模具專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯--模具的發(fā)展

1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文</b></p><p><b>　　外 文 翻 譯</b></p><p>　　Die history</p><p>　　1 Die position in industrial production</p><p>　　Mold is a high-v

2、olume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment. </p><p>　　采用模具生產(chǎn)零部件，具有生產(chǎn)效率高、質(zhì)量好、成本低、節(jié)約能源和原材料等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)，用模具生產(chǎn)制件所具備的高精度、高復(fù)雜程度、高一致性、高生產(chǎn)率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比 With mold comp

3、onents, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and l

4、ow consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. 已成為當(dāng)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要手段和工藝發(fā)展方向。 Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological developmen</p><p>　　The development of mod

5、ern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. 1989 年 3 月國(guó)務(wù)院頒布的《關(guān)于當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點(diǎn)的決定》

6、中，把模具列為機(jī)械工業(yè)技術(shù)改造序列的第一位、生產(chǎn)和基本建設(shè)序列的第二位 ( 僅次于大型發(fā)電設(shè)備及相應(yīng)的輸變電設(shè)備 ) ，確立模具工業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要地位。 March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry t

7、ransformation sequence of the first, production </p><p>　　據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在家電、玩具等輕工行業(yè)，近 90 ％的零件是綜筷具生產(chǎn)的；在飛機(jī)、汽車、農(nóng)機(jī)和無線電行業(yè)，這個(gè)比例也超過 60 ％。 According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90%

8、 of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. 例如飛機(jī)制造業(yè)，某型戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)模具使用量超過三萬套，其中主機(jī)八千套、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)二千套、輔機(jī)二萬套。 Such as aircra

9、ft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engin</p><p>　　模具的歷史發(fā)展 2 The historical development of mold</p><p>　

10、　模具的出現(xiàn)可以追溯到幾千年前的陶器和青銅器鑄造，但其大規(guī)模使用卻是隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的掘起而發(fā)展起來的。 The emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed.&

11、lt;/p><p>　　19 世紀(jì)，隨著軍火工業(yè) ( 槍炮的彈殼 ) 、鐘表工業(yè)、無線電工業(yè)的發(fā)展，沖模得到廣泛使用。 The 19th century, with the arms industry (gun's shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. 二次大戰(zhàn)后，隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，它又成了大量生產(chǎn)家用電器、汽車、電

12、子儀器、照相機(jī)、鐘表等零件的最佳方式。 After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way.

13、從世界范圍看，當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)的沖壓技術(shù)走在前列——許多模具先進(jìn)技術(shù)，如簡(jiǎn)易模具、高效率模具、高壽命模具和沖壓自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，大多起源于美國(guó)；而瑞士的精沖、德國(guó)的冷擠壓技術(shù)，蘇聯(lián)對(duì)塑性</p><p>　　進(jìn)入 70 年代向高速化、啟動(dòng)化、精密化、安全化發(fā)展的第二階段。 Into the 70's to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, deve

14、lopment of the second stage. 在這個(gè)過程中不斷涌現(xiàn)各種高效率、商壽命、高精度助多功能自動(dòng)校具。 Continue to emerge in this process a variety of high efficiency, business life, high-precision multi-functional automatic school to help with. 其代表是多達(dá)別多個(gè)工位的級(jí)進(jìn)模

15、和十幾個(gè)工位的多工位傳遞模。 Represented by the number of working places as much as other progressive die and dozens of multi-station transfer station module. 在此基礎(chǔ)上又發(fā)展出既有連續(xù)沖壓工位又有多滑塊成形工位的壓</p><p>　　從 70 年代中期至今可以說是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、輔

16、助制造技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展的時(shí)代。 From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting the continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times. 隨著模具加工精度與復(fù)雜性不斷提高，生產(chǎn)周期不斷加快，模具業(yè)對(duì)設(shè)備和人員素質(zhì)的要求也不斷提高。 With the preci

