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1、<p> Production Line Balancing</p><p> The scope of this study is to explore the understanding of Productionline Manu-facturing
2、160;and Balancing, Types of Line Balancing, Equipment Balancing and its Failure an-d Analysis.A production line is said to be
3、;in balance when every worker’s task takes the same amount of time. Line balancing is a manufacturing-engineering function in
4、0;which whole collection of pr-oductionline tasks are divided into equal portions.Well-balanced lines avoid labour idealness and imp-rove
5、 productivity.</p><p> Production Line Balancing</p><p> Line-balancing strategy is to make production lines flexible enough to
6、0;absorb ex-ternal and internal irregularities. There are two types of line balancing, which we have explained as:</p><p> Sta
7、tic Balance Refers to long-term differences in capacity over a period of sever-al hours or longer. Static imbalance results i
8、n underutilization of workstations, machi-nes and people. </p><p> Dynamic Balance Refers to short-term differences in capacity, li
9、ke, over a perio-d of minutes, hours at most. Dynamic imbalance arises from product mix changes and variations in work t
10、ime unrelated to product mix. </p><p> Labour Balancing and Assignments</p><p> Strategy of production line stability is t
11、he tendency for labour assignments to be fixed. Labour feasibility is an important feature in the strategy of production line
12、 flex-ibility linked to individual skills and capabilities </p><p> When one worker is having problem in performing his a
13、ssigned task and experie-ncing delay due to technical problem(s), other worker(s) should move into help. </p><p> The manageme
14、nt practice of deliberately pulling worker’s of the line when the l-ine is running smoothly. </p><p> The movement of
15、0;whole crews from one dedicated line to another as the model mix changes.</p><p> Group Technology – In which one
16、worker can handle variety of tasks (automati-on) in a single work centre.</p><p> Equipment Balancing</p><p> While balancing
17、160;equipment, attempt to ensure that each piece of equipment in th-e work cell has the same amount of work. Now days
18、60;every manufacturer is attempting to maximize the utilization of all available equipments. Such high utilization is often co-unterpr
19、oductive and may be the wrong goal because; high utilization is usually ac-companied by high inventory.</p><p> Equipment Fail
20、ure</p><p> An equipment failure is a major serious matter, with the potential to shut down a production line. To av
21、oid such failures one should not overload the equipments, and workers should be trained to perform a daily machine checking&
22、#160;(preventive maintena-nce) and following standard operating procedures. The advantage for Maintenance and Engineering.Department does not l
23、ie in running late shifts, hence calculate the pr-eventive maintenance time and schedule the activity.</p><p><b> Analysis</b&g
24、t;</p><p> Analysis is generally performed by Competent Technical Staff. Begin the analys-is wi-th division of production-line work
25、 into small tasks, determination of task time s-tand-ards, specification of required task sequencing and notation of constraints.
26、If bott-le n-eck task is in the way of good balance, the Competent Technical Staff should anal-yze the task to reduce
27、160;the time it takes to perform.</p><p> Line Balancing Leadership</p><p> Workmen should lead the production line balancing
