外文翻譯--太陽(yáng)能led路燈

1、<p>　　Advancements in Solar based LED Street light</p><p>　　Nupur 1 Neha 1 Sangya gugri 1 Srishti mishra 1 Gulshan kr. dubey 2</p><p>　　UG Student, Dept. of EIE, Galgotia?s College of en

2、gineering & technology, Uttar Pradesh India 1</p><p>　　Associate professor, Dept. of EIE, Galgotia?s College of engineering & technology, Uttar Pradesh, India 2</p><p>　　ABSTRACT: We are

3、 in the time where energy conservation & use of renewable resources has become a necessity. Thus requirement of methods which are not only highly efficient but also low in energy consumption has greatly increased to

4、keep a check on pollution factor. Keeping this in mind this paper focuses on solar based LED street light that uses automatic intensity controller with a solar tracker. This type of LED street light not only adjust itsel

5、f according to the varying darkness but also kee</p><p>　　Keywords:Solar panel, charge controller, Intensity regulator, Solar tracker.</p><p>　　I.INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　Thesurface of

6、 the Sun has a temperature of about 5,800 Kelvin (about 5,500 degrees Celsius, or about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit),as per the say of NASA, At that temperature, most of the energy the Sun radiates is visible and near- inf

7、rared light. At Earth?s average distance from the Sun (about 150 million kilometres), the average intensity of solar energy reaching the top of the atmosphere directly facing the Sun is about 1,360 watts per square meter

8、, according to measurements made by the most re</p><p>　　II. SOLAR TRACKER</p><p>　　Solar tracking system[1] is the most appropriate technology to enhance the efficiency of the solar cells by tr

9、acking the sun. A microcontroller based design methodology of an automatic solar tracker is presented in thispaper. Light dependent resistors are used as the sensors of the solar tracker. </p><p>　　The sun i

10、s the prime source of energy, directly or indirectly, which is also the fuel for most renewable systems. Among all renewable systems, photovoltaic system is the one which has a great chance to replace the conventional en

11、ergy resources.</p><p>　　Solar panel directly converts solar radiation into electrical energy. Solar panel is mainly made from semiconductor materials. Si used as the major component of solar panels, which i

12、smaximum 24.5% efficient [2]. Unless high efficient solar panels are invented, the only way to enhance the performance of a solar panel is to increase the intensity of light falling on it. Solar trackers are the most app

13、ropriate and proven technology to increase the efficiency of solar panels through keeping the pane</p><p>　　III. TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE POWER OUTPUT FROM SOLAR PANEL</p><p>　　Increasing the cell

14、efficiency, maximizing the power output and employing a tracking system with solar panel are three ways to increase the overall efficiency of the solar panel[4]. Improvement of solar cell efficiency is an ongoing researc

15、h work and people throughout the world are actively doing research on this. Maximizing the output power from solar panel and integrating solar tracking system are the twoways where electronic design methodology can bring

16、 success. </p><p>　　Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is the process to maximize the output power from solar panel by keeping the solar panel?s operation on the knee point of P-V characteristics.</p>

17、<p>　　A number of MPPT algorithms have been developed and employed around the world [5]. MPPT technology only offers the maximum power that can be received from a stationary array of solar panels at a particular t

18、ime; it cannot, however, increase the power generation when the sun is not aligned with the system. Automatic solar tracker increases the efficiency of the solar panel by keeping the solar panel aligned with the rotating

19、 sun.</p><p>　　Solar tracking is a mechanized system to track the sun?s position that increases power output of solar panel 30% to 60% than the stationary system [6]. A few design methodology of solar tracki

20、ng system has been proposed in recent days [7]-[9].</p><p>　　LED (Light Emitting Diode), light-emitting Diode, is a kind of ability to electric energy into visible Light solid state semiconductor devices, it

21、 can be directly put DianZhuan into Light. The heart of the LED is a semiconductor chip, chip attached on a bracket, at the end of the end is negative, the other end connected to the power of the anode, the whole chip is

22、 encapsulated by epoxy resin. Semiconductor chip consists of two parts, one part is a p-type semiconductor, dominated by holes in it, </p><p>　　Initially LED is used as the indicator light instrument and the

23、n all kinds of light color of LED traffic light and display screen has been widely applied in large area, produced good economic and social benefits. 12-inch red traffic lights, for example, in the United States could ha

24、ve been used long life, low light efficiency of 140 - watt incandescent lamp as light source, it produces 2000 lumens of white light. After the red filter, light loss 90%, only 200 lumens of red light. And in the ligh<