17、sion and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the production cycle, the mold industry, the quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve. 依靠普通加工設(shè)備，憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)和手藝越來越不能滿足模具生產(chǎn)的需要。 Rely on common processing equipment

18、, their experience and skills can no</p><p>　　隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，計(jì)算機(jī)也逐步進(jìn)入模具生產(chǎn)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，包括設(shè)計(jì)、制造、管理等。 With the development of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, ma

19、nufacturing and management. 國(guó)際生產(chǎn)研究協(xié)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)，到 2000 年，作為設(shè)計(jì)和制造之間聯(lián)系手段的圖紙將失去其主要作用。 International Association for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between design and manufacturing drawings will lose i

20、ts primary role. 模具自動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)的最根本點(diǎn)是必須確立模具零件標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 Automatic Design of die most fundamental point is to establish the mold s</p><p>　　3我國(guó)模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì) China's mold industry and its development trend</p>

21、<p>　　模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)狀 Die & Mould Industry Status</p><p>　　由于歷史原因形成的封閉式、“ 大 而全” 的 企業(yè)特征，我國(guó)大部分企業(yè)均設(shè)有模具車間，處于本廠的配套地位，自 70 年代末才有了模具工業(yè)化和生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化這個(gè)概念。 Due to historical reasons for the formation of closed, "big a

22、nd complete" enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of productio

23、n. 生產(chǎn)效率不高，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益較差。 Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. 模具行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)小而散亂，跨行業(yè)、投資密集，專業(yè)化、商品化和技術(shù)管理水平都比較低。 Mold production industry </p><p>　　據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，全國(guó)現(xiàn)有模具專業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠、產(chǎn)品廠配套的模具車間（分廠）近17000家，約60萬從業(yè)人員，年模具總產(chǎn)

24、值達(dá)200億元人民幣。 According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 2

25、0 billion yuan mold. 但是，我國(guó)模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)有能力只能滿足需求量的60％左右，還不能適應(yīng)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要。 However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development.

26、目前，國(guó)內(nèi)</p><p>　　1、模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)狀 3.1 Research on the Structure of industrial products mold</p><p>　　按照中國(guó)模具工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)的劃分，我國(guó)模具基本分為10大類，其中，沖壓模和塑料成型模兩大類占主要部分。 In accordance with the division of China Mould

27、Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categories accounted for the main part. 按產(chǎn)值計(jì)算，目前我國(guó)沖壓模占50％左右，塑料成形模約占20％，拉絲模（工具）約占10％，而世界上發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)的塑料成形模比例一

28、般占全部模具產(chǎn)值的40％以上。 Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10% of the world's advanced indu</p><p>　　我國(guó)沖壓模大多為簡(jiǎn)單

29、模、單工序模和符合模等，精沖模，精密多工位級(jí)進(jìn)模還為數(shù)不多，模具平均壽命不足100萬次，模具最高壽命達(dá)到1億次以上，精度達(dá)到3～5um，有50個(gè)以上的級(jí)進(jìn)工位，與國(guó)際上最高模具壽命6億次，平均模具壽命5000萬次相比，處于80年代中期國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平。 Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precisio

30、n die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 ~ 5um, more than 50

31、progressive station, and the international life of</p><p>　　我國(guó)的塑料成形模具設(shè)計(jì)，制作技術(shù)起步較晚，整體水平還較低。 China's plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low. 目前

32、單型腔，簡(jiǎn)單型腔的模具達(dá)70％以上，仍占主導(dǎo)地位。 Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant. 一模多腔精密復(fù)雜的塑料注射模，多色塑料注射模已經(jīng)能初步設(shè)計(jì)和制造。A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has bee

33、n able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing. 模具平均壽命約為80萬次左右，主要差距是模具零件變形大、溢邊毛刺大、表面質(zhì)量差、模具型腔沖蝕和腐蝕嚴(yán)重、模具排氣不暢和型腔易損等，注射模精度已達(dá)到5um以</p><p>　　2、模具工業(yè)技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀 3.2 mold Present Status of Technology</p>

