外文翻譯--混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中由無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)組成的溫濕度監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)

1、<p><b>　　英文翻譯</b></p><p>　　下屬學(xué)院 理工學(xué)院 </p><p>　　專 業(yè) 電子信息工程 </p><p>　　2015 年 3 月 8日</p><p>　　<文獻翻譯一：原文></p><p

2、>　　Wireless sensor networks for temperature and humidity monitoring withinconcrete structures1</p><p>　　ABSTRACT:This paper presents the development of an automatic wireless sensor monitoring system for c

3、ivil engineering structures. The objective is to provide a solution to measure both temperature and humidity inside a concrete structure. The research has been focused in the early age and curing phase period. Four solut

4、ions have been addressed. The first one involves the use of a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor and an IRIS mote allowing for the creation of an IEEE 802.15.4 netwo</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION</

5、p><p>　　It is now recognised that integrated monitoring systems and procedures have an important and promising role to play in the total management of concrete structures. Monitoring deterioration would provide

6、 an early warning of incipient problems enabling the planning and scheduling of maintenance programmes, hence minimising relevant costs. Furthermore, the use of data from monitoring systems together with improved service

7、-life prediction models leads to additional savings in life cycle costs [1,2].</p><p>　　Sensors and associated monitoring systems to assess materials performance form an important element in the inspection,

8、assessment and management of concrete structures. There are more than</p><p>　　fifty different types of sensor whose deployment into practical devices facilitates long-term monitoring of structural changes,

9、reinforcement corrosion, concrete chemistry, moisture state and</p><p>　　temperature [2].</p><p>　　The development of new sensor concepts allows for a more rational approach to the assessment of

10、 repair options, and scheduling of inspection and maintenance programmes in different civil engineering structures. Currently, there is a growing number of recent studies for the development of sensors in concrete struct

11、ures, to monitoring from earlier-age parameters to environmental conditions that can cause deterioration processes,some of which may be highlighted. Providakis and Liarakos [3] studied </p><p>　　Insertion of

12、 small sensors inside or at the surface of the concrete can be considered as one of the most promising development in order to monitor the long-term behaviour of concrete structures.Corrosion monitoring is possible using

13、 different sensors and methods that can work in the alkaline media of concrete for several years. Recorded data for corrosion potential and electrical concrete resistance obtained in real structures exposed to the enviro

14、nment can be used to determine the corrosion rat</p><p>　　Advances in the study of concrete deterioration can be achieved if concrete technologists cooperate with scientists in the relevant sensor sciences,

15、to take advantage of the development of wireless low power smart sensor nodes capable of measuring behaviour, filtering, sharing and combining readings from a large variety of sensors. Key issues are calibration of embed

16、ded sensors, robustness of sensors cast into concrete elements and durability of sensors in relation to the long live required for </p><p>　　The monitoring of temperature and moisture level will provide cruc

17、ial information about the hardening and setting process of concrete as well as the progress of deterioration mechanisms such as corrosion of steel reinforcement, freeze–thaw cycles, carbonation and alkali–aggregate react

18、ion. A new technique to monitor the moisture level and temperature has recently been proposed in [9]. This innovative technique uses nanotechnology/microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) to measure temperature and </p

19、><p>　　2. Motivation and objectives</p><p>　　The primary objective of this interdisciplinary research is to develop a prototype for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) allowing for remotely monitoring

20、 certain concrete structures. WSNs are formed by tiny devices, known as motes, that incorporate a microcontroller,sensors, memory, a power unit and a communication module. They are able to sense the environment and commu

21、nicate the information gathered from the sensors to the sink node through wireless links. Their capabilities include reading the </p><p>　　In the context of WSNs applied to civil engineering structures it is

22、 important to create a monitoring device platform that is able to accommodate a wide range of sensors, depending on the needs,expandability and cost, while sharing the information across the network. For this purpose, re

23、mote agents can be collectors of information either by storing the data into a microSD card, to be accessed later on, or by wirelessly transmitting this information, in real time, to a Mote Interface Board (gatew</p&g

24、t;<p>　　Temperature is an important parameter during the curing and hardening of the concrete, since the concrete cannot be too cold or too hot. When the temperature decreases, the hydration reaction</p>&l

25、t;p>　　slows down. Hence, if the concrete temperature increases the reaction accelerates, creating an exothermic reaction (which produces heat), causing temperature differentials within the</p><p>　　concre

