外文翻譯--風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)

1、<p><b>　　風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　在當(dāng)今世界人們對(duì)電的依賴越來越強(qiáng)。在遠(yuǎn)離電網(wǎng)的地區(qū), 獨(dú)立供電系統(tǒng)就成為人們最需要的電源, 需要低成本、高可靠性的獨(dú)立電源系統(tǒng)。在此種環(huán)境下風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)供電系統(tǒng)較為合理, 因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代能源服務(wù)尚不能達(dá)到的地方往往是盆藏著豐富風(fēng)能和太陽能資源的地方。而且風(fēng)、光互補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)本身獨(dú)有的一些性質(zhì)也恰好與這些地區(qū)的自然條件相吻合。因此對(duì)于

2、滿足偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)能源需要和中國(guó)最貧困地區(qū)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展, 風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電是一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵的能源建設(shè)技術(shù)手段。風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)供電系統(tǒng)是由太陽能電池與風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電, 經(jīng)蓄電池貯能, 給負(fù)載供電的一種新型電源, 目前廣泛應(yīng)用于徽波通信、基站、電臺(tái)、野外活動(dòng)、高速公路、無電山區(qū)、村莊和海島.</p><p>　　偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)一般用電負(fù)荷都不大, 所以用電網(wǎng)送電就不經(jīng)濟(jì), 在當(dāng)?shù)刂苯影l(fā)電最常用的就是采用柴油發(fā)電機(jī)。但柴油的儲(chǔ)運(yùn)對(duì)偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)成本太高

3、, 所以柴油發(fā)電機(jī)只能作為一種短時(shí)的應(yīng)急電源。要解決長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定可靠的供電問題, 只能依賴當(dāng)?shù)氐淖匀荒茉?。太陽能和風(fēng)能是最普遍的</p><p>　　自然資源, 也是取之不盡的可再生能源。太陽能是地球上一切能源之源, 太陽照射著地球的每一片土地。風(fēng)能是太陽能在地球表面的另外一種表現(xiàn)形式, 由于地球表面的不同形態(tài)如沙土地面、植被地面和水面對(duì)太陽光照的吸熱系數(shù)不同, 在地球表面形成溫差, 地表空氣的溫度不同形成空氣對(duì)流而

4、產(chǎn)生風(fēng)能。我國(guó)西部地區(qū)是世界上最大也是世界上最豐富的太陽能資源地區(qū)之一, 尤其是西藏地區(qū), 空氣稀薄, 透明度高年日照時(shí)間長(zhǎng)達(dá)3400h, 每天日照6h以上年平均天數(shù)在275~330天之間, 輻射強(qiáng)度大, 年均輻射總量7000MJ/m,地呈東向西遞增分布,呈峰型變化, 資源優(yōu)勢(shì)得天獨(dú)厚, 應(yīng)用前景十分廣闊。我國(guó)風(fēng)能資源豐富儲(chǔ)量3200GW, 可開發(fā)的裝機(jī)容量約253GW, 居世界首位與可開發(fā)的水電裝機(jī)容量380GW為同一級(jí)。2005年我

5、國(guó)風(fēng)電裝機(jī)容量超過1GW,2020年風(fēng)能發(fā)電規(guī)模預(yù)計(jì)達(dá)30GW。未來風(fēng)能電能很可能成為和太陽能比肩的新能源行業(yè)。我國(guó)風(fēng)能開發(fā)利用的潛力很大,屬于風(fēng)能資源可利用區(qū)。特別是太陽能與風(fēng)能在時(shí)間上和地城上都有很強(qiáng)的互補(bǔ)性。白天太陽光最強(qiáng)時(shí), 風(fēng)很小, 晚上太陽落山后, 光照很弱, 但由于地表溫差變</p><p>　　光電系統(tǒng)是利用光電板將太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換成電能, 通過控制器對(duì)蓄電池充電, 再通過逆變器對(duì)用電設(shè)備供電的一套系統(tǒng)

6、。該系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是供電可靠性高, 運(yùn)行維護(hù)成本低,但是系統(tǒng)造價(jià)高。風(fēng)電系統(tǒng)是利用小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī), 將風(fēng)能轉(zhuǎn)換成電能, 通過控制器對(duì)蓄電池充電, 再通過逆變器對(duì)用電設(shè)備供電的一套系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是發(fā)電較大, 系統(tǒng)造價(jià)較低, 運(yùn)行維護(hù)成本低。缺點(diǎn)是小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)可靠性低。風(fēng)電和光電系統(tǒng)都存在由于資源的不確定性導(dǎo)致發(fā)電</p><p>　　與用電負(fù)荷的不平衡問題, 風(fēng)電和光電系統(tǒng)都必須通過蓄電池儲(chǔ)能才能穩(wěn)定供電, 但每