34、<p>　　我國(guó)模具工業(yè)目前技術(shù)水平參差不齊，懸殊較大。 Technical level of China's mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. 從總體上來講，與發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國(guó)家及港臺(tái)地區(qū)先進(jìn)水平相比，還有較大的差距。 Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, H

35、ong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap. 在采用CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP等技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)與制造模具方面，無論是應(yīng)用的廣泛性，還是技術(shù)水平上都存在很大的差距。 The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide applica

36、tion, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. 在應(yīng)用CAD技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)模具方面，僅有約</p><p>　　缺乏技術(shù)素質(zhì)較高的模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造工藝技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人，尤其缺乏知識(shí)面寬、知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)層次高的復(fù)合型人才。 Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing techn

37、ology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. 中國(guó)模具行業(yè)中的技術(shù)人員，只占從業(yè)人員的8%~12%左右，且技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人的總體技術(shù)水平也較低。 China's mold industry and technical pe

38、rsonnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. 1980年以前從業(yè)的技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人知識(shí)老化，知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)在的需要；而80年代以后從</p><p>　　3、模具工業(yè)配套材料，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀 3.3 mold indus

39、try supporting materials, standard parts of present condition</p><p>　　近10多年來，特別是“八五”以來，國(guó)家有關(guān)部委已多次組織有關(guān)材料研究所、大專院校和鋼鐵企業(yè)，研究和開發(fā)模具專用系列鋼種、模具專用硬質(zhì)合金及其他模具加工的專用工具、輔助材料等，并有所推廣。 Over the past 10 years, especially the &q

40、uot;Eighth Five-Year", the State organization of the ministries have repeatedly Material Research Institute, universities and steel enterprises, research and development of special series of die steel, molds and oth

41、er mold-specific carbide special tools, auxiliary materials, and some promotion. 但因材料的質(zhì)量不夠穩(wěn)定，缺乏必要的試驗(yàn)條件和試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)，規(guī)格品種較少，大型模具和特種模具所需的鋼材及規(guī)格還有缺口。 However, due to </p><p>　　模具加工的輔助材料和專用技術(shù)近年來雖有所推廣應(yīng)用，但未形成成熟的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，大多仍還處于

42、試驗(yàn)摸索階段，如模具表面涂層技術(shù)、模具表面熱處理技術(shù)、模具導(dǎo)向副潤(rùn)滑技術(shù)、模具型腔傳感技術(shù)及潤(rùn)滑技術(shù)、模具去應(yīng)力技術(shù)、模具抗疲勞及防腐技術(shù)等尚未完全形成生產(chǎn)力，走向商品化。 Mold supporting materials and special techniques in recent years despite the popularization and application, but failed to mature pr

43、oduction technology, most still also in the exploratory stage tests, such as die coating technology, surface treatment technology mold, mold guide lubrication technology Die sensing technology and lubrication technology,

44、 mold to stress t</p><p>　　我國(guó)的模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件生產(chǎn)，80年代初才形成小規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的使用覆蓋面約占20%，從市場(chǎng)上能配到的也只有約30個(gè)品種，且僅限于中小規(guī)格。 China's mold standard parts production, the formation of the early 80s only small-scale production,

45、 standardization and standard mold parts using the coverage of about 20%, from the market can be assigned to, is just about 30 varieties, and limited to small and medium size. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)凸凹模、熱流道元件等剛剛開始供應(yīng)，模架及零件生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)渠道不暢，精度和質(zhì)量也較差。 S

46、tandard punch, hot runner components and other supplies just the beginning, mold and parts production an</p><p>　　4、模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀 3.4 Die & Mould Industry Structure in Industrial Organization</p>