26、te. This temperature gradient can lead to cracking. Moreover,during the initial phase of the life of the concrete, it is essential to avoid cracking caused by the rapid drying due to increased</p><p>　　tempe

27、rature and the on-going hydration reaction.</p><p>　　The rate of strength development in the early life of the concrete is strongly related to its rate of hydration. As a consequence,it is worthwhile to stud

28、y the impact of the temperature increase caused by the occurrence of the hydration reaction. Furthermore,structural health monitoring has been identified as a prominent application field for WSNs, since traditional wired

29、-based solutions present some inherent limitations such as installation/maintenance cost, scalability and visual impact. In or</p><p>　　The properties of civil structures involve a significant amount of unce

30、rtainties in several parameters, caused by the effects from environmental factors, e.g., temperature and humidity. The deterioration process of the underlying structure is caused by these variations.At earlier ages, temp

31、erature and moisture plays an important role during the curing and hardening of the concrete,and can have long-term consequences.</p><p>　　Both moisture and temperature at specific operational conditions pro

32、mote concrete deterioration processes namely, occurrence of undesirable cracks, corrosion of the reinforcing steel,ingress of carbon dioxide and other chemical processes.</p><p>　　3. Experimental work</p

33、><p>　　3.1. Negative temperature thermistor – temperature sensor</p><p>　　The first set of tests consisted of measuring the temperature with a NTC temperature sensor inside a concrete cube (common

34、strength class C25/30, 10 cm length size), as shown in Fig. 2.</p><p>　　The acquisition system consists of a Sensor Board and an IRIS mote, facilitating the creation of an IEEE 802.15.4 network whose primary

35、 function is to remotely collect the data from the NTC sensor inside the concrete cube.</p><p>　　3.2. SHT15 humidity and temperature sensor</p><p>　　In the second set of tests, the SHT15 digital

36、 sensor was used, facilitating to measure both temperature and humidity with high accuracy in a single chip sensor. Fig. 3 presents a schematic representation of process to measure the temperature and humidity within the

37、 concrete cube.</p><p>　　The conversion from the raw value returned by the SHT15 sensor, Rxval, to the temperature and humidity values was performed by using the following equations:</p><p>　　Be

38、fore inserting the sensor inside the concrete block, the following preparations</p><p>　　have been made (as shown in Fig. 4):</p><p>　　* the sensors were placed inside a small size cube (4 cm si

39、de length) made of cement mortar for its protection. The mortar was produced using low water content with a cement mortar ratio of 1:3 (the mortar works as shell that can protect sensor wire connections when placed insid

40、e concrete during casting;high porosity of this mortar shell easily allows moisture measures of involving concrete);</p><p>　　* coarse sand size was used avoiding fine particles, so that the sensors would no

41、t become obstructed.</p><p>　　3.3. SHT21S humidity and temperature sensor</p><p>　　3.3.1. Standalone version</p><p>　　Besides the SHT15 (humidity/temperature) sensor, we tested the

42、new Sensirion SHT21S (humidity/temperature) sensor. Before testing this sensor a cement mortar shell has been used for its protection. This sensor is an updated version of the previous one but with a smaller package. To

43、test this sensor, an acquisition system was designed to facilitate the acquisition of the analogue signal while converting it for its digital representation. As previously mentioned we intend to measure both temperatu<

44、;/p><p>　　The temperature and humidity values are obtained by using Eqs. (3) and (4),respectively:</p><p>　　where, VDD is the supply voltage at which the SHT21S sensor works, as presented in the da

45、tasheet of the sensor in the interface specifications. In this case, VDD = 3 V. Besides, since the SHT21S output is a Sigma Delta Modulated (SDM) signal, normally this signal is converted to an analogue voltage signal by

46、 the means of a low-pass filter.The output of low pass filter provides a voltage value (VSO) which is a portion of VDD, depending on the measured humidity or temperature. The developed acquis</p><p>　　The MS

47、P430F449-STK2 module was used to convert the signal output from the RC-filter to the digital format. The algorithm running inside the microcontroller performs five readings (with a 100 ms interval between two consecutive

48、 readingsfor the temperature), storing the fifth reading in a buffer. Then, it switches to the humidity sensor, performing another five readings andconversions with the same duration between consecutive readings, storing

49、 the fifth reading in another buffer. Finally, after t</p><p>　　3.3.2. Wireless version</p><p>　　The SHT21S wireless prototype aims at creating a Building Wireless Sensor Network(BWSN) capable o