25、;/p><p>　　For general lighting, people need more white light sources. Hair white light LED successful development in 1998. This LED to GaN chip and yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) packaging together. GaN hair blu

26、e chip (lambda p = 465 nm, Wd = 30 nm), high temperature sintering of YAG phosphors containing Ce3 + yellow light shot after the blue light excitation, peak 550 m nled lamp. Blue LED substrate is installed in the bowl re

27、flection cavity, covered with thin layer of resin mixed with YAG, about 200-500 </p><p>　　Compared with the traditional glow of light, LED light source is low pressure microelectronics products, successfully

28、 combines computer technology, network communication technology, image processing technology and the embedded control technology, etc. Traditional LED lights used in the chip size is 0.25 mmX0.25 nm, and the size of the

29、LED lighting is typically mmX1.0 in 1.0 mm and above. LED bare chip forming work table structure, the inverted pyramid structure and flip chip design can improve t</p><p>　　A typical high flux LED device can

30、 produce several lumens to dozens of lumen flux, update the design can be integrated in a device more leds, or multiple devices can be installed in a single assembly, so that the number of lumen output is equal to the sm

31、all bulb. For example, a high power 12 monochromatic LED chip light energy device can output 200 lm, the consumed power between 10 ~ 15 w. </p><p>　　The application of LED light source is very flexible, used

32、 as the dot, line, face various forms of lightweight products; LED control is extremely convenient, as long as adjust current, can be arbitrarily adjusted light; A combination of different light color changing, the seque

33、ntial control circuit, can achieve more dynamic change of rich and colorful effect. LED has been widely applied in all kinds of lighting equipment, such as a battery-powered flashlight, mini voice control lamp, security

34、li</p><p>　　The emergence of white LED is LED from the identification to the illumination function across a substantive step. White LED closest to the sun, more can well reflect the reality of the irradiatio

35、n object color, so from a technical perspective, white LED is undoubtedly the most cutting-edge LED technology. White LED has began to enter some application field, emergency lights, flashlights, flash and other products

36、 appeared, but because the price is very expensive, so hard to popularize. White LED </p><p>　　IV. MICROCONTROLLER</p><p>　　The ATMEGA32 microcontroller has been used in the prototype. Microcont

37、roller is the heart of overall system.ATMEGA32 microcontroller requires a 5 volt regulated voltage supply. ?7805? voltage regulator is used to providefixed 5 volts supply to the microcontroller .ATMEGA32 has some feature

38、s such as analoge comparator (AC), analog to digital converter (ADC), universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter (USART), times etc. [13]. Utilization procedure of these features is given below</p>&l

39、t;p>　　1)Analog comparator:</p><p>　　There are two pins which are known as analog input 0 (AIN0) and analog input 1 (AIN1). Two analog voltage signals coming from two junctions of photo resistor circuit ar

40、e fed to these pins. There is a bit called analog comparator output (ACO) which is set to either ?1? or ?0?.</p><p><b>　　ACO = 0</b></p><p>　　1 VAIN0 > V AIN1</p><p>

41、;　　VAINI> VAIN0</p><p>　　2) Analog to digital converter:</p><p>　　Among 8 analog to digital converter input pins ADC0 and ADC1 have been used; where VVt ,is expected. Differential input is co

42、nverted into digital value and the most 8 significant bits are defined 10 ADCADC asADC_result to compare with threshold.</p><p>　　ADC_result= [V ADC0 – V ADC1 ] digital</p><p>　　This threshold

43、value, set according to the photo resistor response against the solar radiation intensity, is provided, sinceADC_result alone might be insufficient for rotation of motor. And if ADC_result> Threshold; motor rotates on

44、e step.</p><p>　　3) Timers:</p><p>　　Built-in timer of ATMEGA32 is utilized to create delay. The Earth rotates on its own axis, with respectto the sun 360° in a day and so it rotates, (360&

45、#176;/24=) 15° an hour or 3.75° in 15 minutes. Delay for 1.5 minutes and 15 minutes are required. These delays are mentioned as short delay and moderate delay respectively. The lasthour before sunset will provi

46、de additional energy to rotate thepanel in the initial position and so the tracker no more rotatesto the west rather it will rotate reversely. </p><p>　　V.CHARGE CONTROLLER</p><p>　　A charge con