47、<p>　　我國(guó)的模具工業(yè)相對(duì)較落后，至今仍不能稱其為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的行業(yè)。 China's mold industry is relatively backward and still could not be called an independent industry. 我國(guó)目前的模具生產(chǎn)企業(yè)可劃分為四大類：專業(yè)模具廠，專業(yè)生產(chǎn)外供模具；產(chǎn)品廠的模具分廠或車間，以供給本產(chǎn)品廠所需的模具為主要任務(wù)；三資企業(yè)的模具分廠，

48、其組織模式與專業(yè)模具廠相類似，以小而專為主；鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)模具企業(yè)，與專業(yè)模具廠相類似。 Mold manufacturer in China currently can be divided into four categories: professional mold factory, professional production outside for mold; products factory mold factory or work

49、shop, in order to supply the product works as the main tasks needed to die;</p><p>　　模具適宜于中小型企業(yè)組織生產(chǎn)，而我國(guó)技術(shù)改造投資向大中型企業(yè)傾斜時(shí)，中小型模具企業(yè)的投資得不到保證。 Mold is suitable for small and medium enterprises organize production,

50、 and our technical transformation investment tilted to large and medium enterprises, small and medium enterprise investment mold can not be guaranteed. 包括產(chǎn)品廠的模具車間、分廠在內(nèi)，技術(shù)改造后不能很快收回其投資，甚至負(fù)債累累，影響發(fā)展。 Including product factor

51、y mold shop, factory, including, after the transformation can not quickly recover its investment, or debt-laden, affecting development.</p><p>　　雖然大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品廠的模具車間、分廠技術(shù)力量強(qiáng)，設(shè)備條件較好，生產(chǎn)的模具水平也較高，但設(shè)備利用率低。 Although mos

52、t products factory mold shop, factory technical force is strong, good equipment conditions, the production of mold levels higher, but equipment utilization rate.</p><p>　　我國(guó)模具價(jià)格長(zhǎng)期以來同其價(jià)值不協(xié)調(diào)，造成模具行業(yè)“自身經(jīng)濟(jì)效益小，社會(huì)效

53、益大”的現(xiàn)象。 Price has long been China's mold inconsistent with their value, resulting in mold industry "own little economic benefit, social benefit big" phenomenon. “干模具的不如干模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的，干標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的不如干模具帶件生產(chǎn)的。干帶件生產(chǎn)的不如用模具加工

54、產(chǎn)品的”之類不正常現(xiàn)象存在。 "Dry as dry mold mold standard parts, standard parts dry as dry mold with pieces of production. Dry with parts manufactured products than with the mold" of the class of anomalies exist.</p>

55、<p>　　模具的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 4 Die trend</p><p>　　1、模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三維化、智能化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展 4.1 mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction</p><p>　?。?）模具軟件功能集

56、成化 (1) mold software features integrated</p><p>　　模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全，同時(shí)各功能模塊采用同一數(shù)據(jù)模型，以實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的綜合管理與共享，從而支持模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造、裝配、檢驗(yàn)、測(cè)試及生產(chǎn)管理的全過程，達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳效益的目的。 Die software features of integrated software modules requir

57、ed relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testin

58、g and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. 如英國(guó)Delcam公司的系列化軟件就包括了曲面/實(shí)體幾何造型、復(fù)雜形體工程制圖、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>　?。?）模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析及制造的三維化 (2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimen

59、sional</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)的二維模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)已越來越不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)和集成化技術(shù)要求。 Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. 模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析、制造的三維化、無紙化要求新一代

60、模具軟件以立體的、直觀的感覺來設(shè)計(jì)模具，所采用的三維數(shù)字化模型能方便地用于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的CAE分析、模具可制造性評(píng)價(jià)和數(shù)控加工、成形過程模擬及信息的管理與共享。 Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional,

61、 intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily </p><p>　?。?）模具軟件應(yīng)用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化趨勢(shì) (3) mold software applications, networking trend</p><p>　　隨著模具在企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、合作、生產(chǎn)和管理等方面

62、的全球化、國(guó)際化，以及計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，網(wǎng)絡(luò)使得在模具行業(yè)應(yīng)用虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、敏捷制造技術(shù)既有必要，也有可能。 With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer h

