工程管理外文翻譯--招標(biāo)相關(guān)知識(shí)和招標(biāo)合同文件

1、<p><b>　　中文3078字</b></p><p>　　Bidding related knowledge and documents comprising the contract</p><p>　　Public and private sectors</p><p>　　Bidding practices of the

2、public and private sectors of the industry differ tremendously .The term public in this context means that the construction work is financed by public funds in the form of tax dollar or the proceeds from the sale of muni

3、cipal , state, or federal bonds.</p><p>　　Public and private work have different bid rules. Public construction contracts are advertised and let in accordance with the bidding statutes and other legislativel

4、y mandated rules of the particular governmental entity that is paying for the instruction work .For instance, when the work is financed with federal funds, the laws and regulations promulgated by federal agencies and bod

5、ies govern the process of advertising and awarding construction contracts. Similarly, state, county ,and municipal </p><p>　　Unlike public owners , private owners can establish whatever rules that they want.

6、 They also can change the rules at will with the result that these rules are not necessarily observed .Although the public owner has the ability to set particular rules and to change them by issuing an addendum to the bi

7、dding documents ,the power is severely regulated .A bid document addendum is a modification to the bidding documents formally issued by the owner to all holders of bidding documents before bids are </p><p>　

8、　In the private sector anything can happen , whereas in the public sector the result will usually be that the job will be awarded to the lowest “responsive” and “responsible” bidder .These terms have important special me

9、anings that will be discussed later in the chapter.</p><p>　　2. Public Bidding Statutes</p><p>　　The requirements of the federal, state ,and local bidding statutes and resulting regulations make

10、 the outcome of the bidding process in the public sector very predictable compared to the private sector .The purposes of public bidding statutes are:</p><p>　　1. To protect public funds .In other words , bi

11、dding statutes are designed to ensure that the public pays the minimum possible price for construction work determined by open competitive bidding .</p><p>　　2. To protect and ensure a continuation of the fr

12、ee enterprise system upon which the political and economic structure of the United States is founded.</p><p>　　The public bidding statutes are stringently written and enforced to ensure that public sector co

13、nstruction contracting remains honest .Increasing ,those who violate the rules find themselves subject to both civil and criminal liability .Errant construction companies have been assessed large fines and their owners o

14、r officers sent to prison along with corrupt public officials who have been caught ,tried ,and convicted of violating the public trust..</p><p>　　3.Bidding Documents</p><p>　　The first category

15、,bidding documents ,normally begins with an advertisement ,originally discussed in Chapter 1.The back section of contemporary industry periodicals ,such as the Engineering News Record ,contains a plethora of bid advertis

16、ement identifies the project for which bids are desired ,the owner ,the time and place of the bid opening ,and instructions to potential bidders on how to obtain a full set of contract documents.</p><p>　　Th

17、e second document in the bidding group is usually the Invitation for Bids (IFB) or, sometimes , a Request for proposal (RFP). The federal government and some other owners use the IFB when bidders must strictly conform to

18、 the drawings and specifications and the RFP When bidders may propose variations for the project .Both typically include the following:</p><p>　　A description of the contract work </p><p>　　The

19、identity of the owner</p><p>　　The place , date , and precise time of the bid opening </p><p>　　The penal sum of the required bonds (bid bond , performance bond ,and labor and material payment

20、 bond )</p><p>　　A description of the drawings and specifications , their cost ,and where they may be obtained</p><p>　　The length of time after bid opening that bids will be deemed good (durati

21、on of bids)</p><p>　　Rules regarding the withdrawal or modification of bids and late bids </p><p>　　Information regarding any planned pre-bid conferences and pre-bid site inspections</p>

22、<p>　　Particular requirements of law of which the owner wants bidders to be aware </p><p>　　Any special instructions, other requirements , or other information that the owner wants to point out to bidde

23、rs. </p><p>　　In addition to the IFB or RFP ,the contract document may also contain a sector called Instructions to Bidders .When used this section is an adjunct to the instruction portion of the IFB or RFP

24、.Sometimes all necessary instructions are con contained within the IFB or RFP ,and there is no separate instructions to Bidders section .More logically ,the Instructions to Bidders is a separate document ,and the IFB or

25、RFP contains all of the other necessary but non-instructional information that a bidder</p><p>　　In every case , the contract documents contain the Bid Form. .Bidders complete this document ,sign ,seal .,and

26、 turn it in at the appointed place ,prior to the deadline set for the submittal of bid .The fully executed Bid Form constitutes the “offer” element necessary for contract formation ,discussed in Charter 2. Note that the