50、f measuring temperature and humidity inside a concrete structure. It has two Integrated Circuits (ICs) interfaces via Serial Port Interface(SPI), and an antenna allowing for connectivity with no additional hardware compo

51、nents.Besides, it provides real-time data information and remote interaction with multiple devices (e.g., laptop, PDA, cell phone with ZigBee# capabilities). The MSP430F2274 ultra-low</p><p>　　periodicity va

52、lue.</p><p>　　3.4. Joint verification of shielded SHT15 and SHT21S sensors</p><p>　　The main purpose of shielding the SHT15 and SHT21S sensors is to protect the sensor from the concrete high rel

53、atively humidity alkaline environment that could affect the sensor inside the concrete. Besides, the unique capacitive sensor element used to measure humidity as well as the band-gap sensor utilised to measure the temper

54、ature do not resist to the high relative humidity alkaline environment present in cement. To overcome this limitation, in the second series of tests we have decided to us</p><p>　　* the filter cap was mounte

55、d on the printed circuit board (PCB) after soldering the SHT15 and SHT21S sensors by sticking the two openings in the PCB;</p><p>　　* the filter cap was fixed by adhesive (melting the pins from the back side

56、 by heating them up with a hot iron, was also possible);</p><p>　　* an hermetic seal was applied, which is an adhesive added between the filter cap, sensor housing and PCB, providing higher security against

57、water leakage,condensation inside the housing and corrosion of the soldering paths of the sensors.</p><p>　　After shielding the SHT15 and SHT21S sensors, we have decided to create different humidity and temp

58、erature environments and compare the obtained results with a standard climate sensor probe (Rotronic hygroclip probe, for all climatic measurements, operating range (40. . .100 !C, 0. . .100% RH) in order to show the acc

59、uracy of the measurements, as presented in Fig. 9a–d. We have decided not to include markers in the curves for the temperature and humidity variation, in order to facilitate their i</p><p>　　Between the 4th

60、and 23rd hours, by comparing the results obtained from the SHT15 and SHT21S sensors with the ones obtained from the sensor probe, we conclude that the results are similar. Moreover, after 7 h, both humidity and temperatu

61、re values started to have a constant behaviour, where the humidity is about 75%and the temperature is about 23 !C. After 16 h we decided to open the desiccator to observe if there is any variation in the temperature and

62、humidity values. As presented in Fig. 9a the</p><p>　　In the second set of tests, Fig. 9b, the bottom of the desiccator, which was filled with a salt solution, was replaced by ice cubes. Therefore, during th

63、e first 3 h there is a decrease of the temperature and an increase of the humidity values. After 30 h the air inside the desiccator reaches the equilibrium, where the humidity is about 100%, and the temperature is ambien

64、t dependent. The SHT15 sensor was connected only after 42 h. Between the 42nd and 63rd hours, by comparing the results obtained</p><p>　　melted, and the bottom of the desiccator is filled with water. Therefo

65、re, as expected the humidity inside the desiccator is around 100% and the temperature is ambient dependent. In addition there was an increase of the temperature during the day and a decrease during the night. Finally, th

66、e last test consists of replacing the bottom of desiccator previously filled with water, by silica gel particles. As presented in Fig. 9d, there is a fast variation in terms of relative humidity inside the</p><

67、;p>　　desiccator, especially during the first hour. The values for the humidity show an average standard deviation of 2% by comparing the SHT15 and SHT21S sensors. This can be explained by the fact that the positions i

68、nside the desiccator are not the same, leading to small variation in the measurements of the humidity values. Besides,we have also noticed that there was an average standard deviation of 2–4% between the relative humidit

69、y measured by the standard climate sensor probe from Rotronic and th</p><p>　　sensors when fast variations occur.</p><p>　　coefficient (NTC) thermistor and an IRIS mote. This setup foresees an a

70、utomatic wireless monitoring system.The temperatures inside the concrete cube and environment have been compared. Fig. 10 presents the values obtained for the temperature by the probe and calibrated sensors.As shown in F

71、ig. 10, there is a difference of 5 !C between the actual and measured temperatures. This is due to some failures during the calibration of the sensor, resulting in inaccurate values.Based on this fact, we can </p>

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87、Sensors and smart structures</p><p>　　technologies for civil, mechanical, and aerospace systems, San Diego, USA,</p><p>　　<文獻翻譯一：譯文></p><p>　　混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中由無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)組成的溫濕度監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)</p>