28、160;effort, so that they can react quickly when line imbalances (static and dynamic) crop up as a result of changeover
29、to make a different item or changes in the output rate.</p><p> Conclusion</p><p> Production-line balancing study tends t
30、o employ thought and ingenuity to change con-ditions. Production-line design and operation is more art than science. Labour fl-exi
31、bility is the key to effective resource management. The idea of workers checking and doing minor repair work on their o
32、wn equipment possibly decreases the risk of e-quipment failure. Selecting an appropriate set of balancing mechanism is a part
33、;of wo-rk cell design and it must be linked with many other decisions for the system </p><p><b> 生產(chǎn)線平衡</b></p&
34、gt;<p> 這項(xiàng)研究的范圍是探討生產(chǎn)線的制造和平衡,生產(chǎn)線平衡的類型,設(shè)備平衡和故障分析的理解。當(dāng)每個(gè)工人的任務(wù)需要相同的時(shí)間來(lái)完成的時(shí)候,就是一個(gè)平衡的流水線。線平衡,是一個(gè)制造工程的功能,即在整個(gè)生產(chǎn)線的任務(wù)都能夠得到等分。良好的平衡線,能避免無(wú)意義的勞動(dòng)和提高生產(chǎn)率。 </p><p><b> 生產(chǎn)線平衡</b></p>&
35、lt;p> 線平衡的策略是,使生產(chǎn)線足夠靈活,以避免外部和內(nèi)部的違規(guī)行為。有兩種類型的生產(chǎn)線平衡,即:靜態(tài)平衡:指的是幾個(gè)小時(shí)或更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)能力的長(zhǎng)期分歧。靜態(tài)失衡是工作站,機(jī)器和人未能得到充分利用的結(jié)果。動(dòng)態(tài)平衡:指短期能的差異,最多不超過(guò)幾分鐘或幾個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間。動(dòng)態(tài)不平衡源于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的變化和產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)關(guān)的工作時(shí)間的變化。</p><p><b> 勞資平衡和分配</b><
36、/p><p> 生產(chǎn)線的穩(wěn)定策略的傾向是固定的勞動(dòng)的平衡分配。勞資的可行性的一個(gè)重要特征是戰(zhàn)略的靈活性即生產(chǎn)線的個(gè)人技能和能力:當(dāng)一名工人在執(zhí)行分配給他的任務(wù)是有問(wèn)題,遇到的延遲,由于技術(shù)問(wèn)題(S),其他工人(S)應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到幫助。當(dāng)一個(gè)工序運(yùn)行出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題時(shí),熟練的技工應(yīng)盡快接管其工序。生產(chǎn)線的所有工人應(yīng)交互在各個(gè)工序熟悉工序操作。全技能即在一個(gè)單一的工作中心一個(gè)工人可以處理各種任務(wù)(自動(dòng)化)。</p>&
37、lt;p><b> 設(shè)備平衡</b></p><p> 設(shè)備平衡應(yīng)確保每一臺(tái)設(shè)備在工作單元中有相同的工作量?,F(xiàn)在每個(gè)制造商都試圖最大限度地利用所有可用的設(shè)備。如此高的利用率往往適得其反,這可能是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的目標(biāo),因?yàn)槔寐矢?,通常伴隨著高庫(kù)存。</p><p><b> 設(shè)備故障</b></p><p> 設(shè)備
38、故障是一項(xiàng)重大而嚴(yán)肅的問(wèn)題,有可能關(guān)閉一條生產(chǎn)線。為了避免這種故障,應(yīng)確保每個(gè)設(shè)備不會(huì)超載,并且應(yīng)培訓(xùn)工人進(jìn)行日常機(jī)器檢查(預(yù)防性維護(hù))和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作業(yè)程序的訓(xùn)練。維護(hù)部和工程部的優(yōu)勢(shì)不在于在運(yùn)行后期的變化,因此應(yīng)計(jì)算預(yù)防性維修時(shí)間,并安排活動(dòng)。</p><p><b> 分析</b></p><p> 線平衡的分析一般由主管技術(shù)人員進(jìn)行。分析之前應(yīng)把流水線分成各個(gè)小任
39、務(wù),確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的任務(wù)時(shí)間,任務(wù)的排序的規(guī)范和約束的分析與生產(chǎn)線的工作分工。如果瓶頸環(huán)節(jié)的任務(wù)是在于尋找良好的平衡的方式,技術(shù)過(guò)硬的員工應(yīng)分析的任務(wù),以減少所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間來(lái)執(zhí)行。</p><p><b> 生產(chǎn)線平衡領(lǐng)導(dǎo)</b></p><p> 生產(chǎn)線工人應(yīng)致力于生產(chǎn)線平衡而努力,這樣他們才能夠快速應(yīng)對(duì)當(dāng)產(chǎn)品和生產(chǎn)率變換導(dǎo)致失衡(靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài))時(shí)迅速作出反應(yīng)。</
40、p><p><b> 結(jié)論</b></p><p> 生產(chǎn)線平衡的研究,往往聘請(qǐng)有新思路和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人來(lái)改變現(xiàn)狀。生產(chǎn)線的設(shè)計(jì)和操作是藝術(shù)多于科學(xué)。工人的靈活性是有效的資源管理的關(guān)鍵所在。工人的檢查和對(duì)自己的設(shè)備做小型維修工作的想法可能降低了設(shè)備故障的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。選擇一套合適的平衡機(jī)制是一個(gè)工作單元設(shè)計(jì)的一部分,它必須與許多其他決策系統(tǒng)建立良好的聯(lián)系才能運(yùn)作良好。</p&
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