47、troller monitors the state-of-battery to insure that when the battery needs charge-current it gets it, and also insures the battery isn't overcharged. Connecting a solar panel to a battery without a regulator serious

48、ly risks damagingthe battery and potentially causing a safety concern.</p><p>　　Charge controllers (or often called charge regulator) are rated based on the amount of amperage they can process from a solar a

49、rray. If a controller is rated at 20 amps it means that you can connect up to 20 amps of solar panel output current to this one controller. The most advanced charge controllers utilize a charging principal referred to as

50、 Pulse-</p><p>　　Width-Modulation (PWM) - which insures the most efficient battery charging and extends the life of the battery. Even more advanced controllers also include Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT

51、) which maximizes the amount of current going into the battery from the solar array by lowering the panel's output voltage, which increases the charging amps to the battery - because if a panel can produce 60 watts w

52、ith 17.2 volts and 3.5 amps, then if the voltage is lowered to say 14 volts then the amperage </p><p>　　Charge controllers also offer Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) and Battery Temperature Compensation (BTC) a

53、s an optional feature. The LVD feature permits connecting loads to the LVD terminals which are then voltage sensitive. </p><p>　　If the battery voltage drops too far the loads are disconnected - preventing p

54、otential damage to both the battery and the loads. BTC adjusts the charge rate based on the temperature of the battery since batteries are sensitive to temperature variations above and below about 75 F degrees.</p>

55、<p>　　1)Battery:</p><p>　　The Deep Cycle batteries used are designed to be discharged and then re-charged hundreds or thousands of times.</p><p>　　These batteries are rated in Amp Hours (

56、ah) - usually at 20 hours and 100 hours. Simply stated, amp hours refers to the amount of current - in amps - which can be supplied by the battery over the period of hours. For example, a 350ah battery could supply 17.5

57、continuous amps over 20 hours or 35 continuous amps for 10 hours. To quickly express the total watts potentially available in a 6 volt 360ah battery; 360ah times the nominal 6 volts equals 2160 watts or 2.16kWh (kilowatt

58、-hours). Like solar </p><p>　　The battery should have sufficient amp hour capacity to supply needed power during the longest expected period "no sun" or extremely cloudy conditions. A lead-acid bat

59、tery should be sized at least 20% larger than this amount..</p><p>　　If there is a source of back-up power, such as a standby generator along with a battery charger, the battery bank does not have to be size

60、d for worst case weather conditions.</p><p>　　The size of the battery bank required will depend on the storage capacity required, the maximum discharge rate, the maximum charge rate, and the minimum temperat

61、ure at which the batteries will be used. During planning, all of these factors are looked at, and the one requiring the largest capacity will dictate the battery size.</p><p>　　In this specific application,

62、and taking into account thechanges of solar radiation during the day and, consequently, the energy available, the battery bank charge algorithm willpresent three different modes:</p><p>　　? If the panel avai

63、lable current is lower than 0.1CAh, the converter will find the maximum power point (MPPT)in order to provide the highest current possible for thebattery bank (area under the current level, see figure 2).</p><

64、p>　　? If the panel available current is higher than 0.1CAh, theconverter limits the current to 0.1CAh, and disables thesearch for the maximum power point.</p><p>　　? If the batteries are already charged,

65、the control algorithm</p><p>　　will apply a constant voltage level, in order to keep thebatteries charged.</p><p>　　Lead-acid batteries are the most common in PV systems because their initial co

66、st is lower and because they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world. There are many different sizes and designs of lead-acid batteries, but the most important designation is that they are deep cycle batteri

67、es. Lead-acid batteries are available in both wet-cell (requires maintenance) and sealed no-maintenance versions. AGM andGel-cell deep-cycle batteries are also popular because they are maintenance free </p><p&

68、gt;　　VI. CONCLUSION</p><p>　　This paper has studied about various advancements in the field of solar based LED street light. the use of solar tracking system has greatly increased the system and has helped t

69、o increase its overall output.</p><p>　　Whereas the use of charge control circuit in the solar based LED street light has not only helped in saving the battery power but also in preventing the battery from g

70、etting deep discharged, overcharged, thereby conserving a lot of energy.</p><p>　　R EFERENCES</p><p>　　[1] Design and Construction of an Automatic SolarTracking System Md. Tanvir Arafat Khan, S

71、.M. ShahrearTanzil, RifatRahman, S M ShafiulAlam*, Member, IEEE Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,</p><p>　　[2] M. A. Green, “Clean Electricity from Photovoltaics,” Ed. Mary D.Archer and R