88、;<p>　　摘要：本文提出了一種用于土木工程檢測系統(tǒng)的自動無線傳感器框架網(wǎng)絡(luò)。目的是提供一個測量混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)溫度和濕度解決方案。這項研究注重混凝土早期固化階段。具體4次解決方案如下。第一個使用一個負溫度系數(shù)（NTC）熱敏電阻和支持IRIS節(jié)點的IEEE 802.15.4網(wǎng)絡(luò)組成。然而，結(jié)果表明傳感器的測量值和實際真實值超出了5℃標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。第二個方案考慮使用（SHT15濕度/溫度）傳感器，連同pic18f4680單片機或Ar

89、duino平臺。第三個解決方案包括采用SHT21S（濕度/溫度）傳感器和基于MSP430單片機的eZ430-RF2500無線開發(fā)工具平臺。在這種情況下，在開始后16小時溫度的讀數(shù)成功完成，而成功地獲得了第一個濕度值是實驗開始后24小時。盡管測量使用的是高性能的傳感器SHT15和SHT21S，兩傳感器在停止工作一段時間后，與傳感器直接接觸的混凝土堿性環(huán)境使其破壞。最后，第四個方案考慮將傳感器SHT15和SHT21S密封在一個可以持續(xù)工作的

90、封閉環(huán)境。SHT15和sht12s傳感器不受外界堿性環(huán)境干擾下已經(jīng)運作超過兩個月，從而我們可以得出結(jié)論，在不受外界環(huán)境干擾的條件下，該小型設(shè)備可以持</p><p><b>　　1.介紹</b></p><p>　　該系統(tǒng)被寄望于能在管理混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的綜合監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)程序中發(fā)揮重要作用。它將提供早期監(jiān)測惡化問題的預(yù)警，使規(guī)劃和調(diào)度的維修計劃因此降低相關(guān)成本。此外，使用傳感器

91、監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)的數(shù)據(jù)可以提高設(shè)施服務(wù)周期，節(jié)約使用成本。</p><p>　　用傳感器和相關(guān)的監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)來評估評價混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中的材料是一個重要因素。有超過五十種不同類型的傳感器的部署到有利于結(jié)構(gòu)變化的長期監(jiān)測設(shè)備上，來加固化學(xué)腐蝕，混凝土，監(jiān)測水分狀態(tài)和溫度。</p><p>　　新的傳感器概念的發(fā)展可以更對維修方案評估提出更合理的方法，新的方法可以來來檢查和維護調(diào)度不同的土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)。目前，有越

92、來越多的在混凝土中的傳感器的發(fā)展最近的一些研究從早期的年齡結(jié)構(gòu)，監(jiān)測參數(shù)環(huán)境條件引起的惡化過程，其中一些可能是突出的。普洛威大和拉卡洛斯研究了早齡期混凝土強度發(fā)展小型化傳感器系統(tǒng)。這個想法是表征的條件新拌混凝土的早期階段。它包括一個可重用的傳感器是足夠容易脫離硬化混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)，以及混凝土強度的監(jiān)測在早期的年齡和初始水化階段的發(fā)展?？唆斊澋热?。研究了光纖傳感器的性能混凝土裂縫監(jiān)測，磚石和瀝青的元素。該傳感器不需要先驗知識裂縫的位置，這是顯著

93、現(xiàn)有的裂縫的先進監(jiān)測技術(shù)。此外，根據(jù)作者，多裂紋可以檢測，定位和監(jiān)控使用單纖維。達夫和法里納開發(fā)了一個綜合性價比高的傳感器系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)監(jiān)測鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的腐蝕點。該傳感器提供了測量的開路電位鋼筋，鋼筋的腐蝕電流密度，電阻率混凝土，可用氧，氯離子濃度分析混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部溫度。</p><p>　　插入混凝土內(nèi)部的小型傳感器被認(rèn)為是最有發(fā)展前途的一個監(jiān)測混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的長期性能方案。腐蝕監(jiān)測是可能使用不同的傳感器和方法可以在

94、混凝土的堿性介質(zhì)中工作幾年。記錄數(shù)據(jù)的腐蝕電位和電混凝土在暴露于環(huán)境的真實結(jié)構(gòu)，得到的電阻可用于確定對應(yīng)于腐蝕速率混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)。在具體的嵌入式傳感器表面（深度50毫米）使空間和測量的電氣特性的時空分布覆蓋區(qū)。從而使其綜合評估性能?？梢远ㄆ诒O(jiān)測覆蓋區(qū)域的不同的環(huán)境的溫度變化。</p><p>　　3.1。–負溫度熱敏電阻溫度傳感器</p><p>　　第一組測試包括一個NTC溫度傳感器混凝土立

