外文翻譯--基于單片機(jī)的智能水表的設(shè)計(jì)

1、<p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b>　?。ㄍ馕姆g）</b></p><p>　　題 目 基于單片機(jī)智能水表的設(shè)計(jì) </p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名 王 建 玲 </p><p>　　專業(yè)班級(jí) 09

2、電子科學(xué)與技術(shù)3班 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào) 200931069 </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師(職稱) 袁 玉 霞 </p><p>　　鄭州科技學(xué)院電氣工程學(xué)院</p><p><b>　　二○一三年五月</b></p>

3、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Based on single chip microcomputer </p><p>　　intelligent water meter design</p><p>　　一、Singl

4、e-chip microcomputer</p><p>　　1.Singlechip application </p><p>　　Singlechip application domain Singlechip widely applies in the instrument measuring appliance, the domestic electric appliances,

5、the medical equipment, domain and so on aerospace, special purpose equipment intellectualized management and process control, may divide the following several categories approximately:</p><p>　?、?On intellig

6、ent instrument measuring appliance application Singlechip has the volume small, the power loss low, the control function strong, the expansion is nimble, merit and so on microminiaturization and easy to operate, widely a

7、pplies in the instrument measuring appliance, the union different type sensor, may realize such as physical quantity the and so on voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, current capacity, speed, thickness, ang

8、le, length, degree of hardness, element, pressu</p><p>　　⑵. In industry control application May constitute the various formats control system, the data acquisition system with singlechip. For example the fac

9、tory assembly line intellectualized management, the elevator intellectualization control, each kind of alarm system, constitutes two cascade control systems with the computer networking and so on. </p><p>　　

10、⑶.In domestic electric appliances application May say like this that, the present domestic electric appliances basically have all used singlechip control, praised, the washer, the electric refrigerator, the air condition

11、er, the color television, other acoustic video frequency equipments from the electricity food, again to the electronic weighting equipment, all kinds of, omnipresent. </p><p>　　⑷.In computer network and corr

12、espondence domain application Of the modern singlechip has the correspondence connection generally, may very conveniently and the computer carries on the data communication,for provided the extremely good physical condit

13、ions application in between the computer network and the communication facility, the present communication facility basically has all realized singlechip intelligence control, from the handset, the telephone, the small p

14、rogram controlled switch, the </p><p>　?、?Singlechip in medical equipment domain application Singlechip quite is also widespread inmedical equipment use, for example medical life-support machine, each kind o

15、f analyzer, , ultrasound diagnosis equipment and hospital bed ringing system and so on. In addition, singlechip in the industry and commerce, the finance, the scientific research, the education, domain and so on national

16、 defense aerospace all has the extremely widespread use. </p><p>　　2.Singlechip development tendency</p><p>　　Now may say singlechip was all flowers blooms together, the time which hundred schoo

17、l of thought contended, in the world each big chip manufacture company has all promoted own singlechip, from 8, 16 to 32, innumerable, had everything expected to find, has compatibly with the mainstream C51 series, also

18、had not not compatibly, but they unique, became mutually supplementarily, provided the broad world for singlechip application. Looks over singlechip developing process, may indicate singlechip dev</p><p>　　⑴

19、 Low power loss CMOS The MCS-51 series 8,031 promotes when the power loss reaches 630mW, but the present singlechip all about 100mW, along with more and more is generally low to singlechip power loss request, the present

20、 each singlechip manufacturer basic has all used CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor craft). Looked like 80C51 to use HMOS (namely high density metal oxide compound semiconductor craft) and CHMOS (supplementary

21、 high density metal oxide compound semiconductor craft). CM</p><p>　?、?Miniature monolithic Now the conventional singlechip all is generally the central processor (CPU), the random access data storage (RAM),

22、 the read-only program memory (ROM), parallel and the serial communication connection, the interruption system, the timing circuit, the clock electric circuit integration on together the sole chip, the enlargement mode s