63、ardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. 美國(guó)在其《21世紀(jì)制造企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略》中指出，到2006年要實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車工業(yè)敏捷生產(chǎn)/虛擬工程方案，使汽車開發(fā)周期從40個(gè)月縮短到4個(gè)月。 Th

64、e United States in its "21st Century Ma</p><p>　　2、模具檢測(cè)、加工設(shè)備向精密、高效和多功能方向發(fā)展 4.2 mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-direction</p><p>　?。?）模具檢測(cè)設(shè)備的日益精密、高效 (

65、1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficient</p><p>　　精密、復(fù)雜、大型模具的發(fā)展，對(duì)檢測(cè)設(shè)備的要求越來越高。 Sophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly demanding. 現(xiàn)在精密模

66、具的精度已達(dá)2～3μm，目前國(guó)內(nèi)廠家使用較多的有意大利、美國(guó)、日本等國(guó)的高精度三坐標(biāo)測(cè)量機(jī)，并具有數(shù)字化掃描功能。 Precision Mould precision now reached 2 ~ 3μm, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision c

67、oordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning. 如東風(fēng)汽車模具廠不僅擁有意大利產(chǎn)3250mm×3250mm三坐標(biāo)測(cè)量機(jī)，還擁有數(shù)碼攝影光學(xué)掃描儀，率先在國(guó)內(nèi)采用數(shù)碼攝影、光學(xué)掃描作為空間三維信息的獲得手段，從而實(shí)</p><p>　?。?）數(shù)控電火花加工機(jī)床 (2) CNC EDM</p><p>　　日本沙迪克公司

68、采用直線電機(jī)伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)的AQ325L、AQ550LLS-WEDM具有驅(qū)動(dòng)反應(yīng)快、傳動(dòng)及定位精度高、熱變形小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 Japan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the company's AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the adv

69、antages of small thermal deformation. 瑞士夏米爾公司的NCEDM具有P-E3自適應(yīng)控制、PCE能量控制及自動(dòng)編程專家系統(tǒng)。Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems. 另外有些EDM還采用了混粉加工工

70、藝、微精加工脈沖電源及模糊控制(FC)等技術(shù)。 Others also used the powder mixed</p><p>　?。?）高速銑削機(jī)床(HSM) (3) high-speed milling machine (HSM)</p><p>　　銑削加工是型腔模具加工的重要手段。 Milling is an important means of cavity mold. 而

71、高速銑削具有工件溫升低、切削力小、加工平穩(wěn)、加工質(zhì)量好、加工效率高(為普通銑削加工的5～10倍)及可加工硬材料(<60HRC)等諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 The low-temperature high-speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (fo

72、r the general milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (<60HRC) and many other advantages. 因而在模具加工中日益受到重視。 Thus in the mold processing more and more attention. 瑞士克朗公司UCP710型五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工中心，其機(jī)床定位精度可達(dá)8μm，自

73、</p><p>　　4.3、快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù) 3 rapid economic modeling techniques</p><p>　　縮短產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期是贏得市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的有效手段之一。 Shorten the product development cycle is an effective means of market competition to win one. 與傳統(tǒng)模具

74、加工技術(shù)相比，快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)具有制模周期短、成本較低的特點(diǎn)，精度和壽命又能滿足生產(chǎn)需求，是綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益比較顯著的模具制造技術(shù)，具體主要有以下一些技術(shù)。 Compared with the traditional mold process, fast economic modeling technology is a short molding cycle, the characteristics of low cost, precis

75、ion, and life can meet the production needs, overall economic efficiency is more significant in the mold manufacturing technology, specifically the followin</p><p>　　(1)快速原型制造技術(shù)(RPM)。 (1) rapid prototyping a