27、Bid Form must be completely filled out ,signed, and sealed ,all the accordance with the IFB or RFP and the Instructions to constitute a responsive bid .The contents of th</p><p>　　1. A definitive statement

28、of the general terms and conditions of the offer .This statement is normally unilaterally determined by the owner and is preprinted on the form.</p><p>　　2. The format of the commercial terms applying t

29、o the offer . Again ,this format is normally determined unilaterally by the owner either as a single lump sum total price or as a schedule of bid-term prices .In the first case ,the bid form contains a single blank space

30、 in which the bidder is instructed to enter a single lump sum price for the entire project .In the second case ,the form contains a numbered series of all bid items for the project ,each consisting of a description of

31、the work fo</p><p>　　3. Supplementary information that the owner may want to know about the bidder .This usually consists of information about the bidder’s financial strength and past experience.</p>

32、<p>　　Additional Information for federal bids The bid form for federal contracts contains a number of “Certifications and Representations” in affidavit form , such as non-collusion and non-segregated facilities aff

33、idavits , required to comply with federal law.</p><p>　　4. Affirmative action requirements for public project.. Bid Forms for public project usually require written goals and timetables for meeting the requ

34、irements of equal opportunity legislation and minority business enterprise/ women business enterprise requirements.</p><p>　　5. Bid security. Finally , the Bid Form must contain the required bid security, u

35、sually in the form of a bid bond issued by an approved surety. Sometimes , a certified check must be presented for the bid security.</p><p>　　Oddly enough , private sector bids often require much more supple

36、mentary information on the Bid form than do public sector bids. And , among public projects, Bid forms for federal contracts usually require less supplementary information than the average.</p><p>　　A final

37、 interesting point concerning bidding documents is that the AIA approach excludes the bidding documents form the contract .Article 1 of AIAA-201 , General conditions of the contract for Construction ,state.</p>&l

38、t;p>　　The Contract Documents do not include Bidding Documents such as the Advertisement or Invitation to Bid ,the Instructions to Bidders ,sample forms ,the Contractor’s Bid or portions of Addenda relating to any of t

39、hese ,or any other documents unless specifically enumerated in the Owner-Contractor Agreement.</p><p>　　4. General Condition of contract </p><p>　　The second section of the documents that normal

40、ly comprise the contract is the General Conditions of contract ,often referred to simply as the General Conditions ,or sometimes, General Provisions .Here are found very definitive statements ,clause by clause of all gen

41、eral terms and condition that govern the performance of the contract work .In the case of the federal government and other agencies that frequently contract for construction work, the general concept of this section of t

42、he documents </p><p>　　5. Specifications</p><p>　　The technical requirements for each division of work in the contract will be completely detailed in that section of the contract document called

43、 the Specifications .The format usually conforms to the Uniform Construction Index ,which is understood by virtually every segment of the industry .Depending on size of contract ,the Specifications can be voluminous .It

44、is necessary that completely definitive requirements be carefully stated so that both parties to the contract have a mutual understandin</p><p>　　5. Drawings</p><p>　　The next important section

45、of the contract documents is the Drawings ,which completely the Specifications .The Drawings must be sufficiently complete to adequately show exactly what to be built .Certain features of the work may be shown in fairly

46、general terms ,with the requirement stated that the contractor must prepare detailed shop drawings that conform to and augment the general contract drawings .These must be submitted to the owner or the owner’s engineer f

47、or approval prior to fabrication </p><p>　　招標(biāo)相關(guān)知識(shí)和招標(biāo)合同文件</p><p><b>　　公共和私人部門(mén)</b></p><p>　　招標(biāo)的慣例在公共部門(mén)和私營(yíng)部門(mén)差異很大。公共部門(mén)工程這一詞在這方面是由公共基金、稅款或政府出售城市、州或聯(lián)邦債券所得的款所支持的建筑工程項(xiàng)目。</p&g

48、t;<p>　　公共和私人部門(mén)工作有不同的競(jìng)價(jià)規(guī)則。公共工程合同的公告的費(fèi)用，應(yīng)依照招標(biāo)章程和其他立法授權(quán)規(guī)則來(lái)支付，特別是指令工作條令。例如，由工作經(jīng)費(fèi)中的聯(lián)邦基金來(lái)支付法律和法規(guī)約定的聯(lián)邦部門(mén)和機(jī)構(gòu)管理的過(guò)程中的成本及公告和頒布建筑招標(biāo)合同費(fèi)用。同樣，按州，縣，市政府法規(guī)和規(guī)章，由他們的公共資金用于支付招標(biāo)工作的成本費(fèi)用。此外，政府或隸屬于政府機(jī)構(gòu)在特殊的工程項(xiàng)目如公共下水道或快速運(yùn)輸區(qū)建設(shè)上,往往設(shè)立的特別有利工程項(xiàng)