23、inglechip integrated like A/The D switch, PMW (pulse-duration modulation electric circuit), WDT (watch-dog), some singlechips (liquid crystal)</p><p>　?、?Mainstream and multi- varieties coexistence Now altho

24、ugh singlechip variety is many, unique, but still as the core singlechip occupies the mainstream take 80C51, the compatible its structure and the command system have PHILIPS Corporation the product, the ATMEL Corporation

25、's product and the Chinese Taiwan's Winbond series singlechip. Therefore C8051 was the core singlechip occupied the half of the country. But Microchip Corporation's PIC simplified the set of instructions (RIS

26、C) also to have t</p><p>　　二、intelligent water meter design</p><p>　　Long-term since, our country residence water meter are arranged on the indoor kitchen or toilet water concentration, the wate

27、r more and scattered residences, sometimes even a indoor set more than one meter. In recent years, water meter is arranged on the indoor and caused many problems cause the attention of people increasingly: Home meter rea

28、ding disturbs people 's normal life and may lead to residential burglary, privacy and safety not guaranteed: management of meter reading meter reading is n</p><p>　　Skyscraper water gauge the open air se

29、t up following severa ⑴kinds of forms: Whether 1.adopt far it pass by water gauge Change the ordinary water gauge into and pass the water gauge far, is joined the water gauge and data gathering machine by a signal line,

30、And then reach intelligence to manage( the computer). Its merit lies in saving a large amount of people Strength comes to check meter, the data are accurate, the shortcoming is that the fabrication cost is high. Whether

31、⑵adopt magnetic stripe</p><p>　　基于單片機(jī)的智能水表的設(shè)計(jì)</p><p><b>　　一、單片機(jī)</b></p><p>　　1.單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域</p><p>　　單片機(jī)廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表、家用電器、醫(yī)用設(shè)備、航空航天、專用設(shè)備的智能化管理及過(guò)程控制等領(lǐng)域，大致可分如下幾個(gè)范疇：&

32、lt;/p><p>　?、旁谥悄軆x器儀表上的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　單片機(jī)具有體積小、功耗低、控制功能強(qiáng)、擴(kuò)展靈活、微型化和使用方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表中，結(jié)合不同類型的傳感器，可實(shí)現(xiàn)諸如電壓、功率、頻率、濕度、溫度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、長(zhǎng)度、硬度、元素、壓力等物理量的測(cè)量。采用單片機(jī)控制使得儀器儀表數(shù)字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用電子或數(shù)字電路更加強(qiáng)大。例如精密的測(cè)量設(shè)備（

33、功率計(jì)，示波器，各種分析儀）。</p><p>　?、圃诠I(yè)控制中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　用單片機(jī)可以構(gòu)成形式多樣的控制系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)。例如工廠流水線的化智 管理，電梯智能化控制、各種報(bào)警系統(tǒng)，與計(jì)算機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng)構(gòu)成二級(jí)控制系統(tǒng)等。</p><p>　?、窃诩矣秒娖髦械膽?yīng)用</p><p>　　可以這樣說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在的家用電器基本上都采用了單片機(jī)

34、控制，從電飯褒、洗衣機(jī)、電 冰箱、空調(diào)機(jī)、彩電、其他音響視頻器材、再到電子秤量設(shè)備，五花八門(mén)，無(wú)所不在。</p><p>　?、仍谟?jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代的單片機(jī)普遍具備通信接口，可以很方便地與計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)通信，為在計(jì)算 機(jī)智能網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信設(shè)備間的應(yīng)用提供了極好的物質(zhì)條件，現(xiàn)在的通信設(shè)備基本上都實(shí)現(xiàn)了單片機(jī)控制，從手機(jī)、電話機(jī)、小型程控交換機(jī)、樓宇自動(dòng)通信呼叫

