機(jī)械類車床外文翻譯

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）——外文翻譯（原文）</p><p><b>　　Lathe</b></p><p>　　來源：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe</p><p>　　A lathe is a machine tool which spins a block of material to

2、perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation.</p><p>　

3、　Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, and glassworking. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being the potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to pro

4、duce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The material is held in place by either one or two centers, at

5、 least one of which can be moved horizontally to accommodate vary</p><p><b>　　History</b></p><p>　　The lathe is an ancient tool, dating at least to the Egyptians ，and known and used

6、in Greece, the Roman and Byzantine Empires.</p><p>　　The origin of turning dates to around 1300BC when the Egyptians first developed a two-person lathe. One person would turn the wood workpiece with a rope w

7、hile the other used a sharp tool to cut shapes in the wood. The Romans improved the Egyptian design with the addition of a turning bow. Early bow lathes were also developed and used in Germany, France and Britain. In the

8、 Middle Ages a pedal replaced hand-operated turning, freeing both the craftsman's hands to hold the woodturning tools. The ped</p><p>　　During the industrial revolution the lathe was motorized, allowing

9、wooden turned items to be created in less time and allowing the working of metal on a lathe. The motor also produced a greater rotational speed, making it easier to quickly produce high quality work. Today most commercia

10、l lathes are computer-operated allowing for mass-production that can be created with accurate precision and without the cost of employing craftsmen.</p><p>　　Description</p><p>　　Parts of a lath

11、e</p><p>　　A lathe may or may not have a stand, which sits on the floor and elevates the lathe bed to a working height. Some lathes are small and sit on a workbench or table, and do not have a stand.</p&g

12、t;<p>　　Almost all lathes have a "bed", which is (almost always) a horizontal beam (although some CNC lathes have a vertical beam for a bed to ensure that swarf, or chips, falls free of the bed). A notab

13、le exception is the Hegner VB36 Master Bowlturner, a lathe designed for turning large bowls, which in its basic configuration is little more than a very large headst At one end of the bed (almost always the left, as the

14、operator faces the lathe) is a "headstock". The headstock contains high-precision spi</p><p>　　Rotating within the bearings is a horizontal axle, with an axis parallel to the bed, called the "

15、spindle". Spindles are often hollow, and have exterior threads and an interior taper on the "inboard" by which accessories which hold the workpiece may be mounted to the spindle. Spindles may also have ext

16、erior threads and an interior taper at their "outboard" end, or may have a handwheel or other accessory mechanism on their outboard end. Spindles are powered, and impart motion to the workpiece.</p><

17、p>　　The spindle is driven, either by foot power from a treadle and flywheel or by a belt drive to a power source. In some modern lathes this power source is an integral electric motor.</p><p>　　Accessorie

18、s</p><p>　　Unless a workpiece has a taper machined onto it which perfectly matches the internal taper in the spindle, or has threads which perfectly match the external threads on the spindle (two things whic

19、h almost never happen), an accessory must be used to mount a workpiece to the spindle.</p><p>　　A workpiece may be bolted or screwed to a faceplate, a large flat disk that m A workpiece may be clamped in a c

20、huck, which mounts directly to the spindle or mounted on a mandrel.</p><p>　　In precision work (and in some classes of repetition work), cylindrical workpieces are invariably held in a collet inserted into t

21、he spindle and secured either by a drawbar, or by a collet closing cap on the spindle. Suitable collets may also be used to mount square or hexagonal workpieces.</p><p>　　A circular metal plate with even spa

22、ced holes around the periphery, mounted to the spindle, is called an "index plate". It can be used to rotate the spindle a precise number of degrees, then lock it in place, facilitating repeated auxiliary opera

23、tions done to the workpiece.</p><p>　　Modes of use</p><p>　　When a workpiece is supported at both ends, it is more stable may be applied to the workpiece, via tools, at a right angle to the axis

24、 of rotation, without fear that the workpiece may break loose.</p><p>　　When a workpiece is mounted with a certain axis of rotation, worked, then remounted with a new axis of rotation, this is referred to as

25、 "eccentric turning" or "multi axis turning". The result is that various cross sections of the workpiece are rotationally symmetric, but the workpiece as a whole is not rotationally symmetric. This te

26、chnique is used for camshafts, various types of chair legs, etc.</p><p><b>　　Varieties</b></p><p>　　The smallest lathes are "jewelers lathes" or "watchmaker lathes&quo

27、t;, which are small enough that they may be held in one hand. Although the workpieces machined on a jeweler's lathes are metal, jeweler's lathes differ from all other metal working lathes in that the cutting tool

28、s are hand held and supported by a T-rest, not fixed to a cross slide. Two spindle bore sizes to receive the collets are common, namely 6 mm and 8 mm. Two patterns of bed are common: the WW (Webster Whitcomb) b

