><p>　　第一步：基于在車庫調(diào)查問卷中大量的停車活動，建立數(shù)據(jù)庫。</p><p>　　第二步：制定相應(yīng)的整數(shù)規(guī)劃問題和尋找每一個產(chǎn)生“情景”的最優(yōu)解。</p><

27、p>　　第三步：基于第一步和第二步的統(tǒng)計資料，運用王建明-孟德爾算法產(chǎn)生模糊規(guī)則庫。每一個模糊庫對應(yīng)一個關(guān)稅類。</p><p>　　利用智能停車位庫存控制系統(tǒng)的結(jié)果</p><p>　　這種開發(fā)模型測試了十種不同的數(shù)值例子。這些例子區(qū)分了車位大小，到站請求分布，服務(wù)（停車時間）分布。所有的例子有以下相似的數(shù)值：△t=300s;te-tb=8h;m=3;T0=3＄/h;T1=2.5＄

28、/h;T2=1.5＄/h.指數(shù)概率密度函數(shù)用來生成車輛到來和服務(wù)（停車）時間。我們第一次找出10個例子來產(chǎn)生模糊規(guī)則庫，然后我們在新產(chǎn)生的例子上測試改進的模型。</p><p>　　產(chǎn)生模糊規(guī)則庫其中的一個例子在表1中顯示。最后一欄的Xij代表這個問題的整數(shù)規(guī)劃法解決。下一步，我們準備一套輸入輸出數(shù)據(jù)對（統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)），目的是用王建明——孟德爾的算法創(chuàng)造模糊規(guī)則庫。輸入-輸出數(shù)據(jù)的例子在表2中給出。</p>

29、;<p>　　表1 停車要求特性（一個隨機生成的例子）（表頭在表的上方）</p><p>　　表2 輸入-輸出數(shù)據(jù)對的一個例子（針對一種關(guān)稅類）</p><p>　　在建立了所有的模糊規(guī)則庫之后（在這個例子中m=3），我們生成一套新的十種停車要求模式和進行檢測階段。我們對“智能”系統(tǒng)的結(jié)果和使用整數(shù)規(guī)劃的結(jié)果進行了比較，同樣對“智能”系統(tǒng)的結(jié)果和用FIFO規(guī)則（在這里FIFO

30、規(guī)則意味著只要有停車空位停車要求就會立刻允許）的結(jié)果進行了比較。比較的結(jié)果顯示在表格3中和圖2中。所有的情況FL的解決方案都明顯比FIFO的解決方案好。當未來預(yù)測是理想的情況下，整數(shù)規(guī)劃結(jié)果可獲得最大收益價值。牢記“智能”系統(tǒng)在不確定的情況下在線運行，就可認為應(yīng)用智能停車位庫存控制系統(tǒng)將會達到好的結(jié)果。</p><p>　　表3 FL解決方案與IP解決方案和FIFO解決方案的比較</p><

31、p>　　圖2 FL解決方案和IP解決方案的比較</p><p>　　在所有的測試例子中，停車庫存從100變化到350。在所有例子中的不同PDF參數(shù)將會用來生成停車要求。</p><p><b>　　總結(jié)</b></p><p>　　該模型屬于“即時”預(yù)售系統(tǒng)的類別。模型的輸出是一個即時接受或拒絕停車要求的決定。確切的說，這種模型告訴每一

32、個請求，要么：“是的，你可以進入停車”，或者：“不，這個時間你不能停車”。這個決定是根據(jù)當前停車系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)（預(yù)約取消，未準時停車，可用車位）來確定接受或者拒絕停車請求。本文提出的模糊系統(tǒng)允許連續(xù)停車要求的檢測和模糊規(guī)則庫的間斷更新。拒絕或接受司機停車的數(shù)量應(yīng)該作為顧客滿意程度的尺度。</p><p>　　正如我們先前指出，任何停車定價策略的主要作用是在一定的時間階段內(nèi)減少車輛旅行的總數(shù)量。這的確是一個基本的公共領(lǐng)

33、域的目標。然而，在我們的模型中，我們集中精力在停車管理收入的最大化，那個一個私營部分的目標。這倆個目標可能看起來是不一致的，人們會質(zhì)問后者會怎么達到前者所要減少車輛旅行的目標。</p><p>　　市場細分是這樣一種情況，不同的司機愿意為相同的東西付不同的價錢。我們先前已經(jīng)說明了一個倆種類型的司機，商人和一個靠養(yǎng)老金生活的老人—---生意人愿意在開會十五分鐘前停車付更高的停車費，而一個靠養(yǎng)老金生活的老人為了更低的

