外文翻譯--太陽能發(fā)電的基礎

1、<p><b>　　中文2344字</b></p><p>　　The Basics of Solar Power for Producing Electricity</p><p>　　Using solar power to produce electricity is not the same as using solar to produce hea

2、t. Solar thermal principles are applied to produce hot fluids or air. Photovoltaic principles are used to produce electricity. A solar panel is made of the natural element, silicon, which becomes charged electrically whe

3、n subjected to sun light.</p><p>　　Solar panels are directed at solar south in the northern hemisphere and solar north in the southern hemisphere (these are slightly different than magnetic compass north-sou

4、th directions) at an angle dictated by the geographic location and latitude of where they are to be installed. Typically, the angle of the solar array is set within a range of between site-latitude-plus 15 degrees and si

5、te-latitude-minus 15 degrees, depending on whether a slight winter or summer bias is desirable in the system</p><p>　　The intensity of the Sun's radiation changes with the hour of the day, time of the ye

6、ar and weather conditions. To be able to make calculations in planning a system, the total amount of solar radiation energy is expressed in hours of full sunlight perm, or Peak Sun Hours. This term, Peak Sun Hours, repre

7、sents the average amount of sun available per day throughout the year.</p><p>　　It is presumed that at "peak sun", 1000 W/m of power reaches the surface of the earth. One hour of full sun provides

8、1000 Wh perm = 1 kWh/m - representing the solar energy received in one hour on a cloudless summer day on a one-square meter surface directed towards the sun. To put this in some other perspective, the United States Depar

9、tment of Energy indicates the amount of solar energy that hits the surface of the earth every +/- hour is greater than the total amount of energy that the entire h</p><p>　　The daily average of Peak Sun Hour

10、s, based on either full year statistics, or average worst month of the year statistics, for example, is used for calculation purposes in the design of the system. To see the average Peak Sun Hours for your area in the Un

11、ited States, U.S.-Solar Insolation Choose the area closest to your location for a good indication of your average Peak Sun Hours.</p><p>　　For a view of global solar isolation values (peak sun-hours) use thi

12、s link: Global Peak Sun-hour Maps , then, you can use [back] or [previous] on your browser to return right here if you want to.</p><p>　　So it can be concluded that the power of a system varies, depending on

13、 the intended geographical location. Folks in the northeastern U.S. will need more solar panels in their system to produce the same overall power as those living in Arizona. We can advise you on this if you have any doub

14、ts about your area.</p><p>　　The four primary components for producing electricity using solar power, which provides common 120 volt AC power for daily use are: Solar panels, charge controller, battery and i

15、nverter. Solar panels charge the battery, and the charge regulator insures proper charging of the battery. The battery provides DC voltage to the inverter, and the inverter converts the DC voltage to normal AC voltage. I

16、f 240 volts AC is needed, then either a transformer is added or two identical inverters are series-sta</p><p>　　The output of a solar panel is usually stated in watts, and the wattage is determined by multip

17、lying the rated voltage by the rated amperage. The formula for wattage is VOLTS times AMPS equals WATTS. So for example, a 12 volt 60 watt solar panel measuring about 20 × 44 inches has a rated voltage of 17.1 and a

18、 rated 3.5 amperage.</p><p>　　V × A = W 17.1 volts times 3.5 amps equals 60 watts</p><p>　　If an average of 6 hours of peak sun per day is available in an area, then the above solar panel

19、can produce an average 360 watt hours of power per day; 60w times 6 hrs= 360 watt-hours. Since the intensity of sunlight contacting the solar panel varies throughout the day, we use the term "peak sun hours" as

20、 a method to smooth out the variations into a daily average. Early morning and late-in-the-day sunlight produces less power than the mid-day sun. Naturally, cloudy days will produce less power </p><p>　　Sola

21、r panels can be wired in series or in parallel to increase voltage or amperage respectively, and they can be wired both in series and in parallel to increase both volts and amps. Series wiring refers to connecting the po

22、sitive terminal of one panel to the negative terminal of another. The resulting outer positive and negative terminals will produce voltage the sum of the two panels, but the amperage stays the same as one panel. So two 1

23、2 volt/3.5 amp panels wired in series produces 24 volts </p><p>　　A charge controller monitors the battery's state-of-charge to insure that when the battery needs charge-current it gets it, and also insu

24、res the battery isn't over-charged. Connecting a solar panel to a battery without a regulator seriously risks damaging the battery and potentially causing a safety concern.</p><p>　　Charge controllers (o

25、r often called charge regulator) are rated based on the amount of amperage they can process from a solar array. If a controller is rated at 20 amps it means that you can connect up to 20 amps of solar panel output curren

26、t to this one controller. The most advanced charge controllers utilize a charging principal referred to as Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM) - which insures the most efficient battery charging and extends the life of the batt

27、ery. Even more advanced controllers als</p><p>　　Many charge controllers also offer Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) and Battery Temperature Compensation (BTC) as an optional feature. The LVD feature permits con