72、. Hill, Series on Photoconversion of Solar Energy, V. 1,Imperial College Press, UK.</p><p>　　[3] M.A. Panait and T Tudorache, “A Simple Neural Network SolarTracker for Optimizing Conversion Efficiency in Of

73、f-Grid Solar Generator”Intl. Conf. on Renewable Energy and Power quality, no.278, March, 2008.</p><p>　　[4] Piao, Z.G. Park, J. M. Kim, J. H. Cho, G. B. Baek, H. L, “ A study on the tracking photovoltaic sy

74、stem by program type,” Intl. Conf. on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 2, pp. 971-973, Sept. 27-29, 2005.</p><p>　　[5] C. Hua and C. Shen, “Comparative study of peak power tracking techniques for solar

75、 storage system,?? Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, vol. 2, pp. 679-685, Feb. 15-19, 1998.</p><p>　　[6] A. K. Saxena and V. Dutta, “A versatile microprocessor based controller for solar

76、tracking,?? Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, vol. 2, pp. 1105-1109, 1990.</p><p>　　[7] B. Koyuncu and K. Balasubramanian, “A microprocessor controlled automatic sun tracker,?? IEEE Transactions on Consu

77、mer Electronics,vol.</p><p>　　37, no. 4, pp. 913-917, 1991.</p><p>　　[8] Design and Construction of an Automatic SolarTracking System Md. Tanvir Arafat Khan, S.M. ShahrearTanzil, RifatRahman, S

78、 M ShafiulAlam*, Member, IEEE</p><p><b>　　太陽(yáng)能LED路燈</b></p><p>　　摘要：我們是在節(jié)約能源可再生資源和利用已經(jīng)成為一種必然的時(shí)間。因而它不僅高效，而且能耗低，方法的要求大大增加，以保持檢查污染因子。牢記這一點(diǎn)，本文重點(diǎn)介紹使用自動(dòng)亮度控制器，太陽(yáng)能跟蹤器基于太陽(yáng)能LED路燈。這種類型的LED路燈不僅根

79、據(jù)不同的暗度調(diào)整本身，而且還保持在軌道上過(guò)度充電，深度放電，自動(dòng)恢復(fù)充電，保護(hù)電池從下過(guò)/電壓。它包括太陽(yáng)能電池和從電池中存儲(chǔ)的電能。 LED路燈自動(dòng)點(diǎn)亮，晚上變?yōu)榈凸β拭}沖照明設(shè)定時(shí)間后，然后在白天關(guān)閉。由于只有20 ％的總太陽(yáng)“能量落在地上，也太陽(yáng)的軌跡保持從而改變了太陽(yáng)能跟蹤器使用，以跟蹤太陽(yáng)的最大”能源。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：太陽(yáng)能電池板，充電控制器，強(qiáng)度調(diào)節(jié)器，太陽(yáng)能跟蹤器。</p>

80、<p><b>　　一 引言</b></p><p>　　太陽(yáng)的具有大約5800開(kāi)爾文（約攝氏5500度，或約10,000華氏度）的溫度下，如每NASA的說(shuō)，在該溫度下，大部分的太陽(yáng)輻射的能量是可見(jiàn)光和近紅外光。在地球的“S從太陽(yáng)（約1.5億公里） ，太陽(yáng)能達(dá)到直接面對(duì)太陽(yáng)的大氣層頂?shù)钠骄鶑?qiáng)度為每平方米約1360瓦特，根據(jù)最新的美國(guó)航空航天局的衛(wèi)星進(jìn)行測(cè)量的平均距離任務(wù)。這個(gè)量

81、的功率被稱為總太陽(yáng)輻照度。 （之前科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，它在太陽(yáng)黑子周期變化由一個(gè)小數(shù)目，太陽(yáng)總輻照度有時(shí)被稱為“太陽(yáng)常數(shù)”。平均值超過(guò)整個(gè)地球，到達(dá)地球的頂部日照量“大氣只有一個(gè)四分之一的總太陽(yáng)輻照度，或每平方米大約3.4瓦。 </p><p><b>　　二 太陽(yáng)能跟蹤器</b></p><p>　　太陽(yáng)能跟蹤系統(tǒng)[1]是最合適的技術(shù)，以提高太陽(yáng)能電池通過(guò)跟蹤太陽(yáng)的效率。