35、系統(tǒng)、列車無(wú)線通信、再到日常工作中隨處可見(jiàn)的移動(dòng)電話，集群移動(dòng)通信，無(wú)線電對(duì)講機(jī)等。</p><p>　?、蓡纹瑱C(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備中的用途亦相當(dāng)廣泛，例如醫(yī)用呼吸機(jī)，各種分析儀，監(jiān)護(hù)儀，超聲診斷設(shè)備及病床呼叫系統(tǒng)等等。此外，單片機(jī)在工商，金融，科研、教育，國(guó)防航空航天等領(lǐng)域都有著十分廣泛的用途。</p><p>　　2.單

36、片機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在可以說(shuō)單片機(jī)是百花齊放，百家爭(zhēng)鳴的時(shí)期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的單片機(jī)，從8位、16位到32位，數(shù)不勝數(shù)，應(yīng)有盡有，有與主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它們各具特色，互成互補(bǔ)，為單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用提供廣闊的天地?？v觀單片機(jī)的發(fā)展過(guò)程，可以預(yù)示單片機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，大致有：</p><p>　?、诺凸腃MOS MCS-51系列的8031推出時(shí)

37、的功耗達(dá)630mW，而現(xiàn)在的單片機(jī)普遍都在100mW左右，隨著對(duì)單片機(jī)功耗要求越來(lái)越低，現(xiàn)在的各個(gè)單片機(jī)制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互 補(bǔ)金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體工藝)。80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金屬氧化阿物半導(dǎo)體工藝)像和CHMOS(互補(bǔ)高密度金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體工藝)。CMOS雖然功耗較低，但由于其物理特征決定其工作速度不夠高，而CHMOS則具備了高速和低功耗的特點(diǎn)，這些特征，更適合于在要求低功耗像電池供電的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合。所以這種工藝將是

38、今后一段時(shí)期單片機(jī)發(fā)展的主要途徑。</p><p>　?、莆⑿蛦纹F(xiàn)在常規(guī)的單片機(jī)普遍都是將中央處理器(CPU)、隨機(jī)存取數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)(RAM)、只讀程序存儲(chǔ)器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中斷系統(tǒng)、定時(shí)電路、時(shí)鐘電路 集成在一塊單一的芯片上，增強(qiáng)型的單片機(jī)集成了如A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器、PMW(脈寬調(diào)制電路)、WDT(看門(mén)狗)、有些單片機(jī)將、LCD(液晶)驅(qū)動(dòng)電路都集成在單一的芯片上，這樣單片機(jī)包含的單元電路就更多，功能

39、就越強(qiáng)大。甚至單片機(jī)廠商還可以根據(jù)用戶的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的單片機(jī)芯片。此外，現(xiàn)在的產(chǎn)品普遍要求體積小、重量輕，這就要求單片機(jī)除了功能強(qiáng)和功耗低外，還要求其體積要小。現(xiàn)在的許多單片機(jī)都具有多種封裝形式，其中SMD(表面封裝)越來(lái)越受歡迎，使得由單片機(jī)構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)正朝微型化方向發(fā)展。</p><p>　　⑶主流與多品種共存現(xiàn)在雖然單片機(jī)的品種繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51為核心的單片機(jī)占主流，兼容其結(jié)

40、構(gòu)和指令系統(tǒng)的有 PHILIPS公司的產(chǎn)品，ATMEL公司的產(chǎn)品和中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的Winbond系列單片機(jī)。所以C8051為核心的</p><p>　　單片機(jī)占據(jù)了半壁江山。而Microchip公司的PIC精簡(jiǎn)指令集(RISC)也有著強(qiáng)勁的發(fā)展勢(shì)頭，中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的HOLTEK公司近年的單片機(jī)產(chǎn)量與日俱增，與其低價(jià)質(zhì)優(yōu)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，占據(jù)一定的市場(chǎng)分額。此外還有MOTOROLA公司的產(chǎn)品，日本幾大公司的專用單片機(jī)。在一定的時(shí)期內(nèi)，這