49、目的立法。授權(quán)的立法通常規(guī)定明確的招標(biāo)工作規(guī)則，包含特殊主體的公告和施工合同要求履行使命的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)辦法。</p><p>　　與公眾的業(yè)主相比，私營(yíng)業(yè)主可以根據(jù)需要自行設(shè)定規(guī)則,他們還可以改變那些不能得到預(yù)定效果規(guī)則。盡管公眾的業(yè)主有能力設(shè)置特定的規(guī)則和改變它們發(fā)出的招標(biāo)文件，但是其權(quán)力是嚴(yán)格管制的。招標(biāo)追加條款的方法是一種修改在招標(biāo)文件正式頒發(fā)后接受業(yè)主邀請(qǐng)的潛在投標(biāo)人接收的招標(biāo)文件的方法。在公共部門(mén)，必須有一個(gè)合

50、理的時(shí)間,從追加條款的發(fā)行日期到最后公開(kāi)招標(biāo)的日期，確保所有投標(biāo)人有足夠的時(shí)間來(lái)正確地在他們的報(bào)價(jià)中反映追加條款的變化。要求所有潛在投標(biāo)人在收到招標(biāo)書(shū)的追加條款的后，必須在投標(biāo)書(shū)中響應(yīng)。不能在投標(biāo)書(shū)中做出相應(yīng)響應(yīng)的潛在投標(biāo)人可能將在招標(biāo)過(guò)程中被淘汰出局。</p><p>　　在私營(yíng)部門(mén)，任何事情都有可能發(fā)生，而在公共部門(mén)的結(jié)果通常會(huì)將是最響應(yīng)和有責(zé)任心的潛在投標(biāo)人中標(biāo)獲得此工程項(xiàng)目。這些術(shù)語(yǔ)有特別重要的意義，將在

51、本章后面繼續(xù)討論。</p><p><b>　　2. 招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法</b></p><p>　　要求聯(lián)邦、州和地方法規(guī)以及由此產(chǎn)生的招標(biāo)規(guī)則在招標(biāo)過(guò)程中與在私營(yíng)部門(mén)招標(biāo)相比，可預(yù)測(cè)其目的。公共招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法規(guī)的目的：</p><p>　　1. 保護(hù)公共資金。換句話說(shuō)，公共工程招投標(biāo)法規(guī)的目的是確保使用公共支付款項(xiàng)盡可能以最低價(jià)格來(lái)得到優(yōu)質(zhì)建設(shè)工程的目

52、的，因此應(yīng)采用公開(kāi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性招標(biāo)。</p><p>　　2. 繼續(xù)保護(hù)和確保建立在早先成立的美國(guó)公司的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)下的自由企業(yè)制度。</p><p>　　嚴(yán)格制定和執(zhí)行招投標(biāo)法規(guī)來(lái)使公共部門(mén)的施工承包保持誠(chéng)信。越來(lái)越多的招標(biāo)投標(biāo)人因違反招投標(biāo)規(guī)則而使自己受到民事和刑事責(zé)任。隨著一些公共部門(mén)貪污受賄并且違背公共的信任的官員的被捕和審判，一些嚴(yán)重違反相關(guān)法律法規(guī)建筑公司也受到了巨額罰款并且它們的

53、主管或辦公人員也被送往監(jiān)獄。</p><p><b>　　3. 招標(biāo)文件</b></p><p>　　第一類，招標(biāo)文件，通常開(kāi)始有招標(biāo)公告，已在本書(shū)第一章中介紹了。后面部分是當(dāng)代行業(yè)期刊，如工程新聞?dòng)涗浐写罅康母?jìng)價(jià)公告中標(biāo)識(shí)項(xiàng)目的投標(biāo)需要，以及業(yè)主或招標(biāo)代理人在何時(shí)何地開(kāi)標(biāo)，并指示潛在投標(biāo)人如何獲得一套完整的合同文件。</p><p>　　這

54、個(gè)文件在招標(biāo)小組通常是投標(biāo)邀請(qǐng)書(shū) , 有時(shí)可能是一個(gè)請(qǐng)求建議書(shū)。聯(lián)邦政府和一些其他業(yè)主需要招標(biāo)時(shí)，投標(biāo)人必須嚴(yán)格按照招標(biāo)文件里的圖紙和規(guī)格,但當(dāng)其違背相關(guān)建筑施工強(qiáng)制條文或法律法規(guī)時(shí)投標(biāo)人可提出不同的方案。一般包括以下內(nèi)容：</p><p>　　工程合同中工程概要。</p><p><b>　　業(yè)主的信息。</b></p><p>　　開(kāi)標(biāo)的精