28、necting loads to the LVD terminals which are then voltage sensitive. If the battery voltage drops too far the loads are disconnected - preventing potential damage to both the battery and the loads. BTC adjusts the charge

29、 rate based on the temperature of the battery since batteries are sensitive to temperature variations above and below abou</p><p>　　The Deep Cycle batteries used are designed to be discharged and then re-cha

30、rged hundreds or thousands of times. These batteries are rated in Amp Hours (ah) - usually at 20 hours and 100 hours. Simply stated, amp hours refers to the amount of current - in amps - which can be supplied by the batt

31、ery over the period of hours. For example, a 350ah battery could supply 17.5 continuous amps over 20 hours or 35 continuous amps for 10 hours. To quickly express the total watts potentially available in a </p><

32、;p>　　The battery should have sufficient amp hour capacity to supply needed power during the longest expected period "no sun" or extremely cloudy conditions. A lead-acid battery should be sized at least 20% l

33、arger than this amount. If there is a source of back-up power, such as a standby generator along with a battery charger, the battery bank does not have to be sized for worst case weather conditions.</p><p>　

34、　The size of the battery bank required will depend on the storage capacity required, the maximum discharge rate, the maximum charge rate, and the minimum temperature at which the batteries will be used. During planning,

35、all of these factors are looked at, and the one requiring the largest capacity will dictate the battery size.</p><p>　　One of the biggest mistakes made by those just starting out does not understand the rela

36、tionship between amps and amp-hour requirements of 120 volt AC items versus the effects on their DC low voltage batteries. For example, say you have a 24 volt nominal system and an inverter powering a load of 3 amps, 120

37、VAC, which has a duty cycle of 4 hours per day. You would have a 12 amp hour load (3A × 4 hrs=12 ah). However, in order to determine the true drain on your batteries you have to divide your no</p><p>　　

38、Lead-acid batteries are the most common in PV systems because their initial cost is lower and because they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world. There are many different sizes and designs of lead-acid bat

39、teries, but the most important designation is that they are deep cycle batteries. Lead-acid batteries are available in both wet-cell (requires maintenance) and sealed no-maintenance versions. AGM and Gel-cell deep-cycle

40、batteries are also popular because they are maintenance free</p><p><b>　　太陽能發(fā)電的基礎</b></p><p>　　太陽能發(fā)電板由天然成分的硅制成，受太陽光控制的電池板。太陽能電池板是針對南方太陽北半球與的北方太陽南半球（這是稍有不同，羅盤的南北方向）的角度由地理位置和緯度位置來安裝的。通

41、常，太陽能電池列陣的角度被設置在站點緯度加15度及實地緯度減15度，取決于冬季或夏季稍有的偏差。許多太陽能電池陣列處于一個沒有偏見的季節(jié)性周期的角度相等的站點。</p><p>　　電荷被控制在光伏電池板內(nèi)，對外輸出一個低壓（直流電）通常是6-24V，最常見的輸出是12V，有效輸出高達17V。12V只是一個名義上的參考電壓，但是工作電壓是17V或者更高的電壓。就像您的汽車交流發(fā)電機充電為12V，可以超過12V。所

42、以是有差別的參考電壓和實際操作電壓。</p><p>　　太陽的輻射強度變化是以每天的天氣變化和時間的改變來變化的。在計劃系統(tǒng)內(nèi)計算太陽總的輻射量，是以太陽光充足時每平方米的輻射量計算的。這個界限代表一年四季的平均輻射量。</p><p>　　據(jù)推測，在“太陽峰值”時，熱量以1000W/m，到達地球的表面。熱量以每平方米1000千瓦時=1/米²收到的太陽能代表一個小時晴朗夏日一平

43、米太陽輻射到地表面。一方面，美國能源部表示，每小時太陽到達地球的輻射量大于整個人類一年的能量總額。另一方面，美國西南部地區(qū)能放置大約100平方英里的太陽能板。</p><p>　　每日平均高峰太陽小時，或是基于全年統(tǒng)計最壞的一年或是平均每月統(tǒng)計數(shù)字，例如，用于計算系統(tǒng)的設計。要看到平均高峰小時的平均面積在美國，美國太陽日光浴選擇區(qū)域最接近你的位置為您的平均高峰太陽小時的一個好征兆。</p><

44、p>　　因此可以斷定，系統(tǒng)的力量變化，取決于預定的地理位置。在美國東北部需要更多的太陽能電池板。如果你在這方面有任何懷疑的話，我們可以告訴你。</p><p>　　四個主要部件使用太陽能發(fā)電，其中規(guī)定普通日用120伏特交流電源：太陽能電池板、充電控制器、蓄電池和逆變電源。太陽能電池板負責保險監(jiān)管的機構(gòu)，負責對電池的安全充電。電池提供直流電壓給逆變器，逆變器的直流電壓轉(zhuǎn)換為正常的交流電壓。如果需要240伏交流