95、方體內(nèi)測量溫度（普通強度等級C25 / 30，10厘米的長度尺寸），采集系統(tǒng)由一個傳感器板和IRIS節(jié)點，促進IEEE 802.15.4網(wǎng)絡(luò)的主要功能是創(chuàng)建遠程收集數(shù)據(jù)從混凝土立方體內(nèi)部的NTC傳感器。</p><p>　　3.2。SHT15溫濕度傳感器</p><p>　　第二組測試，采用SHT15數(shù)字式傳感器，便于在一個單芯片傳感器的高精度測量溫度和濕度。圖3給出了一個示意圖的過程中測

96、量濕度和溫度的混凝土立方體。由SHT15傳感器rxval返回原始值，轉(zhuǎn)換，對溫度和濕度值是通過使用下面的公式：</p><p>　　插入傳感器在混凝土塊之前，以下準(zhǔn)備了（如圖4所示）：</p><p>　　*傳感器放置在小尺寸的立方體內(nèi)（邊長4厘米）制成的為保護水泥砂漿。砂漿采用低水產(chǎn)生用1:3水泥砂漿（砂漿比含量作為外殼，可以保護傳感器導(dǎo)線連接，放置在混凝土澆注過程中；高孔隙率容易使水分

97、的措施包括混凝土）；</p><p>　　*粗砂大小被用來避免微粒，使傳感器不成為阻礙。</p><p>　　3.3。SHT21S溫濕度傳感器</p><p><b>　　3.3.1。單機版</b></p><p>　　除了SHT15（濕度/溫度）傳感器，我們測試了新的SHT21S（濕度/溫度）傳感器。測試該傳感器水泥砂

98、漿之前殼已被用來保護。該傳感器是一個更新版本但有一個更小的封裝。測試傳感器，采集系統(tǒng)為方便模擬信號的采集，將其轉(zhuǎn)換為它的數(shù)字表示。如前所述我們打算測量溫度濕度在混凝土塊，從早期的年齡，在設(shè)置和硬化期。</p><p><b>　　分別：</b></p><p>　　其中，VDD是電源電壓的傳感器SHT21S作品，如呈現(xiàn)在接口規(guī)范的傳感器數(shù)據(jù)表。在這種情況下，VDD =

99、 3 V。此外，由于SHT21S輸出是一個∑-Δ調(diào)制（SDM）信號，通這個信號是通過一個低通濾波器的方法轉(zhuǎn)換為模擬電壓信號。低通濾波器的輸出提供了一個電壓值（VSO）這是一部分VDD，根據(jù)測得的溫度或濕度。開發(fā)的采集系統(tǒng)（為獨立SHT21S）包括一個microSD模塊，負責(zé)用于存儲從SHT21S傳感器獲得的值，如圖5所示。</p><p>　　msp430f449-stk2模塊用于轉(zhuǎn)換的輸出的信號RC濾波器的數(shù)字

100、格式。該算法運行在單片機執(zhí)行五個讀數(shù)（100毫秒之間的時間間隔連續(xù)兩次讀數(shù)的溫度），在緩沖器中存儲第五閱讀。然后，切換到濕度傳感器，用同樣的表演五個讀數(shù)和轉(zhuǎn)換在連續(xù)的閱讀時間，在另一個緩沖區(qū)存儲第五閱讀。最后，之后它將命令發(fā)送給存儲溫度和濕度在分隔的文本文件的值，到microSD卡。</p><p>　　3.3.2。無線版本</p><p>　　原型的目的是創(chuàng)建一sht21s無線在建設(shè)無線

101、傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)（bwsn）在混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中能夠測量溫度和濕度。它有兩個集成電路（IC）的通過串行接口端口接口（SPI）和天線之間的連接和沒有額外的硬件組件。此外，它提供的實時數(shù)據(jù)信息與遠程交互多個設(shè)備（例如，筆記本電腦，PDA，手機APP與ZigBee的能力）。酒店利用超低功耗單片機控制CC2500無線收發(fā)信機（這是經(jīng)營在2.4 GHz頻段的無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)）和establishes a Basic一個最小的電力需求，使延長系統(tǒng)壽命。提出了用于在采集