55、確地點(diǎn)，日期。</p><p>　　工程所需資金（投標(biāo)保證金，履行合同的擔(dān)保金，勞動(dòng)和材料的付款擔(dān)保）。</p><p>　　圖紙和相關(guān)說(shuō)明和滿足的技術(shù)規(guī)格、成本、相關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范。</p><p>　　在開(kāi)標(biāo)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，投標(biāo)文件必須是完好，不能有破損。</p><p>　　關(guān)于撤銷或修改投標(biāo)文件或沒(méi)按規(guī)定時(shí)間投標(biāo)的規(guī)則。</p>

56、<p>　　信息有關(guān)的任何計(jì)劃投標(biāo)會(huì)議和標(biāo)前現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢查。</p><p>　　一些計(jì)劃好的標(biāo)前會(huì)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勘查的相關(guān)信息。</p><p>　　業(yè)主想要潛在投標(biāo)人注意的相關(guān)法律法規(guī)的特殊要求。</p><p>　　業(yè)主想要向潛在投標(biāo)人特別指出的特殊說(shuō)明和要求。</p><p>　　除了投標(biāo)邀請(qǐng)書(shū)或招標(biāo)書(shū)之外，合同文件中也可以包含一項(xiàng)要求

57、投標(biāo)人須知。使用時(shí)，這部分是一個(gè)輔助指令的一部分的招標(biāo)或征求建議書(shū)。有時(shí)所有必要的指令是包含在投標(biāo)邀請(qǐng)書(shū)或招標(biāo)書(shū)，并沒(méi)有單獨(dú)的指令部分能更符合邏輯和招標(biāo)人。招標(biāo)文件是一個(gè)單獨(dú)的文件，以及投標(biāo)邀請(qǐng)書(shū)或書(shū)包含投標(biāo)人的需要的所有其他必要但非指導(dǎo)性信息。</p><p>　　在每一種情況下，合同文件中都包含的投標(biāo)書(shū)形式，并由投標(biāo)人完成這個(gè)文件簽署和蓋章，并把它在指定的地方，截止時(shí)間之前提交投標(biāo)書(shū)。充分執(zhí)行投標(biāo)形式構(gòu)成的“

58、提供”的元素必須訂立合同，已經(jīng)在第二章中討論過(guò)了。請(qǐng)注意，投標(biāo)書(shū)必須完全填寫(xiě)，簽名，蓋章，所有與招標(biāo)內(nèi)容和指示，在投標(biāo)書(shū)中有一個(gè)響應(yīng)的辦法。投標(biāo)書(shū)的內(nèi)容通常包括以下內(nèi)容：</p><p>　　1. 最終聲明的一般條款和條件的提供。這種說(shuō)法通常是單方面確定的主人，是預(yù)先印制的表格。</p><p>　　2. 商務(wù)標(biāo)的格式條款的。這種格式通常是確定單方面由業(yè)主或作為一個(gè)單一的一次性總價(jià)格或作為

59、招標(biāo)項(xiàng)目?jī)r(jià)格。在第一種情況下，投標(biāo)形式包含一個(gè)單一的空白空間中，投標(biāo)人指示進(jìn)入一個(gè)單一的總價(jià)為整個(gè)項(xiàng)目。在后一種情況下，該表單包含一系列的所有投標(biāo)項(xiàng)目的項(xiàng)目，每一個(gè)組成的一個(gè)工作描述的離散部分的項(xiàng)目和空白單位價(jià)格的延伸和總價(jià)。與一個(gè)單一整筆格式或招標(biāo)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度格式，投標(biāo)人填空的確切界定商務(wù)招標(biāo)。</p><p>　　3. 補(bǔ)充資料，業(yè)主可能想知道投標(biāo)人的具體的公司情況和人員、注冊(cè)資金情況以及所能指派給此項(xiàng)目的人員組