82、自動(dòng)太陽(yáng)跟蹤器的基于微控制器的設(shè)計(jì)方法，提出在thispaper 。光敏電阻器被用作太陽(yáng)能跟蹤器的傳感器。 太陽(yáng)是能量的重要來(lái)源，直接或間接地，這也是燃料大多數(shù)可再生能源系統(tǒng)。在所有可再生能源系統(tǒng)，光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)有很大的機(jī)會(huì)，以取代傳統(tǒng)的能源資源。  太陽(yáng)能電池板直接將太陽(yáng)輻射轉(zhuǎn)化為電能。太陽(yáng)能電池板主要由半導(dǎo)體材料制成。作為太陽(yáng)能電池板的主要成分，這ismaximum 24.5 ％的效率的Si [2]。除

83、非高效率的太陽(yáng)能電池板的發(fā)明，以提高太陽(yáng)能電池板的性能的唯一辦法就是增加光落在它的強(qiáng)度。太陽(yáng)能跟蹤器是最合適，最成熟的技術(shù)，通過(guò)保持與太陽(yáng)“的地位對(duì)齊面板，以提高太陽(yáng)能電池板的效率。太陽(yáng)能跟蹤器得到世界各地的普及，最近幾天來(lái)利用太陽(yáng)能的最有效的方式。這是更符合成本效益的解決方案比購(gòu)買(mǎi)額外太陽(yáng)能電池板[ 3 ] 。 三 技術(shù)提升動(dòng)力輸出從太陽(yáng)能電池板 提高了電池的效率，最大限度地提高輸出功率和使用的跟蹤

84、系統(tǒng)與太陽(yáng)能電池板的三種方法來(lái)提高太陽(yáng)能電池板的整體效率[</p><p>　　LED（Light Emitting Diode），發(fā)光二極管，是一種能夠?qū)㈦娔苻D(zhuǎn)化為可見(jiàn)光的固態(tài)的半導(dǎo)體器件，它可以直接把電轉(zhuǎn)化為光。LED的心臟是一個(gè)半導(dǎo)體的晶片，晶片的一端附在一個(gè)支架上，一端是負(fù)極，另一端連接電源的正極，使整個(gè)晶片被環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂封裝起來(lái)。半導(dǎo)體晶片由兩部分組成，一部分是P型半導(dǎo)體，在它里面空穴占主導(dǎo)地位，另一端是N

85、型半導(dǎo)體，在這邊主要是電子。但這兩種半導(dǎo)體連接起來(lái)的時(shí)候，它們之間就形成一個(gè)P-N結(jié)。當(dāng)電流通過(guò)導(dǎo)線作用于這個(gè)晶片的時(shí)候，電子就會(huì)被推向P區(qū)，在P區(qū)里電子跟空穴復(fù)合，然后就會(huì)以光子的形式發(fā)出能量，這就是LED燈發(fā)光的原理。而光的波長(zhǎng)也就是光的顏色，是由形成P-N結(jié)的材料決定的。</p><p>　　最初LED用作儀器儀表的指示光源，后來(lái)各種光色的LED在交通信號(hào)燈和大面積顯示屏中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用，產(chǎn)生了很好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效

86、益和社會(huì)效益。以12英寸的紅色交通信號(hào)燈為例，在美國(guó)本來(lái)是采用長(zhǎng)壽命，低光效的140瓦白熾燈作為光源，它產(chǎn)生2000流明的白光。經(jīng)紅色濾光片后，光損失90%，只剩下200流明的紅光。而在新設(shè)計(jì)的燈中，Lumileds公司采用了18個(gè)紅色LED光源，包括電路損失在內(nèi)，共耗電14瓦，即可產(chǎn)生同樣的光效。汽車信號(hào)燈也是LED光源應(yīng)用的重要領(lǐng)域。</p><p>　　對(duì)于一般照明而言，人們更需要白色的光源。1998年發(fā)白

87、光的LED開(kāi)發(fā)成功。這種LED是將GaN芯片和釔鋁石榴石（YAG）封裝在一起做成。GaN芯片發(fā)藍(lán)光（λp=465nm，Wd=30nm），高溫?zé)Y(jié)制成的含Ce3+的YAG熒光粉受此藍(lán)光激發(fā)后發(fā)出黃色光射，峰值550nLED燈m。藍(lán)光LED基片安裝在碗形反射腔中，覆蓋以混有YAG的樹(shù)脂薄層，約200-500nm。 LED基片發(fā)出的藍(lán)光部分被熒光粉吸收，另一部分藍(lán)光與熒光粉發(fā)出的黃光混合，可以得到得白光。對(duì)于InGaN/YAG白色LED，通過(guò)