45、，然后加上一個變壓器或兩個相同的變頻器產(chǎn)生240伏特。</p><p>　　太陽能發(fā)電板的輸出通常是瓦特，瓦數(shù)是由額定電壓乘額定電流得到。公式為瓦數(shù)是伏特乘安培等于瓦特。例如12伏特60瓦特太陽能電池板面積約為20×44厘米，有17.1V的額定電壓和3.5A的額定電流。</p><p><b>　　V×A =W</b></p><

46、;p>　　17.1伏特乘3.5安培均等60瓦特</p><p>　　如果平均每天有6個小時高峰太陽是在可利用的區(qū)域，那么上述太陽能發(fā)電板可能平均每天產(chǎn)生360瓦特小時的電力，60w計時6小時的4~24倍=360個瓦特小時。由于接觸陽光的太陽能發(fā)電板，每天強度不一樣，我們用“太陽峰時間”考慮平均時間。凌晨和午后的陽光輻射量比午間太陽輻射量小。自然地，多云天的太陽輻射量也比明亮的晴天的太陽輻射量小。當您的規(guī)劃系

47、統(tǒng)區(qū)域內(nèi)的太陽輻射量明確后，平均高峰太陽小時也就列出了。</p><p>　　太陽能板可以串聯(lián)或并聯(lián)以增加電壓電流。布線終端連接從一個小組到另一端的負極。由此正負電壓的終端將產(chǎn)生兩個的總和，但作為一個小組的電流不變。并行連接電線指正面和負面終端負轉(zhuǎn)正。結(jié)果是電壓不變，但電流得到一個總和。</p><p>　　充電控制器監(jiān)測電池的充電狀態(tài)，確保當電池需要充電時充電，并且確保電池不至于過放電。

48、連接太陽能到一個電池需要充電控制器保證電池不受損害。</p><p>　　太陽列陣的充電控制器是額定的根據(jù)相當數(shù)量安培量來決定的。如果控制器的額定安培是20A的話就意味著您能連接20A的太陽能輸出的電流。最先進的充電控制器是脈寬調(diào)制模塊（PWM）—保險最有效的充電和延長電池壽命。更先進的最大功率點跟蹤控制器還包括(MPPT)最大化當前進入的太陽能電池陣列小組的輸出電壓，增加對電池的充電安培。因為17.2伏特乘3.

49、5安培等于60瓦特，那么電壓下降為14伏特時安培量增加到4.28(14v×4.28安培=60瓦特)這就造成了充電僅有言論安培的19%增量。</p><p>　　許多充電控制器也提供低壓斷開(LVD)簡介及電池溫度報償(BTC)作為一種任選功能。LVD特點允許連接裝載到電壓敏感的LVD終端。如果電池電壓下降太大是分離的，預防潛在的對于電池和裝載的損壞。BTC調(diào)整充電率根據(jù)電池的溫度因為電池對溫度變異的敏感

50、是在大約75度上下。</p><p>　　深度循環(huán)使用的電池在設計上釋放，然后上百或數(shù)以萬計的充電。這些電池的充電通常在20個小時和100個小時。簡而言之，可以提供數(shù)小時的電流。例如，350AH的電池能供應17.5A的電流20小時或35A的電流十個小時?？偼咛乜衫?V360AH的電池，即用6乘以360等于2160瓦特或2.16KWH。像太陽能電池板，電池架線平行增加電壓至應有的水平，并增加電流的值。</p

51、><p>　　在預期的時間內(nèi)，無論是“沒有太陽”或者是“多云”的情況，電池應該有足夠的安培用以提供所需的電力容量。一個乙鉛酸電池的規(guī)模至少應大于這一數(shù)額的20%。如果有一個備用電源的話，譬如一臺備用發(fā)電機與蓄電池充電器在一起，那么就不用考慮最壞的天氣的打算。</p><p>　　蓄電池的大小必須取決于存儲容量的要求，最大放電率，最大充電率和電池使用時的最小溫度。在規(guī)劃過程中，這些因素都要考慮，

52、并且根據(jù)那個要求最大的容量決定電池的大小。</p><p>　　其中最大的錯誤是在剛開始的時候不理解電流和電壓的關(guān)系，120伏特交流電要求相對較低的直流電壓電池。例如，您有一個24伏特的有名無實的系統(tǒng)和一臺變換器供給3A的動力裝載，120V的交流電每天能使用四個小時。您會有12個小時的裝載（3A×4hrs=12）。但是為了確定真實的電流您必須為您的電池電壓劃分您的電池（24V）所能裝載的電壓（120V）

53、。假如是5天，就是120Vac（5×12）。那么演算這種情況，60安培小時會慢慢流失掉，而不是12了。另一個簡單的方法是把總瓦特時把您的120Vac設備劃分有名無實的系統(tǒng)電壓。例如，3安培×120伏特×4個小時=1440個瓦特時劃分了由24DC伏特=60安培小時。</p><p>　　鉛酸蓄電池，是最常見的儲電系統(tǒng)，初始成本較低，因為在世界各地隨處可見。有許多設計容量大小不同的鉛酸蓄