7、天的發(fā)電要受天氣的影響很大，會(huì)導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)的蓄電池組長(zhǎng)期處于虧電狀態(tài), 這也是引起蓄電池組使用壽命降低的主要原因。由于太陽能與風(fēng)能的互補(bǔ)性強(qiáng), 風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)在資源上彌補(bǔ)了風(fēng)電和光電獨(dú)立系統(tǒng)在資源上的缺陷。同時(shí), 風(fēng)電和光電系統(tǒng)在蓄電池組和逆變環(huán)節(jié)是可以通用的, 所以風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的造價(jià)可以降低, 系統(tǒng)成本趨于合理。太陽能電池可以將光能轉(zhuǎn)換成電能。它將太陽能電池組件與風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)有機(jī)地配合組成一個(gè)系統(tǒng), 可充分發(fā)揮各自的特性和優(yōu)勢(shì), 最大

8、限度的利用好大自然踢予的風(fēng)能和太陽能。對(duì)于用電大、用電要求高, 而風(fēng)能資源和太陽能資源又較豐富的地區(qū), 風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)供電無疑是一種最佳選擇。風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)可以根據(jù)用戶的用電負(fù)荷情況和資源條件進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)容的合理配里, 即可保證系統(tǒng)供電的可靠性, 又可降低發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的造價(jià)。無論是怎樣的環(huán)境和怎樣的用電要求, 風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)都可做出最優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方案來滿足用電的要求。應(yīng)該說, 風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)是最合理的獨(dú)立電源系統(tǒng)。目前, 推廣風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)

9、的最大障礙是小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)的可靠性問題。</p><p>　　幾十年來, 小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)技術(shù)有了很大的發(fā)展, 產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展也取得了一定的成就, 但從根本上說, 可靠性問題一直沒有得到解決。長(zhǎng)期以來, 出于成本的考慮, 先進(jìn)的液壓控制技術(shù)沒有在小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)的限速保護(hù)上采用,只是采用簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)械控制方式進(jìn)行限速保護(hù)。機(jī)械限速結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是小型風(fēng)機(jī)的機(jī)頭或某個(gè)部件處在自然條件下,由于風(fēng)速和風(fēng)向的變化太復(fù)雜, 而且自然環(huán)境惡劣

10、, 不可避免的會(huì)引起振動(dòng)和活動(dòng)部件的損壞, 從而使機(jī)組損壞。要徹底解決小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)的可靠性問題必須在限速方式上有最好的解決方法。風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)可以根據(jù)用電負(fù)荷情況和資源條件進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)容的合理配置, 即可保證系統(tǒng)供電的可靠性,又可降低發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的造價(jià)。無論是怎樣的環(huán)境和怎樣的用電要求, 風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)都可做出最優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方案來滿足要求。應(yīng)該說, 風(fēng)光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)是最合理的獨(dú)立電源系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　風(fēng)

11、光互補(bǔ)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)由太陽能光電板、小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組、系統(tǒng)控制器、蓄電池組和逆變器等幾部分組成, 發(fā)電系統(tǒng)各部件容的合理配對(duì)保證發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的可靠性非常重要。一般來說, 系統(tǒng)配里應(yīng)考慮以下兩方面因素。用電負(fù)荷的特征要了解用電的最大負(fù)荷和平均日用電。最大用電負(fù)</p><p>　　荷是選擇系統(tǒng)逆變器容的依據(jù), 而平均日用電量則是選擇風(fēng)機(jī)及光電板容和蓄電池組容的依據(jù)。太陽能和風(fēng)能的資源狀況太陽能和風(fēng)能的資源狀況是系統(tǒng)光電板和風(fēng)

12、機(jī)容量選擇的依據(jù), 根據(jù)資源狀況來確定光電板和風(fēng)機(jī)的容, 再按日用電考慮容量系數(shù), 最后審定光電板和風(fēng)機(jī)的容量。</p><p>　　大風(fēng)限速保護(hù)是風(fēng)機(jī)輸人的能量大于系統(tǒng)當(dāng)時(shí)所能消耗的能以及系統(tǒng)所能儲(chǔ)存的能量總和的時(shí)候我們姑且稱之為風(fēng)機(jī)處于過功率狀態(tài), 能有效地減小風(fēng)機(jī)吸收風(fēng)能, 使風(fēng)機(jī)不致超速運(yùn)行。目前, 全球各型風(fēng)機(jī)的限速保護(hù)方案大致可以歸為兩類。機(jī)械限速保護(hù)以某種機(jī)構(gòu)使風(fēng)輪偏離風(fēng)向, 減小風(fēng)輪迎風(fēng)面積, 從

13、而減小風(fēng)能的吸收。以某種機(jī)構(gòu)利用風(fēng)輪葉片的離心力改變槳距, 降低風(fēng)輪的風(fēng)能利用率, 從而達(dá)到減小風(fēng)能吸收的效果。</p><p>　　機(jī)械限速保護(hù)裝置可靠性差, 除了設(shè)計(jì)不當(dāng)?shù)囊蛩匾酝? 實(shí)際上是其固有弊端。自然界的風(fēng)是十分復(fù)雜的。同時(shí), 風(fēng)速風(fēng)向的變化頻繁而又迅速, 任何機(jī)械裝里都不可能瞬時(shí)響應(yīng)實(shí)際風(fēng)的變化, 加上長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)行導(dǎo)致的機(jī)械磨損會(huì)使裝置的配合間隙增大。所有這些均會(huì)導(dǎo)致保護(hù)滯后、失效以及劇烈的展動(dòng), 引發(fā)