88、改變YAG熒光粉的化學(xué)組成和調(diào)節(jié)熒光粉層的厚度，可以獲得色溫3500-10000K的各色白光。這種通過(guò)藍(lán)光LED得到白光的方法，構(gòu)造簡(jiǎn)單、成本低廉、技術(shù)成熟度高，因此運(yùn)用最多。</p><p>　　與傳統(tǒng)光源的發(fā)光效果相比，LED光源是低壓微電子產(chǎn)品，成功地融合了計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信技術(shù)、圖像處理技術(shù)和嵌入式控制技術(shù)等。傳統(tǒng)LED燈中使用的芯片尺寸為0.25mmX0.25nm，而照明用LED的尺寸一般都要在1.0

89、mmX1.0mm以上。LED裸片成型的工作臺(tái)式結(jié)構(gòu)、倒金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)和倒裝芯片設(shè)計(jì)能夠改善其發(fā)光效率，從而發(fā)出更多的光。LED封裝設(shè)計(jì)方面的革新包括高傳導(dǎo)率金屬塊基底、倒裝芯片設(shè)計(jì)和裸盤(pán)澆鑄式引線框等，采用這些方法都能設(shè)計(jì)出高功率、低熱阻的器件，而且這些器件的照度比傳統(tǒng)LED產(chǎn)品的照度更大。</p><p>　　一個(gè)典型的高光通量LED器件能夠產(chǎn)生幾流明到數(shù)十流明的光通量，更新的設(shè)計(jì)可以在一個(gè)器件中集成更多的LED，

90、或者在單個(gè)組裝件中安裝多個(gè)器件，從而使輸出的流明數(shù)相當(dāng)于小型白熾燈。例如，一個(gè)高功率的12芯片單色LED器件能夠輸出200lm的光能量，所消耗的功率在10~15W之間。</p><p>　　LED光源的應(yīng)用非常靈活，可以做成點(diǎn)、線、面各種形式的輕薄短小產(chǎn)品；LED的控制極為方便，只要調(diào)整電流，就可以隨意調(diào)光；不同光色的組合變化多端，利用時(shí)序控制電路，更能達(dá)到豐富多彩的動(dòng)態(tài)變化效果。LED已經(jīng)被廣泛應(yīng)用于各種照明設(shè)

91、備中，如電池供電的閃光燈、微型聲控?zé)?、安全照明燈、室外道路和室?nèi)樓梯照明燈以及建筑物與標(biāo)記連續(xù)照明燈。</p><p>　　白光LED的出現(xiàn)，是LED從標(biāo)識(shí)功能向照明功能跨出的實(shí)質(zhì)性一步。白光LED最接近日光，更能較好地反映照射物體的真實(shí)顏色，所以從技術(shù)角度看，白光LED無(wú)疑是LED最尖端的技術(shù)。白光LED已開(kāi)始進(jìn)入一些應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，應(yīng)急燈、手電筒、閃光燈等產(chǎn)品相繼問(wèn)世，但是由于價(jià)格十分昂貴，故而難以普及。白光LED

92、普及的前提是價(jià)格下降，而價(jià)格下降必須在白色LED形成一定市場(chǎng)規(guī)模后才有可能，兩者的融合最終有賴于技術(shù)進(jìn)步。</p><p>　　四 微控制器 ATmega32的微控制器已用于原型。微控制器是整個(gè)system.ATMEGA32單片機(jī)的心臟，需要5伏穩(wěn)壓電源。 “ 7805 ”電壓調(diào)節(jié)器是用來(lái)providefixed 5伏電源給單片機(jī)ATMEGA32有一些功能，如analoge比較器（ AC） ，模擬到數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)

93、換器（ADC ） ，通用同步異步收發(fā)器（USART ） ，時(shí)間等。1 ）模擬比較器：有兩個(gè)引腳這是已知的模擬輸入0 （ AIN0 ）和模擬輸入1 （ AIN1 ） 。兩個(gè)模擬電壓信號(hào)由光敏電阻電路的兩個(gè)路口來(lái)到被饋送到這些引腳。有一點(diǎn)稱為模擬比較器輸出（ACO ），其設(shè)置為“1”或“0”。ACO = 01 VAIN0 > V AIN1VAINI > VAIN02 ）模擬到數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器：其中8個(gè)模擬到數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器的輸