76、nd manufacturing (RPM). 它包括激光立體光刻技術(shù)(SLA) ；疊層輪廓制造技術(shù)(LOM) ；激光粉末選區(qū)燒結(jié)成形技術(shù)(SLS) ；熔融沉積成形技術(shù)(FDM) 和三維印刷成形技術(shù)(3D-P)等。 It consists of three-dimensional laser lithography (SLA); laminated profile manufacturing (LOM); laser powder si

77、ntering prototyping (SLS); Fused Deposition Molding (FDM) and three-dimensional printing forming technology (3D-P) and so on. (2)表面成形制模技術(shù)。 (2) the surface forming tooling. 它是指利用噴涂、電鑄和化學(xué)腐蝕等新的工藝方法形成型腔表面及精細(xì)花紋的一種工藝技術(shù)。 It re

78、fers to the use of </p><p>　　4.4、模具材料及表面處理技術(shù)發(fā)展迅速4 mold materials and surface treatment technology developed rapidly</p><p>　　模具工業(yè)要上水平，材料應(yīng)用是關(guān)鍵。 Industry to the level of mold, material applicatio

79、n is the key. 因選材和用材不當(dāng)，致使模具過早失效，大約占失效模具的45%以上。 Due to improper selection and use of materials, causing premature die failure, which accounts for more than 45% failure die. 在模具材料方面，常用冷作模具鋼有CrWMn、Cr12、Cr12MoV和W6Mo5Cr4V2，火焰

80、淬火鋼(如日本的AUX2、SX105V(7CrSiMnMoV)等；常用新型熱作模具鋼有美國(guó)H13、瑞典QRO80M、QRO90SUPREME等；常用塑料模具用鋼有預(yù)硬鋼(如美國(guó)P20)、時(shí)效硬化型鋼(如美國(guó)P21、日本NAK55等)、熱處理硬化型鋼(如美國(guó)D2，日本PD613、PD555、瑞典一勝白136等)、粉末模具鋼(如日本KAD18和KAS440)等；覆蓋件拉延模常用HT300、QT60-2、Mo-Cr、Mo-V</p>

81、;<p>　　5、模具工業(yè)新工藝、新理念和新模式逐步得到了認(rèn)同 4.5 mold industry new techniques, new ideas and new models have been gradually recognized</p><p>　　在成形工藝方面，主要有沖壓模具功能復(fù)合化、超塑性成形、塑性精密成形技術(shù)、塑料模氣體輔助注射技術(shù)及熱流道技術(shù)、高壓注射成形技術(shù)等。 In

82、the forming process, the main function of composite stamping die, superplastic forming, plastic precision molding technology, plastic mold gas-assisted injection technology and hot runner technology, high-pressure inject

83、ion molding technology. 另一方面，隨著先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和模具行業(yè)整體水平的提高，在模具行業(yè)出現(xiàn)了一些新的設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、管理理念與模式。 On the other hand, with the continuous development of advanced manufacturing technology and raise the level of mold industry as a</p>

84、;<p>　　總結(jié) Summary</p><p>　　進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)，在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的新形勢(shì)下，隨著資本、技術(shù)和勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的重新整合，我國(guó)裝備制造業(yè)在加入WTO以后，將成為世界裝備制造業(yè)的基地。 The 21st century, in the new situation of economic globalization, with capital, technology and labor ma

85、rket re-integration of equipment manufacturing in China after joining the WTO will become the world's equipment manufacturing base. 而在現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)中，無論哪一行業(yè)的工程裝備，都越來越多地采用由模具工業(yè)提供的產(chǎn)品。 In the modern manufacturing industry, no ma

86、tter which industry, engineering equipment, are increasingly used to provide the products from the mold industr</p><p><b>　　模具的發(fā)展</b></p><p>　　1模具在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的地位</p><p>　　模具是大

87、批量生產(chǎn)同形產(chǎn)品的工具，是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主要工藝裝備。</p><p>　　采用模具生產(chǎn)零部件，具有生產(chǎn)效率高、質(zhì)量好、成本低、節(jié)約能源和原材料等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)，用模具生產(chǎn)制件所具備的高精度、高復(fù)雜程度、高一致性、高生產(chǎn)率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比擬的。已成為當(dāng)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要手段和工藝發(fā)展方向?，F(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)。現(xiàn)代工業(yè)品的發(fā)展和技術(shù)水平的提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社