41、種情形將得以延續(xù)，將不存在某個(gè)單片機(jī)一統(tǒng)天下的壟斷局面，走的是依存互補(bǔ)，相輔相成、共同發(fā)展的道路。</p><p><b>　　智能水表</b></p><p>　　長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，我國(guó)住宅水表均設(shè)于室內(nèi)廚房或衛(wèi)生間等用水集中處，對(duì)于用水點(diǎn)較多且分散的住宅，有時(shí)甚至一戶內(nèi)設(shè)多個(gè)水表。近年來(lái)，水表設(shè)于戶內(nèi)而引發(fā)的諸多問(wèn)題日益引起人們的重視：入戶抄表擾亂人們的正常生活及可能導(dǎo)致

42、的入戶搶劫，使住宅私密性及安全性得不到保障：管理人員抄表不易且抄表勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大：個(gè)別用戶偷水而管理部門(mén)無(wú)法制止及處罰等。由于這些問(wèn)題的產(chǎn)生，水表出產(chǎn)已成為必然的選擇。水表出戶一般有以下幾種方式：分戶水表集中設(shè)于屋頂（水箱供水）或底層空間內(nèi)（變頻供水）。這種方式常用于多層單元式住宅中。一般一個(gè)單元梯位水表設(shè)一個(gè)水表井（箱），分戶水管沿室內(nèi)管井或建筑外墻引入戶內(nèi)。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)為；抄表方便，抄表人員勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度低，可以杜絕用戶的輸水行為。缺點(diǎn)是：管材耗量

43、大，管道水頭損失大，需占用較大空間的管道井，如設(shè)于外墻則易影響建筑外觀，分戶支管不易檢修。水表設(shè)于樓梯休息平臺(tái)處。給水立管設(shè)于平臺(tái)處，每戶設(shè)一水表箱；將水表箱嵌入休息平臺(tái)兩側(cè)墻體中。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)為：分戶支管短，較節(jié)約管材，管道水頭損失也較小，缺點(diǎn)是：水表分散設(shè)置，抄表人員勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度較大；通常室內(nèi)消火栓箱也明設(shè)于休息平臺(tái)處，因而使本來(lái)就擁擠的休息平臺(tái)更為局促，給住</p><p><b>　　水表戶外設(shè)置問(wèn)題：&

44、lt;/b></p><p>　　水表設(shè)在戶內(nèi)，不但抄表的工作量很大，而且使住宅的安全性和私密性大大降低。故住宅的分戶水表或分戶水表的數(shù)字顯示宜設(shè)在戶外。多層住宅水表戶外設(shè)置有以下幾種形式：⑴采用遠(yuǎn)傳水表把普通水表?yè)Q成遠(yuǎn)傳水表，由一根信號(hào)線連接水表與數(shù)據(jù)采集機(jī)，再傳至智能管理（微機(jī)）。它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于節(jié)省大量人力來(lái)抄表，數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確，缺點(diǎn)是造價(jià)高。⑵采用磁卡式水表用戶預(yù)先購(gòu)買(mǎi)自來(lái)水公司的電子卡，然后把它插入水表的存

45、貯器內(nèi)，用水時(shí)卡上金額被自動(dòng)扣除，這種方式用戶需預(yù)水費(fèi)，水表價(jià)格較高。⑶采用普通水表設(shè)在戶外⑷水表設(shè)在樓梯休息平臺(tái)的壁龕里。住戶給水支管經(jīng)水表計(jì)量后進(jìn)入廚房、衛(wèi)生間。這種方式 實(shí)現(xiàn)了水表出房設(shè)置，工程等價(jià)低，但給水立管和水表設(shè)在樓梯處影響美觀。它適用于南方較暖和地區(qū)廚 房、衛(wèi)生間布置靠近樓梯間位置的住宅。⑸水表集中設(shè)在水表間（水表箱）。下行上給式供水時(shí)，在底層設(shè)水表間（水表箱），各層住戶給水支管在管道井內(nèi)敷設(shè)，南方地區(qū)也可在建筑物陰角處