14、風(fēng)機(jī)飛車、過載和劇烈展動(dòng)等破壞性結(jié)果</p><p><b>　　磁電限速保護(hù)</b></p><p>　　在當(dāng)風(fēng)機(jī)處于過功率二狀態(tài)時(shí)給發(fā)電機(jī)一個(gè)反向磁阻力矩， 大幅增加發(fā)電機(jī)所消耗的功率, 使之大于風(fēng)輪輸出的功率, 從而使風(fēng)輪轉(zhuǎn)速下降。風(fēng)輪轉(zhuǎn)速的下降, 使風(fēng)輪的葉尖速比減小, 從而降低定槳距風(fēng)輪的風(fēng)能利用率, 減小風(fēng)輪吸收的風(fēng)能, 從而進(jìn)一步減低風(fēng)輪轉(zhuǎn)速。為此連鎖作

15、用所產(chǎn)生的實(shí)際效果是減速而不是限速, 而磁電響應(yīng)的過程, 使保護(hù)動(dòng)作十分安全可靠。這一限速保護(hù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于舍棄了機(jī)械限速結(jié)構(gòu), 排除了限速機(jī)構(gòu)的機(jī)械故障隱患, 從根本上解決了小型風(fēng)力機(jī)長(zhǎng)期安全可靠運(yùn)行問題。</p><p>　　Solar and Wind Hybrid Generation Systems</p><p>　　The dependence more and more is

16、now strong in the world people to the electricity. It is being far away the electrical network the area, the independent power supply system becomes the power source which the people most need, needs the low cost, the re

17、dundant reliable independent power supply system .It is reasonable in this kind of environment leeward light supplementary power supply system, because the modern energy service still could not achieve the place often wa

18、s the trough hides the rich </p><p>　　Remote districts use electricity the load not to be all big generally, therefore is uneconomical with the electrical network power transmission, directly generates elect

19、ricity commonly used in the locality uses the diesel electric engine .But the diesel oil storage and transport too is high to the remote districts cost, therefore the diesel electric engine only can take one kind of shor

20、t-time emergency power supply .Must solve the long-term stability reliable power supply problem, only can rely </p><p>　　Natural resource, also is the inexhaustible renewable energy .The solar energy is on t

21、he Earth source of the all energy, the sun is shining Earth's each land .The wind can be the solar energy in the earth's surface other one kind of manifestation, as a result of the earth's surface different s

22、hape like sandy soil ground, the vegetation ground and the water surface is different to the solar illumination heat absorption coefficient, forms the temperature difference in the earth's surface, the surf</p>

23、<p>　　Light and electricity system is transforms using the light and electricity board the solar energy the electrical energy, through controller to battery charging, again through invert to current collector powe

24、r supply set of systems .This system merit is the power supply reliability is high, the movement maintenance cost is low, but the system construction cost is high .The wind electricity system is the use small wind-driven

25、 generator, can transform the wind the electrical energy, through control</p><p>　　For several dozens years, the small wind-driven generator technology had the very big development, the industrial developmen

26、t has also obtained certain achievement, but fundamentally said, the reliable question has not always been solved .Since long ago, stemming from the cost consideration, the advanced hydraulic control technology has not u

27、sed in the small wind-driven generator regulating protection, only is uses the simple machinery control mode to carry on the regulating protection .The mech</p><p>　　Leaves optimized the system design plan t

28、o satisfy the request .Should say that, the scenery supplementary generating system is the most reasonable independent power supply system .The scenery supplementary generating system matches the scenery</p><p

29、>　　supplementary generating system to electroplate reasonably, the small wind power generation unit by the solar energy light, the central controller, the battery unit and the invert and so on several parts is compose

30、d, the generating system various parts accommodate the reasonable pair guarantee generating system reliability is extremely important .Generally speaking, is in the uniform allocation should consider following two aspect

31、 factor .Uses electricity the load characteristic to have to under</p><p>　　Gale regulating protection was the air blower loses human's energy to be bigger than the system at that time to be able to cons

32、ume energy sum total time which could as well as the system can store up we called for the time being it was at the overpower condition the air blower, could reduce the air blower to attract the end of exercise period en

33、ergy effectively, caused the air blower not to send the speed moment .At present, the global each air blower regulating protection plan approximately may</p><p>　　The mechanical regulating protective device

34、reliability is bad, except designs outside the improper factor, in fact is its inherent malpractice .The nature wind situation is extremely complex, the turbulent flow is the host condition, simultaneously, the wind spee

35、d wind direction change frequent and also is rapid in, any machinery installs all not the impossible transient response actual wind situation change, in addition the long-term movement causes the machinery wears can caus

36、e the equipment </p><p>　　Protection in the air blower is at&#8221; the overpower two conditions for a generator reverse magnetic resistance moment of force, largely increases the power which the generat

37、or consumes, causes it to be bigger than the power which the wind wheel outputs, thus causes the wind wheel rpm drop .The wind wheel rotational speed drop, causes the wind wheel the apex transmission ratio to reduce, thu