88、會(huì)發(fā)展將起越來越大的作用。1989年3月國(guó)務(wù)院頒布的《關(guān)于當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點(diǎn)的決定》中，把模具列為機(jī)械工業(yè)技術(shù)改造序列的第一位、生產(chǎn)和基本建設(shè)序列的第二位(僅次于大型發(fā)電設(shè)備及相應(yīng)的輸變電設(shè)備)，確立模具工業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要地位。1997年以來，又相繼把模具及其加工技術(shù)和設(shè)備列入了《當(dāng)前國(guó)家重點(diǎn)鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)目錄》和《鼓勵(lì)外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)目錄》。經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，從1997年到2000年，對(duì)80多家國(guó)有專業(yè)模具廠實(shí)行增值稅返還70%

89、的優(yōu)惠政策，以扶植模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展。所有這些，都充分體現(xiàn)了國(guó)務(wù)院和國(guó)家有關(guān)部門對(duì)發(fā)展模具工業(yè)的重視和支持。目前全世界模具年產(chǎn)值約為600億美元，日、美等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過機(jī)床工業(yè)，從1997年開始，我國(guó)模</p><p>　　據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在家電、玩具等輕工行業(yè)，近90％的零件是綜筷具生產(chǎn)的；在飛機(jī)、汽車、農(nóng)機(jī)和無線電行業(yè)，這個(gè)比例也超過60％。例如飛機(jī)制造業(yè)，某型戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)模具使用量超過三萬套，其中主機(jī)八千套

90、、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)二千套、輔機(jī)二萬套。從產(chǎn)值看，80年代以來，美、日等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)值已超過機(jī)床行業(yè)，并又有繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)。據(jù)國(guó)際生產(chǎn)技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)，到2000年，產(chǎn)品盡件粗加工的75%、精加工的50％將由模具完成；金屬、塑料、陶瓷、橡膠、建材等工業(yè)制品大部分將由模具完成，50％以上的金屬板材、80％以上的塑料都特通過模具轉(zhuǎn)化成制品。</p><p><b>　　2模具的歷史發(fā)展</b><

91、;/p><p>　　模具的出現(xiàn)可以追溯到幾千年前的陶器和青銅器鑄造，但其大規(guī)模使用卻是隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的掘起而發(fā)展起來的。</p><p>　　19世紀(jì)，隨著軍火工業(yè)(槍炮的彈殼)、鐘表工業(yè)、無線電工業(yè)的發(fā)展，沖模得到廣泛使用。二次大戰(zhàn)后，隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，它又成了大量生產(chǎn)家用電器、汽車、電子儀器、照相機(jī)、鐘表等零件的最佳方式。從世界范圍看，當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)的沖壓技術(shù)走在前列——許多模具先進(jìn)技術(shù)，如

92、簡(jiǎn)易模具、高效率模具、高壽命模具和沖壓自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，大多起源于美國(guó)；而瑞士的精沖、德國(guó)的冷擠壓技術(shù)，蘇聯(lián)對(duì)塑性加工的研究也處于世界先進(jìn)行列。50年代，模具行業(yè)工作重點(diǎn)是根據(jù)訂戶的要求，制作能滿足產(chǎn)品要求的模具。模具設(shè)計(jì)多憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)，參考已有圖紙和感性認(rèn)識(shí)，對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)模具零件的機(jī)能缺乏真切了解。從1955年到1965年，是壓力加工的探索和開發(fā)時(shí)代——對(duì)模具主要零部件的機(jī)能和受力狀態(tài)進(jìn)行了數(shù)學(xué)分橋，并把這些知識(shí)不斷應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)際，使得沖壓技術(shù)在各方