34、停車費，要和妻子徒步穿越市中心，提前一天預(yù)訂車位。然而，即時最富有的商人也不愿意為短暫的停車位支付上億美元。只是，停車需求的數(shù)量刻畫了不同群體的司機，市場細分根據(jù)這種行為得到實施（定義2,3或者10種不同類型的司機或者停車位），同樣針對不同的停車類型有不同的停車費。在極端的情況下，不是根據(jù)市場細分模式和停車費免費提供，理論上只有最富有的人才會開車。在這種情況下，即時在一段時間內(nèi)車輛旅行的總數(shù)量會減少，但是社會的抱怨肯定會到達某種程度。因

35、此，收入最大化可以通過給特定的司機和停車類型留一定的停車位數(shù)量取得。通過這種指定限制的介紹，保護老人，殘疾人和其它層次司機的停車位也是可行的。</p><p>　　司機是否會接受停車預(yù)定系統(tǒng)和稅收管理系統(tǒng)是未知的。進一步的研究將會檢查智能停車系統(tǒng)能否減少停車場前的隊伍，車輛旅行的總數(shù)量，平均旅行時間，能源消耗，還有空氣污染。</p><p><b>　　致謝</b>&

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53、h 175(2006)1666–1681 1681</p><p>　　附件2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）</p><p>　　Intelligent parking systems</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　The basic concepts of the parking re

54、servation system and parking revenue management system are discussed in this paper.The proposed＂intelligent＂parking space inventory control system that is based on a combination of fuzzy logic and integer programming tec

55、hniques makes＂on line＂decisions whether to accept or reject a new drivers request for parking.In the first step of the proposed model,the best parking strategies are developed for many dfferent patterns of vehicle arriva

56、ls.These parking strateg</p><p>　　Keywords:Traffc;Uncertainty modeling;Control;Parking;Fuzzy logic</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　Every day a significant percentage of drivers in si

57、ngle-occupancy vehicles search for a parking space. Additionally,less experienced drivers or out-of-towners further contribute to the increase of traffc congestion.Search for a vacant parking space is a typical example o

58、f a search process.Every parking search strategy is composed of a set of vague rules.It is usually diffcult to describe these rules explicitly.The type of the planned activity,time of a day,day of the week,current conges

59、tion on p</p><p>　　During,the,past,two,decades,traffc,authorities,in,many,cities,Helsinki,Cologne,Mainz,Stuttgart,Wiesbaden,Aalborg,Hague have started to inform and guide drivers to parking facilities with r

60、eal-time variable message signs[directional arrows,names of the parking facilities,status（full,not full,number of available parking spaces,etc.）]. Information about the number of available parking spaces could be display

61、ed on the major roads,streets and intersections,or it could be distributed through the Inter</p><p>　　It is logical to ask the question about the benefits of the parking guidance systems.Current practice sho

62、ws that parking guidance systems usually do not change the occupancy rate or average parking duration.Drivers easily become familiar with the parking guidance systems,and majority of them use,thrust and appreciate the he

63、lp of the systems.Guidance systemssignificantly increase the probability of finding vacant parking space,mitigate frustration of the drivers–visitors unfamiliar with the city </p><p>　　Parking guidance syste

64、ms help drivers to find vacant parking spaces when they are already on the network,and approaching their final destination.Throughout this research the concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue manag

65、ement system are proposed.Such systems would help drivers to find a vacant parking space even before beginning their trip.The proposed“intelligent”parking space inventory control system that is based on the combination o

66、f simulation,optimization techniques,a</p><p>　　The paper is organized as follows:Parking-pricing problems are presented in Section 2.Analogies between parking problems and some other industries are presente

67、d in Section 3.The parking revenue management system is introduced in Section 4,and the Intelligent parking space inventory control system is introduced in Section 5.The algorithm to create intelligent parking spaces inv

68、entory control system is presented in Section 6.Results obtained with the“intelligent”parking system are given in Section</p><p>　　Parking pricing</p><p>　　In majority of cities throughout the

69、world drivers pay for using different parking facilities.In some instances,traffc congestion can be significantly reduced as a result of parking price.The parking revenue is usually used to cover parking facility costs(a

70、ccess gates,ticket printers,parking meters,parking signs, attendants),or to improve some other traffc and transportation activities.Diffrent parking pricing strategies should be a part of the comprehensive solution appro

71、ach to the complex traf</p><p>　　In some cities(Madison,Wisconsin)there are already time dependent parking fees that force commuters to switch to different alternatives of public transportation. Trying to pr

72、omote public transit San Francisco traffc authorities increased parking tariffs at public and commercial garages.The Chicago authorities raised parking rates few times. As a consequence,the total number of cars parked si

73、gnificantly decreased,as well as parking duration time.The greatest decrease was in the number of all day </p><p>　　The basic economic concepts of supply and demand should be more utilized when solving compl