60、成和機(jī)械設(shè)備情況。這通常由有關(guān)投標(biāo)人的財(cái)務(wù)實(shí)力和過(guò)去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)決定的。</p><p>　　4．更多的信息，聯(lián)邦招標(biāo)投標(biāo)形式和聯(lián)邦合同中包含了一些“認(rèn)證和表示“誓章形式，如理性判斷和隔離設(shè)施，但都必須遵守聯(lián)邦法律。</p><p>　　5. 扶持的公共項(xiàng)目招標(biāo)要求。投標(biāo)形式的公共項(xiàng)目通常需要寫(xiě)目標(biāo)和時(shí)間表的要求平等機(jī)會(huì)立法與少數(shù)民族企業(yè)/婦女經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)要求。</p><p&g

61、t;　　6. 投標(biāo)保證金。最后，投標(biāo)書(shū)必須包含所需投標(biāo)保證金，通常的形式是一個(gè)投標(biāo)保證金簽發(fā)批準(zhǔn)的擔(dān)保。有時(shí)，證明支票必須提交投標(biāo)保證金。</p><p>　　7.奇怪的是，私營(yíng)部門(mén)經(jīng)常需要更多的補(bǔ)充信息的投標(biāo)形式比公共部門(mén)投標(biāo)。而且，在公共工程招標(biāo)，為聯(lián)邦合同通常需要較少的補(bǔ)充信息比平均。</p><p>　　最后一個(gè)有趣的一點(diǎn)是，關(guān)于投標(biāo)文件的投標(biāo)文件的形式方法排除合同。國(guó)際招標(biāo)文件A

62、IAA-201的第一章中規(guī)定了一般條件的施工合同和狀態(tài)。</p><p>　　合同文件不包括招標(biāo)文件，如招標(biāo)公告或邀請(qǐng)投標(biāo)，投標(biāo)人須知，樣品的形式，承包商的投標(biāo)或部分有關(guān)的任何這些文件，或任何其他文件，除非特別列舉了業(yè)主合同協(xié)議</p><p>　　4. 分一般合同條款</p><p>　　抱歉，系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)超時(shí)，請(qǐng)稍后再試</p><p>　　

63、支持中英、中日在線互譯</p><p>　　支持網(wǎng)頁(yè)翻譯，在輸入框輸入網(wǎng)頁(yè)地址即可</p><p>　　提供一鍵清空、復(fù)制功能、支持雙語(yǔ)對(duì)照查看，使您體驗(yàn)更加流暢</p><p>　　第一部分的文件通常包括合同是合同的一般條件，通常簡(jiǎn)稱一般條件，或有時(shí)，一般規(guī)定。這里有非常明確的聲明，逐條的一般條款和條件支配的履行合同的工作。在案件的聯(lián)邦政府和其他機(jī)構(gòu)經(jīng)常對(duì)施工合同

64、的工作，一般概念這一部分的文件是包括所有條款不變，承包合同后，改變很少。許多這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條款聯(lián)邦合同涉及到要求的聯(lián)邦采購(gòu)條例，由法律必須包括在內(nèi)的每個(gè)聯(lián)邦建設(shè)合同。</p><p><b>　　5. 規(guī)格</b></p><p>　　技術(shù)要求各部門(mén)工作的合同將被徹底詳細(xì)的那一段合同文件要求規(guī)范。格式通常符合統(tǒng)一建設(shè)指標(biāo)，這是理解幾乎具體分項(xiàng)分部工程的關(guān)鍵。取決于合同規(guī)格大

65、小，可以是大量的。對(duì)于完全的明確要求仔細(xì)說(shuō)明，這是必要的，合同當(dāng)事人雙方有一個(gè)共同的準(zhǔn)確理解項(xiàng)目工作必須滿足的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p><b>　　6. 圖紙 </b></p><p>　　下一個(gè)合同文件中重要部分的是圖紙，它應(yīng)該完全符合建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的相關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)格。圖紙必須足夠充分顯示正是興建的工程項(xiàng)目的情況。某些功能的工作可以顯示在相當(dāng)一般的條件與規(guī)定的要求，

66、承包商必須制定詳細(xì)的施工圖，以及增加符合一般合同的圖紙。這些是必須提交給業(yè)主或業(yè)主的工程師批準(zhǔn)之前制定的覆蓋材料的施工圖紙。例如，承包商可提供詳細(xì)的繪圖模板時(shí)間表和放置鋼筋情況、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)制作及安裝圖紙，包括連接。然而，基本合同中的圖紙說(shuō)明為固定價(jià)格出價(jià)的足夠明確和準(zhǔn)確提供了依據(jù)，如果承包商認(rèn)真遵守它們，會(huì)施工出一個(gè)令人滿意的建筑產(chǎn)品。如果任何圖紙或規(guī)格不符合這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，業(yè)主可能如斯匹林學(xué)說(shuō)所述承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任，這將在第13憲章討論。</