93、面有飛躍的發(fā)展。其結(jié)果是歸納出模具設(shè)計(jì)原則，并使得壓力機(jī)械、沖壓材料、加工方法、梅具結(jié)構(gòu)、模具材料、模具制造方法、自動(dòng)化裝置等領(lǐng)域面貌一新，并向?qū)嵱没姆较蛲七M(jìn)，從而使沖壓加工從儀能生產(chǎn)優(yōu)良產(chǎn)品的第一階段。</p><p>　　進(jìn)入70年代向高速化、啟動(dòng)化、精密化、安全化發(fā)展的第二階段。在這個(gè)過程中不斷涌現(xiàn)各種高效率、商壽命、高精度助多功能自動(dòng)校具。其代表是多達(dá)別多個(gè)工位的級(jí)進(jìn)模和十幾個(gè)工位的多工位傳遞模。在此基

94、礎(chǔ)上又發(fā)展出既有連續(xù)沖壓工位又有多滑塊成形工位的壓力機(jī)—彎曲機(jī)。在此期間，日本站到了世界最前列——其模具加工精度進(jìn)入了微米級(jí)，模具壽命，合金工具鋼制造的模具達(dá)到了幾千萬次，硬質(zhì)合金鋼制造的模具達(dá)到了幾億次p每分鐘沖壓次數(shù)，小型壓力機(jī)通常為200至300次，最高為1200次至1500次。在此期間，為了適應(yīng)產(chǎn)品更新快、用期短(如汽車改型、玩具翻新等)的需要，各種經(jīng)濟(jì)型模具，如鋅落合金模具、聚氨酯橡膠模具、鋼皮沖模等也得到了很大發(fā)展。<

95、/p><p>　　從70年代中期至今可以說是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、輔助制造技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展的時(shí)代。隨著模具加工精度與復(fù)雜性不斷提高，生產(chǎn)周期不斷加快，模具業(yè)對(duì)設(shè)備和人員素質(zhì)的要求也不斷提高。依靠普通加工設(shè)備，憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)和手藝越來越不能滿足模具生產(chǎn)的需要。90年代以來，機(jī)械技術(shù)和電子技術(shù)緊密結(jié)合，發(fā)展了NC機(jī)床，如數(shù)控線切割機(jī)床、數(shù)控電火花機(jī)床、數(shù)控銑床、數(shù)控坐標(biāo)磨床等。而采用電子計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)編程、控制的CNC機(jī)床提高了數(shù)控機(jī)床的使用

96、效率和范圍。近年來又發(fā)展出由一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)以分時(shí)的方式直接管理和控制一群數(shù)控機(jī)床的NNC系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，計(jì)算機(jī)也逐步進(jìn)入模具生產(chǎn)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，包括設(shè)計(jì)、制造、管理等。國(guó)際生產(chǎn)研究協(xié)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)，到2000年，作為設(shè)計(jì)和制造之間聯(lián)系手段的圖紙將失去其主要作用。模具自動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)的最根本點(diǎn)是必須確立模具零件標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。要擺脫過去以人的思考判斷和實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)為中心所組成的設(shè)計(jì)方法，就必須把過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和思

97、考方法，進(jìn)行系列化、數(shù)值化、數(shù)式化，作為設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則儲(chǔ)存到計(jì)算機(jī)中。因?yàn)槟＞邩?gòu)成元件也干差萬別，要搞出一個(gè)能適應(yīng)各種零件的設(shè)計(jì)軟件幾乎不可能。但是有些產(chǎn)品的零件形狀變化不大，模具結(jié)構(gòu)有一定的規(guī)律，放可總結(jié)歸納，為自動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)提供軟件。如日本某公司的CDM系統(tǒng)用于級(jí)進(jìn)模設(shè)計(jì)與制造，其中包括零件圖形輸入、毛坯展開、條料排樣、確定模板尺寸和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、繪制裝配圖和零件圖、輸出NC程序(為數(shù)控加工中心和線切割編程)等，所用時(shí)間由手工的20%、工時(shí)減少到35小