74、ex traffc congestion and parking problems .So-called value pricing is also known as congestion pricing,or variable tolling.The basic idea behind the concept of congestion pricing is to force drivers to travel and use tra

75、nsportation facilities more during off-peak hours and less during peak hours.The idea of congestion pricing is primarily connected with the road(drivers pay for using private, faster roads,</p><p>　　Parking

76、problems and revenue management systems：Analogies with some other industries</p><p>　　Airline,industry,hotels,carrental,rail,cruise,healthcare,broadcastindustry,energy,industry,golf,equipment rental,restaura

77、nt,and other industries are utilizing revenue management concepts when sellingtheir products.Revenue management could be described as a group of different scientific techniques of managing the company revenue when trying

78、 to deliver the right product to the right client at the right price at the right time.The roots of the revenue management are in the airline industry.The basi</p><p>　　Assets；（d）limited resources;（e）market

79、segmentation;（f）adding new capacity is expensive,diffcult or impossible;（g）direct cost per client is negligible part of the total cost of making service available;（h）selling products in advance.The main characteristics o

80、f the parking space inventory control problems are the following:</p><p>　　Parking demand is variable over time.</p><p>　　Like hotel rooms,or restaurant chairs,parking spaces also have daily opp

81、ortunity to be＂sold＂(used by clients).</p><p>　　Any parking lot or garage has limited number of parking spaces that can be used by drivers.</p><p>　　Market segmentation means that different cust

82、omers are willing to pay different prices for the same asset(hotel room,airline seat,seat in a rented car).Businessman wanting to park a car near a meeting point 15 minutes before the meeting would be ready to pay much h

83、igher parking fee than a pensioner planning to walk with his wife through the downtown,who made parking reservation four day in advance.</p><p>　　Building new garages and parking lots could be very expensive

84、 and sometimes very diffcult.</p><p>　　Parking places can be easily reserved in advance.</p><p>　　Introducing and developing parking reservation system(created in an Internet and cell phone envi

85、ronment)would present further improvement in modern parking technologies.Drivers would be advised and guided before beginning of the trip,as well as during the trip.Parking reservation system should be coupled with the p

86、arking revenue management system.In this way,parking operators and traffc authorities would be able to implement di?erent parking strategies.Once the driver is allowed to park,it is po</p><p>　　Introducing p

87、arking revenue management system</p><p>　　Let us assume that we have parking reservation system.Drivers make their requests for parking at random moments of time(by phone from home,by cell phone while drivin

88、g,through the Internet,etc.). A certain number of drivers would maybe cancel their reservations before beginning of the parking.These cancellations would also be made at random moments of time.Like in some other industri

89、es,a certain number of drivers would not appear in parking garage for which they have a confirmed reservation and p</p><p>　　Reservation system should be flexible enough allowing some drivers to appear right

90、 before wished beginning of parking,looking for an empty space in a garage,even though they do not have a confirmed reservation.Would it be good to have few different parking tariffs The answer is obviously“Yes”.Drivers

91、paying lower parking tariffs could be disabled and senior citizens,people who reserve parking space few days in advance,or HOV drivers.Drivers paying higher tariffs could be solo drivers,long term p</p><p>　

92、　The stochastic nature of reservation generation and cancellation,the stochastic nature of driver show-up during reserved time slot,variety of parking tariffs,and the need to respond to drivers` requests in real time,ind

93、icate that the management of parking garage revenues represents a complex problem.</p><p>　　In the past 30 years a relatively large number of papers have been devoted to different aspects of the airline seat

94、 inventory control problem The model proposed in this paper is highly inspired by the developed airline yield management stochastic and/or deterministic models.</p><p>　　Let us assume that we have few differ

95、ent parking tariffs.The simplest reservation system(similar to some airline reservation systems in the past)could be“distinct tariff class parking space inventories”(Fig.1(a)),indicating separate parking spaces in the ga

96、rage for each tariff class.In this case,once the parking space is assigned to a tariff class,it may be booked only in that tariff class or else remains unsold.There are certain advantages,as well as certain disadvantages

97、 in the case of distinc</p><p>　　Intelligent parking space inventory control system</p><p>　　The complexity of the problem,and the uncertainty of different parameters lead us to the conclusion t

98、hat it is practically impossible to solve the problem analytically.Artificial neural networks and fuzzy systems are“intelligent”systems since they have the ability to“l(fā)earn from experience”.The fuzzy system is not the le

99、arning mechanism,per se.On the other hand,an expanding number of fuzzy systems are being generated based on numerical data.In this paper,we have acquired numerical data by previou</p><p>　　The developed“inte

100、lligent”system is based on fuzzy logic.Theoretical results reached during the past several years(Wang and Mendel,1992)have indicated that fuzzy logic systems are universal approximators and this explains why fuzzy logic