29、ed, a truncated </p><p>　　Lathes that sit on a bench or table are called "bench lathes".</p><p>　　Lathes that do not have additional integral features for repetitive production, but ra

30、ther are used for individual part production or modification as the primary role, are called "engine lathes".</p><p>　　Lathes with a very large spindle bore and a chuck on both ends of the spindle

31、are called "oil field lathes."</p><p>　　Fully automatic mechanical lathes, employing cams and gear trains for controlled movement, are called screw machines.</p><p>　　Lathes that are c

32、ontrolled by a computer are CNC lathes.</p><p>　　Lathes with the spindle mounted in a vertical configuration, instead of horizontal configuration, are called vertical lathes or vertical boring machines. They

33、 are used where very large diameters must be turned, and the workpiece (comparatively) is not very long.</p><p>　　A lathe equipped with indexing plates, profile cutters, spiral or helical guides, etc., so as

34、 to enable ornamental turning is an ornamental lathe.</p><p>　　Various combinations are possible: e.g. one could have a vertical CNC lathe (such as a CNC VTL), etc.</p><p>　　Lathes can be combin

35、ed with other machine tools, such as a drill press or vertical milling machine. These are usually referred to as combination lathes.</p><p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）——外文翻譯（譯文）</p><p><b>　　車床</b><

36、;/p><p>　　車床是一種機(jī)器，它旋轉(zhuǎn)著一塊材料去執(zhí)行多項(xiàng)操作，如：用工具切割，打磨，滾花，鉆孔，或變形，這些適用于工件去做一個(gè)可繞對(duì)稱軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的實(shí)物。</p><p>　　車床用于木料車削加工，金屬加工，和玻璃加工。車床可用于陶器成形，最有名的設(shè)計(jì)是陶輪。裝備最完善的金工車床還可以用來生產(chǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)物體，飛機(jī)表面物體和螺紋或螺旋。裝飾用的車床可以生產(chǎn)非常復(fù)雜的三維物體。材料是靠一個(gè)或兩個(gè)中心點(diǎn)保

37、持位置不動(dòng)，至少其中一個(gè)可以水平移動(dòng)，以適應(yīng)不同材料的長度?？捎绍嚧采a(chǎn)的實(shí)物例子包含細(xì)棒，桌腿，碗，棒球棍，曲軸和凸輪軸。</p><p>　　車床是一種古老的工具，至少可追溯到古埃及人，并被希臘，羅馬和拜占庭帝國等一些國家所知道和使用。車床的起源轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)為公元前1300年左右，那時(shí)埃及人發(fā)明了第一臺(tái)需兩個(gè)人操作的車床。一個(gè)人用一條粗繩把木頭工件翻轉(zhuǎn)過來，同時(shí)另一個(gè)人用鋒利的工具削木頭。羅馬人改進(jìn)了埃及人的設(shè)計(jì)，

38、他添加了一個(gè)車削的弓形部件。早期的弓車床也被德國，法國和英國這些國家的人發(fā)明和使用。在中世紀(jì)的時(shí)候，腳踏代替手工操作車削，使兩個(gè)工匠都可以空出手來去拿木頭切削工具。踏板通常被連在一根直的幼苗桿上。今天該系統(tǒng)被稱為“反彈桿”車床。反彈桿車床是在20世紀(jì)初被共同使用。那臺(tái)需兩人操作的車床被稱為“偉大的車床”，它允許不停翻轉(zhuǎn)（就像如今的電力車床）。師傅削減木材，同時(shí)學(xué)徒旋轉(zhuǎn)曲柄。</p><p>　　在工業(yè)革命期間，車

39、床是機(jī)動(dòng)化的，它讓木料在更短的時(shí)間內(nèi)變成實(shí)物，并允許金屬在車床上加工。電動(dòng)機(jī)也產(chǎn)生一個(gè)更大的轉(zhuǎn)速，使車床更方便地快速進(jìn)行高質(zhì)量的加工。今天，大部分商業(yè)車床是計(jì)算機(jī)操作的，允許用于大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，它可達(dá)到制造精度且不需花成本雇傭工匠。</p><p><b>　　車床的部分構(gòu)件:</b></p><p>　　車床或許有又或許沒有一個(gè)支撐架，它直接被放在地板上，提升車床基座到

40、工作高度。一些小車床就被放在工作臺(tái)或桌上，并沒有支撐架。 幾乎所有的車床都有一個(gè)“基座”，它是（幾乎總是）一個(gè)橫向梁（即使有些數(shù)控車床在基座上有一個(gè)垂直梁，以確保金屬細(xì)屑，或碎屑，能從基座上自由掉落）。一個(gè)顯著的例外是Hegner VB36 Master Bowlturner,它是為車削大木球而設(shè)計(jì)的車床，其基本構(gòu)造是小的而不是大的啟閉。</p><p>　　在基座的一端（當(dāng)操作者面向車床時(shí)，幾乎總是在左邊的）是

41、一個(gè)“啟閉”。這個(gè)啟閉包含高精確度旋轉(zhuǎn)軸承。在軸承里旋轉(zhuǎn)的是一根水平軸，和另一軸平行于基座，叫做“主軸”。主軸往往是中空的，在內(nèi)側(cè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上有外部線程和內(nèi)部錐度，靠小配件把工件固定在主軸上。住軸也許也有外部線程和內(nèi)部錐度或有一個(gè)手輪或其它配件在它們一端的外部電動(dòng)機(jī)上。主軸受驅(qū)動(dòng)，傳遞動(dòng)力給工件。</p><p>　　主軸驅(qū)動(dòng)，要么靠來自踏板和飛輪的動(dòng)力，要么靠連向動(dòng)力源的傳送帶。在一些現(xiàn)代的車床中，這種動(dòng)力源是一個(gè)

42、不可缺少的電動(dòng)馬達(dá)。除非主軸上的一個(gè)工件錐度可加工到它完全契合內(nèi)部錐度，或是主軸有線程完全匹配外部線程（兩件事情幾乎不會(huì)發(fā)生），主軸必須得用配件安裝一個(gè)工件。</p><p>　　工件也許是用螺栓扣住或用螺絲擰緊在面板上，一塊大的平板架固定在主軸上。工件可夾在卡盤里頭，卡盤直接固定在主軸上或固定在某個(gè)軸上。在精密的工作中（和在某些類別的重復(fù)工作中），圓柱形工件總是用一個(gè)夾頭插入主軸和一個(gè)拉桿固定，或由一個(gè)夾頭限制

43、主軸。夾頭也許也用于固定方形或六角形工件。一塊邊緣有洞的圓形金屬板固定在主軸上，被稱為“索引模塊”。它可用于旋轉(zhuǎn)軸到某個(gè)精度，然后鎖定到位，促進(jìn)反復(fù)操作的工件的精度。</p><p><b>　　車床的使用模式:</b></p><p>　　當(dāng)一個(gè)工件的兩端可以支撐，這可以使工件更穩(wěn)定，通過工具，旋轉(zhuǎn)軸與之成一個(gè)直角，就不用再擔(dān)心工件會(huì)發(fā)生松動(dòng)。當(dāng)工件被固定與一個(gè)確定

44、的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸，讓它工作，然后再重新固定于一個(gè)新的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸，這被稱為“不同圓心的切削”或“多軸切削”。其結(jié)果是工件的各種截面是旋轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)稱的，但整個(gè)工件不是旋轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)稱的。這種技術(shù)用于凸輪軸，各種類型的椅子腳等地方。</p><p><b>　　車床的種類:</b></p><p>　　最小的車床是“制作寶石的車床”或“制造鐘表的車床”，它們足夠小，也許用一只手可以拿住。即使在制造珠

45、寶的車床上加工的工件是金屬，它的切削工具不同于所有其它金屬加工車床的切削工具，是手持的，由一個(gè)支架支撐著，而不是固定在一個(gè)華東部件上。兩個(gè)主軸孔大小的工件用夾頭夾住是很常見的，即六毫米和八毫米，兩種模式的基座是常見的：Webster Whitcomb基座，一個(gè)截短的三棱鏡（只在八毫米的鐘表制造車床上發(fā)現(xiàn)）；和大陸右旋風(fēng)格的柜臺(tái)式基座。放在長凳上或桌子上的車床叫做“長凳車床”。車床沒有附加的用于重復(fù)生產(chǎn)的整體功能，而是以用于個(gè)人部分生產(chǎn)或

46、改造作為主要作用，這樣的車床叫做“引擎車床”。有一個(gè)非常大的主軸孔和主軸兩端各帶一個(gè)卡盤的車床叫做“油田車床”。全自動(dòng)機(jī)械車床，采用一系列的凸輪和齒輪控制運(yùn)動(dòng)，被稱為螺桿機(jī)。由計(jì)算機(jī)控制的車床是數(shù)控車床。車床的主軸固定在一個(gè)垂直的配置上，而不是水平的配置，被稱為立式車床或垂直鉆孔機(jī)。它們用在長度不是很長但直徑相對(duì)非常大的工件必須要車削的時(shí)候。車床配備了索引板，剖面刀，螺旋或螺旋指南等，以便使人觀賞車削的是一種觀賞性的車床。各種組合都是可